Cell Structure, Metabolism, and Gene Expression: From Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes

Notes

Chapter 7.1 — Bacterial & Archaeal Cell Structures Both are prokaryotes (no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles). DNA is in the nucleoid. Ribosomes make proteins. Cell wall provides structure (peptidoglycan in bacteria; different polymers in archaea). Flagella for movement; fimbriae for attachment. Plasmids = small circular DNA with helpful genes (e.g., antibiotic resistance). Archaea have unique membranes: Ether linkages (not ester) Isoprene chains (not fatty acids) Chapter 7.2 — Eukaryotic Cell Structures Have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Organelles = compartmentalization → efficiency. Nucleus: stores DNA, transcription happens here. Rough ER: protein synthesis. Smooth ER: lipid synthesis, detox. Golgi: modifies, sorts, ships proteins. Lysosomes: digestion. Mitochondria: ATP production. Chloroplasts (plants): photosynthesis. Vesicles move materials around the cell. Chapter 7.3 — Putting the Parts Together The cell is a dynamic, integrated system. Proteins move through the endomembrane system: Ribosome → Rough ER Vesicle → Golgi Vesicle → membrane or secretion Cytoskeleton + motor proteins = intracellular transport. Chapter 7.6 — The Dynamic Cytoskeleton Actin filament...