Cardiovascular disorders: Hypertension, CAD, MI, and Heart Failure

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1 THE GAME CHANGER Nurse Licensure Examination Review Book Nursing Practice I: Care of Individuals, Families, Population Groups and Community (Community Health Nursing THE GAME CHANGER: TOS BASED REVIEW BOOK ALVIZ A. 2 THE GAME CHANGER Nurse Licensure Examination Review Book Care of Clients with Non-Communicable Diseases THE GAME CHANGER: TOS BASED REVIEW BOOK ALVIZ A. 3 THE GAME CHANGER Nurse Licensure Examination Review Book CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS Hypertension • Hypertension (HTN) is a chronic condition characterized by a persistent elevation in arterial blood pressure, resulting in increased workload of the heart and blood vessels. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases. Pathophysiology of Hypertension Flowchart Risk Factors (Age, genetics, obesity, smoking, stress, high-sodium diet, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes) ⬇ Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) • Increased heart rate • Increased cardiac output • Vasoconstriction ⬇ Activation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) ⬇ Increased Renin Release ⬇ Angiotensinogen → Angiotensin I ⬇ (via ACE) Angiotensin II Formation ⬇ • Potent vasoconstriction • Aldosterone secretion...