UNITEDSTATESPARACHUTEASSOCIATIONSKYDIVER1SINFORMATIONMANUAL2026USPASKYDIVER2SINFORMATIONMANUAL 32026 4 USPA. ORGISkydiver5sInformationManual2026 62026UnitedStatesParachuteAssociation7. Allrightsreserved. MaynotbereproducedwithouttheexpresspermissionofUSPA. ISBN8 9798282141900Thisversionwasproducedbythe2024SIMRewriteTaskForce9 whichincludedUSPAStaffandBoardMembers10 aswellas30-plussubject-matterexperts. USPAValuesStatementUSPAiscommittedtopromotinganatmospherethatallowsoursporttobesafe11 inclu- siveandfun. Weadvocateforthedignityandwell-beingofallindividualsandrespectdiversetraditions12 heritages13 andexperiences. Wevalueinclusivityandrejectdiscrimi- nationbasedonrace14 ethnicity15 gender16 sexualorientation17 religiousbelief18 oranyotherattributenotrelatedtoperformanceormerit. USPAaffirmsitsvisionofasafeandhealthyskydivingenvironmentfreeofviolenceandanyformofdiscrimination19 includingsexualorracialharassment. Foradditionalinformation20 refertotheUSPAPolicyRegardingDiscriminationandHarassmentintheUSPAGovernanceManualSection1-9. CoverPhotoby21 LaszloAndacs 22 D-22468ShannonTremaineflieshercanopyaboveSkydivetheRanchinGardiner23 NewYork. Iffound24 pleasereturnto25 Name26 Address27 City28 State29 Zip30 Phone31 Email32 IIUSPASKYDIVER33SINFORMATIONMANUAL 342026 35 USPA. ORGWARNINGIMPORTANTNOTICESPORTPARACHUTINGORSKYDIVINGISAPOTENTIALLYDANGEROUSACTIVITYTHATCANRESULTININJURYORDEATH. EACHINDIVIDUALPARTICIPANT36 REGARD- LESSOFEXPERIENCE37 HASFINALRESPONSIBILITYFORHISORHEROWNSAFETY. THEFOLLOWINGINFORMATIONISPRESENTEDASAMEMBERSHIPSERVICEBYTHEUNITEDSTATESPARACHUTEASSOCIATION 38USPA39. USPAMAKESNOWARRANTIESORREPRESENTATIONSANDASSUMESNOLIABILITYCONCERNINGTHEVALIDITYOFANYADVICE40 OPINIONORRECOMMENDATIONEXPRESSEDINTHISMATERIAL. ALLINDIVIDUALSRELYINGONTHISMATERIALDOSOATTHEIROWNRISK. Anindividual41ssafetycanbeenhancedbyexercisingproperprecautionsandproce- dures. Thismanualcontainssomeoftheknowledgeandpracticesthat42 intheopinionofUSPA43 willpromotethesafeenjoymentofskydiving. TheUNITEDSTATESPARACHUTEASSOCIATIONisanonprofit44 voluntarymembershiporganizationoftheparticipantsandsupportersofthesportofparachuting. Thesportisalsoreferredtoasskydiving. USPAhasnoinvolvementintheconductoroperationsofanyskydivingcenter45 parachutecenter46 ordropzone. USPA47 ASAPRIVATE48 NON-REGULATORYORGANIZATIONWHICHHASNOLEGALAUTHORITYTOREGULATEORCONTROLINDIVIDUALSORCORPORATIONS49 CANNOTBEHELDLIABLEFORANYJUMPORTRAININGOPERATIONSTHATRESULTININJURYORDEATHTOANYPARTY. RegardlessofanystatementsmadeinanyUSPApublications50 USPAhasneitherbeengivennorhasitassumedanydutytoanyone. USPAhasnoobligationtoanyoneconcern- inghisorherskydivingactivities. AllreferencesbyUSPAtoself-regulationrefertoeachindividualpersonregulatingorbeingresponsibleforhimorherself. USPAissuesvariouslicenses51 ratings52 awards53 andappointmentsandprovidesvarioustypesofinformation54 advice55 andtrainingbutdoesnotauthorizeanyoneinanycapacitytoactforUSPAasanagentorrepresentativeinconnectionwiththeregulationorcontrolofskydivingopera- tions. Itistheresponsibilityofeachstudenttoaskwhateverquestionsarenecessaryforhimorhertohaveathoroughunderstandingoftheactionsandproceduresthatheorshemustperforminordertomakeasafejump. Eachskydiverhastheresponsibilitytoexercisecertainpracticesandperformcertainactionstomaintainsafetyforhimselforherselfandforotherpeople. LookingforFormsorApplications56 Downloadthemostrecentversionsatuspa. org57downloadsUSPASKYDIVER58SINFORMATIONMANUAL 592026 60 USPA. ORGIIITableofContentsUSPAValuesStatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IWARNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIIntroduction61 TheUnitedStatesParachuteAssociation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2TheAssociation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2BoardofDirectorsandLeadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3HeadquartersStaff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3YourRoleasaUSPAMember . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4AboutthisManual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5SIMRevisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Chapter162 IntegratedStudentProgram . . . . . . 6Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6AboutYourTraining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6RegulationsPertainingtoYou. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7CategoryA 63Arch64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10CategoryB 65Basics66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30CategoryC 67Control68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38CategoryD 69Direction70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48CategoryE 71Explore72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58CategoryF 73FlatTrack74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72CategoryG 75Groups76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80CategoryH 77Hone78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92ApplyingforYourALicense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Chapter279 RequirementsandRegulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102OverviewoftheBSRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022-180 BasicSafetyRequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032-281 WaiverstotheBasicSafetyRequirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102-382 FederalAviationRegulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112-483 OtherFAAGuidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Chapter384 Licenses85 Ratings86 andAwards1163-187 Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163-288 Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243-389 Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Chapter490 RecommendationsforEveryone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1304-191 SkydivingEmergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1304-292 CurrencyTraining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1404-393 Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1424-494 Pre-JumpSafetyChecksandBriefings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1494-595 Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1534-696 Aircraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1544-797 Spotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1554-898 IncidentReports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Chapter599 Discipline-SpecificRecommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1625-1100 FormationSkydiving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1625-2101 Freeflying102 Freestyle103 andSkysurfing . . 1635-3104 NightJumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1655-4105 WaterLandings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1685-5106 CanopyFormations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715-6107 High-AltitudeJumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1755-7108 CameraFlying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1765-8109 WingsuitFlying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1815-9110 CanopyPiloting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1865-10111 MovementJumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2035-11112 SpeedSkydiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Chapter6113 ExhibitionJumpingandPRORating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2126-1114 ExhibitionJumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2126-2115 ProfessionalExhibitionRating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2186-3116 FAAForm7711-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Appendix117 LicenseStudyGuideIndex . . . . . . 2482USPASKYDIVER118SINFORMATIONMANUAL 1192026 120 USPA. ORGAlthoughyoumayhaveheardtalkofUSPA121 youmaystillwonderwhatUSPAisexactlyandhavequestionsaboutyourroleinit. USPAisaninternationallyrecognizedskydivingorganizationthatisgovernedbyavolunteerboardofdirectorsconsistingofmembersoftheskydivingcommunity. Theboard122 supportedbypaidstaffatheadquarters123 servesUSPA124sratingholdersandmembers. USPA125smissionisthree-fold126 127 topromotesafeskydivingthroughtraining128 licensing129 andinstructorqualificationprograms 130 toensureskydiving131srightfulplaceonairportsandintheairspacesystem 132 topromotecompetitionandrecord-settingprogramsTheAssociationTheUnitedStatesParachuteAssociationisavoluntary133 