Foundations of Life, Matter, and Energy

Notes

1.Life depends on energy transformation 2.Cells are the basic unit of life 3.Organisms interact with and adapt with their environment 4.Matter is made of atoms 5.Energy can change form but is conserved 🌟 TOPIC 1 — LIFE DEPENDS ON ENERGY TRANSFORMATION 🔹 What is energy really? Energy = the ability to cause change or do work. If something: • moves • heats • lights up • grows • makes sound 👉 energy is involved. Energy is invisible, but we see its effects. ⸻ 🔹 THE LAW (ONLY ONE — memorize exactly) Law of Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another. Total energy always stays the same. Example: Sunlight → plant → animal → heat Energy changes form but never disappears. ⸻ 🔹 ALL FORMS OF ENERGY (FULL LIST + DETAILS) 1. Kinetic energy (motion) Energy of movement. Examples: • walking • flowing water • wind • car More speed → MUCH more energy More mass → more energy Older grade formula: KE = ½mv² ⸻ 2. Potential energy (stored) Energy stored because of position or shape. Types: Gravitational potential Object high up. Examples: • book on shelf • water behind dam PE = mgh Higher height → more energy ⸻ Elastic potential Stored by stretc...