Chemical B

Notes

•Chemical Bonds Hydrogen Bond: A weak bond between two molecules caused by electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another. Ionic Bond: The transfer of electrons from one atom to another, forming oppositely charged ions that attract each other strongly. Polar Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared unequally between two atoms due to differences in electronegativity. •Cell Membrane Features Protein Types: Integral proteins (channels, carriers, receptors); peripheral proteins (support, enzymes). Cilia: Short, numerous hair-like projections that move substances along the cell surface. Flagella: Long, whip-like projections used for cell propulsion (e.g., sperm cells). Endo/Exocytosis: Endocytosis involves cell intake by engulfing; exocytosis expels substances via vesicles. •Tissue Types and Functions Epithelial tissues: - Simple Squamous: Single layer of flat cells; functions include filtration, diffusion, secretion (e.g., alveoli, blood vessels). - Simple Cuboidal: Single layer of cube-shaped cells; functions include secretion and absorption (e.g., kidney tubules). - Simple Columnar: Tall, single-layer cells; fun...