not-for-profitmembershiporga- nizationofindividualswhoenjoyandsupportthesportofskydiving. In1946134 USPA135 thencalledNationalParachuteJumpersandRiggers136wasfirstincorporatedinNewYorkwithanestimated100members. Now137 USPAhastensofthousandsofmembersacrosstheglobe138 andmanycountriesuseUSPA139smaterials140 standards141 andcredentialsasthefoundationforskydivingintheirnations. Initssportingrole142 USPAistheofficialU. S. skydivingrepresentativerecognizedbytheNationalAeronauticAssociation 143NAA144 andtheofficialskydivingrepresentativeoftheF145d146rationA147ronautiqueInternationale 148FAI149 intheU. S. Initsgoverningrole150 USPAisofficiallyrecognizedbytheFederalAviationAdministra- tion 151FAA152 astherepresentativeofskydiversintheUnitedStates. AlthoughtheFAAdoesnotmandatethatsportskydivershaveUSPAmembershiptojumpintheUnitedStates153 theagencydoesrecognizeUSPAastheskydivingauthorityintheU. S. Asaresult154 mostdropzonesintheU. S. affiliatewithUSPA155 adheretoUSPApoliciesandguidelines156 andrequireUSPAmembership. Introduction157 TheUnitedStatesParachuteAssociationUSPASKYDIVER158SINFORMATIONMANUAL 1592026 160 USPA. ORG3TheUnitedStatesParachuteAssociationUSPAoperatesunderaconstitutionandbylawsthatdefinetheorganization161spurpose. TheyarecontainedintheUSPAGovernanceManual162 availableonthedownloadspageonUSPA163swebsiteorfromUSPAHeadquarters. UnitedStatesParachuteAssociation5401SouthpointCentreBlvd. Fredericksburg164 Virginia22407 165540166 604-9740uspa167uspa. orgwww. uspa. orgBoardofDirectorsandLeadershipUSPAisgovernedbyaboardofdirectors168 electedbyUSPAmemberseverythreeyears. TheUSPABoardofDirectorsmeetstwiceayeartoaddressconcernsfromthemem- bershipandreviewguidelinesandregulations. Theseboardmembersarevolunteerswhoareactiveskydivers169 dropzoneowners170 jumppilots171 andothermembersofthesky- divingcommunityfromacrossthecountry. USPAmemberscanattendthesebiannualboardmeetingsinpersonorvialivebroadcast. TheUSPABoardconsistsof22membersintotal. ThisincludeseightNationalDirec- tors172 electedbytheUSPAmembershipatlarge173 and14RegionalDirectors174 onefromeachdesignatedgeographicalregionoftheU. S. RegionalDirectorsandtheirjurisdic- tionscanbefoundatuspa. org175regions. TheBoardmakesproceduresandpolicyviathecommitteesystemfollowinganagendasetpriortoeachmeeting. Toeachcommittee176 thepresidentappointscom- mitteechairs177 whothenappointcommitteemembersandnon-votingadvisors. Thesecommitteesresearchagendaitemsbeforemeetings178 discusstheseinpersonatthemeeting179 thenrecommendadditions180 changes181 deletions182 andwaiversforfullboardvote. AnyUSPAmembercanrequestthatitemsofinterestbeputontheagendaoftheappropriatecommitteebycontactingtheirRegionalDirectororcompletingthePro- posedAgendaItemformfoundatuspa. org183bod. TheboardofdirectorselectsitsExecutiveCommittee184president185 vicepresident186 sec- retary187 treasurer188 chairmanoftheboard189 andamemberatlarge190fromitsmember- ship. OthercommitteesareCompetition191 Finance 192 Budget193 Governance194 GroupMem- bership195 MembershipServices196 RegionalDirectors197 andSafety 198 Training. Youcanfindcontactinformationformembersoftheboardandthecommitteesatuspa. org199bod. NearlyalldropzoneshaveatleastoneUSPASafety 200 TrainingAdvisor 201S202TA203 whoisappointedbyandservesasthedirectlinktotheirUSPARegionalDirector. TheS204TAisalocaljumperwhoisavailabletothedropzone205smemberstoprovideadministrativeservicesandinformation. 4USPASKYDIVER206SINFORMATIONMANUAL 2072026 208 USPA. ORGTheUnitedStatesParachuteAssociationHeadquartersStaffTheUSPAstaffarepaidemployeeswhomtheUSPAExecutiveDirectorhirestoimple- mentthevisionoftheboardandtoservememberswithadministrativeneedssuchasmembershipapplicationsandrenewals209 ratings210 licenses211 andawards. TheExecutiveCommitteeoftheUSPABoardhirestheexecutivedirector212 whoreportstotheboardpresident. StaffheadquartersislocatedinFredericksburg213 Virginia. Youcanfindcontactinformationforheadquartersdepartmentsandstaffatuspa. org214staff. YourRoleasaUSPAMemberAsamember-ledassociation215 USPAiscomprisedofboardmembers216 staff217 ratingholders218 appointeesandregularjumpers. USPAmembersdeterminewhositsontheboardofdirectorsandtherefore219 thedirectionoftheorganization. So220 inasense221 youareUSPA. IntheU. S. 222 youcanskydivewithoutaUSPAmembership223 