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Notes

•Immigration Ellis Island (East Coast Gateway) • Federal immigration station in NYC (1892–1954). • Processed millions of Europeans through medical and legal inspections. • Became a symbol of opportunity and hardship. Angel Island (West Coast Gateway) • San Francisco Bay immigration station. • Mainly processed Chinese and Japanese immigrants. • Known for long detentions, interrogations, and discriminatory treatment. •Nativism • Ideology favoring native-born Americans. • Rooted in fears of job competition, cultural change, and religion (e.g., anti-Catholic sentiment). • Fueled political movements and restrictive laws. •Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) • First major federal law restricting immigration by nationality. • Banned Chinese laborers; required certificates and documentation. • Renewed in 1892; made permanent in 1902. • Reflected racism, labor tensions, and political pressure from white workers. •WHY IMMIGRANTS CAME & WHAT THEY FACED Push Factors • Economic collapse, famine, unemployment • Political persecution, war, unstable governments • Environmental disasters, lack of safety Pull Factors • Industrial jobs • Freedom, safety, ...