Sociologic

Notes

•Sociological Theories •Structural Functionalism (Functionalist Theory) Structural functionalism views society as a complex system of parts working together to promote stability and social order. Each institution—family, school, economy, government, religion—serves an essential function that keeps society functioning smoothly. It compares society to a human body; if one organ fails, others must adapt to sustain the system. ✓ Main Thinkers Émile Durkheim (1858–1917): Believed social order is maintained through shared values and norms (social solidarity). Herbert Spencer (1820–1903): Compared society to a living organism and applied “survival of the fittest” to societies (Social Darwinism). Talcott Parsons (1902–1979): Focused on how institutions function to maintain social stability. ✓ Key Concepts Social Structure: The organized pattern of social relationships and institutions. Function: The contribution each part makes to the overall system. Manifest Functions: Intended and recognized consequences of social activities (e.g., schools educate children). Latent Functions: Unintended or hidden consequences (e.g., schools create friendships). Dysfunction: Eleme...