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6/8/23 21:45Achalasia: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis - UpToDate Página 1 de 29https://www.uptodate.com/contents/achalasia-pathogenesis-clinical-…earch_result&selectedTitle=1~108&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 Official reprint from UpToDate www.uptodate.com © 2023 UpToDate, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Achalasia: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis INTRODUCTION Achalasia results from progressive degeneration of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus in the esophageal wall, leading to failure of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), accompanied by a loss of peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This topic will review the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of achalasia. The management of achalasia is discussed separately. (See "Overview of the treatment of achalasia" and "Pneumatic dilation and botulinum toxin injection for achalasia" and "Surgical myotomy for achalasia".) EPIDEMIOLOGY Achalasia has been regarded as an uncommon disorder with an annual incidence of approximately 1.6 cases per 100,000 individuals and prevalence of 10 cases per 100,000 individuals [1]. Although epidemi...