## Chemica

Notes

## Chemical Bonding – Study Guide ### 🔹 Experience 1: Ionic Bonds What they are - Bonds formed by transferring electrons. - Occur between a metal and a nonmetal. How they form - The metal loses electrons, becoming a cation (+). - The nonmetal gains electrons, becoming an anion (−). - Opposite charges attract via electrostatic forces. Characteristics - Form crystal lattices - High melting points - Conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted - Often soluble in water Examples - NaCl, KBr, MgO --- ### 🔹 Experience 2: Metallic Bonds What they are - Bonds between metal atoms. How they work - Valence electrons create a “sea of electrons” shared by all atoms. - Electrons move freely throughout the metal. Characteristics - Good conductors of electricity and heat - Malleable and ductile - Shiny appearance Examples - Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Aluminum (Al) --- ### 🔹 Experience 3: Covalent Bonds What they are - Bonds where atoms share electrons. - Occur between nonmetals. Types - Nonpolar covalent: equal sharing of electrons (H₂, O₂). - Polar covalent: unequal sharing, resulting in partial charges (H₂O, NH...