Chemical Bonds and Molecular Interactions

Apuntes

• Subtopic: Types of Chemical Bonds Ionic bonds occur between metals and nonmetals, where electrons are transferred from one atom to another. In contrast, covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. Non-polar covalent bonds have an equal sharing of electrons, while polar covalent bonds have an unequal sharing, resulting in partial charges. For example, in a water molecule (H₂O), the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge (δ-) and the hydrogen atoms have a partial positive charge (δ+). • Subtopic: Molecular Interactions Cohesion refers to the attraction between molecules of the same substance, such as water molecules attracting each other. Adhesion is the attraction between different substances, like water molecules interacting with plastic surfaces. • Subtopic: Water Transport in Plants The xylem is a tissue in plants that helps transport water from the roots to other parts of the plant. This process is facilitated by adhesion and cohesion. Water molecules are hydrophilic, meaning they are attracted to water and can easily form hydrogen bonds. • Subtopic: Surface Tension and Capillarity Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink to the minimu...