General -

Notes

•General - Scientific Method• Variables • Independent variable: The factor you change in an experiment. Example: amount of sunlight a plant receives. • Dependent variable: The measurement you observe or record. Example: how tall the plant grows. • Control variables: Factors kept constant to ensure a fair test. Example: same plant type, water, soil, and pot. •Chemistry• 1. Types of Bonds • Ionic bond: Formed between a metal and a non-metal. Example: NaCl → Sodium (metal) + Chlorine (non-metal) = Sodium Chloride. • Covalent bond: Formed between two non-metals. Example: CO → Carbon + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide. Key Vocabulary • Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom. Example: O₂. • Molecule: Two or more atoms joined together, which can be the same or different. Example: O₂, H₂O. • Compound: A molecule composed of different elements. Example: H₂O. •Types of Reactions• Reaction Type | Description | Example ---|---|--- Synthesis (Combination) | Two or more substances combine to form one compound | H₂ + O₂ → H₂O Decomposition | A compound breaks into simpler substances | H₂O → H₂ + O₂ Single Replacement | One element replaces ...