UNIT 61 Organic Chemistry

Apuntes

UNIT 6: Organic Chemistry 6.1. Carbon Structure Carbon is the backbone of organic chemistry because: It has 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form 4 covalent bonds. It can form chains, branches, and rings. It hybridizes into: sp³: tetrahedral (e.g., methane CH₄) sp²: trigonal planar (e.g., ethene C₂H₄) sp: linear (e.g., ethyne C₂H₂) 6.2. Carbon Bonds Single bond (σ): basic covalent bond (alkanes) Double bond (σ + π): one sigma and one pi bond (alkenes) Triple bond (σ + 2π): one sigma and two pi bonds (alkynes) Resonance: Delocalization of electrons, especially in aromatic compounds like benzene. 6.3. Properties of Organic Compounds Physical: low melting/boiling points, generally non-conductive, soluble in organic solvents. Chemical: more flammable, slower reactivity than inorganic compounds, affected by functional groups. 6.4. Functional Groups Functional groups determine the chemical behavior of organic molecules: Functional Group General Formula Example Name Alcohol R–OH CH₃CH₂OH Ethanol Aldehyde R–CHO CH₃CHO Ethanal Ketone R–CO–R’ CH₃COCH₃ Acetone Carboxylic Acid R–COOH CH₃COOH Acetic acid Amine R–NH₂ CH₃NH₂ Methylamine Amide R–CONH₂ CH₃CONH₂ Acetamide 6.5. Stereochemistry I...