butUSPAmakesskydivingintheU. S. possible. YoucansupportskydivingbybeingamemberingoodstandingandstrivingtofollowtheFederalAviationAdministration224sFederalAviationRegulations 225FARs226 andUSPA227sBasicSafetyRequirements 228BSRs229. Whathappensifyoudon230tfollowtheFARsandBSRs231 TheComplianceGroupinvesti- gatespurportedviolationsoftheFARsandBSRs232 aswellasmisconductasdefinedintheUSPAGovernanceManual. ThegroupconsistsoffourmembersofyourelectedboardaswellastheUSPADirectorofSafetyandTrainingatUSPAHeadquarters. IfyouwillfullyviolatetheBSRsorFARsasamemberoraninstructionalratingholder233 theComplianceGroupcouldbringdisciplinaryactions234 suchassuspendingorevenrevok- ingyourratingsormembership235 againstyou. Formoreinformationonthisprocess236 seetheUSPAGovernanceManualSection1-6. Skydiverscanonlycontinuetoenjoyself-governanceifeachisawareoftheirrole237 aswellastherolesofothers238 inthecommunity. ContinuetofollowUSPAguidanceasbestpractices. ContinuetoadheretoFAAregulations. Continuetorespectlocalauthoritywithanairofcollaboration. Andmostimportantly239 continuetoupdateyourknowledgeanddevelopyourowngoodjudgment. USPASKYDIVER240SINFORMATIONMANUAL 2412026 242 USPA. ORG5AboutthisManualTheSkydiver243sInformationManual 244SIM245 providesbasicskydivingstandards246theBasicSafetyRequirements 247BSRs248 andrecommendationsthatUSPAmembershaveagreeduponasprovidingfortheconductofsafeandenjoyableskydiving. ItalsodescribestheprogramsUSPAadministerstorecognizeindividualsfortheirexpertise249 abilitytotrainothers250 andproficiencyortenureinthesport. AlthoughtheSIMprovidesmuchbasicinformationforskydivers251 eachjumpershouldresearchfurtherandconsultUSPAandindustryofficials252 documents253 andothermedia254 aswellasotherreliableindividualsforclarificationandadditionalinformation. AlthoughUSPAisavoluntarymembershipassociationwithnoregulatoryauthority255 USPAcansuspendorrevokeanyUSPAlicense256 rating257 award258 appointment259 ormem- bershipitissues260 accordingtotermsandconditionsstatedintheUSPAGovernanceManual. CompliancewiththeBasicSafetyRequirementscontainedhereinismandatoryforparticipationinUSPAprograms. TheBSRsrepresentthecommonlyacceptedstan- dardsforareasonablelevelofsafety. However261 therecommendationscontainedherein262 unlessotherwisestated 263suchasinthecaseofcompliancewithaFederalAviationRegulation264265 areputforthasguid- anceandarenotmandatory. Moreover266 adeviationfromtheserecommendationsdoesnotnecessarilyimplynegligenceandisnottobeusedinacourtoflawtodemonstratenegligence. Voluntarycompliancewithrules267 recommendations268 andstandardswithintheSIMdemonstratesthatjumpersanddropzoneoperatorsareexercisingself-regulation. SIMRevisionsAsalivingdocumentreflectingbestpracticesinskydiving269 theSkydiver270sInformationManualrequirescontinuousupdating. ItistheresponsibilityofSIMholderstokeeptheirversioncurrent. UserscanpurchasethemostcurrentphysicalordigitalcopiesordownloadfreecopiesfromtheUSPAwebsiteatuspa. org271sim. Changedocumentsthathighlightdifferencesfromthepreviousversionareavailableatuspa. org272downloads. TheSIMisalsoavailableasamobileappthroughGooglePlayandtheAppStore. Third-partytranslatorspreparetranslationsoftheSIMtomakeUSPAdocumentsaccessibletothosewhomaynotreadEnglish. TheofficialandbindingdocumentsthatgovernUSPAaretheEnglishversions. Readersareencouragedtosubmitcommentsorrecommendedchangesinwritingto273 USPA5401SouthpointCentreBlvd. Fredericksburg274 VA22407275 orbyemailtouspa276uspa. org. Thismanualprovidesprocedurestoaddressmanyforeseeablesituations277 buteachsituationisdifferent. Deviationsfromtheserecommendationsdonotimplynegligence. 6USPASKYDIVER278SINFORMATIONMANUAL 2792026 280 USPA. ORGChapter1281 IntegratedStudentProgramOverviewUSPAdevelopedtheIntegratedStudentProgram 282ISP283 asacomprehensivestudenttrainingoutlinethatmeetstheBasicSafetyRequirements 284BSRs285. Itincludesallmethodsofinstruction 286seebelow287 usedtotrainstudentsfromtheirfirstjumpsthroughtheirAlicenses. SomeschoolshavedevelopedequivalentprogramsthattrainstudentstomeetallthequalificationsoftheUSPAAlicense. Ifyourdropzonefollowsaprogrambyadifferentname288 youcanstillusetheISPtofindappropriateguidancefortraining. USPArecognizesthefollowingtrainingmethods289 1. AcceleratedFreefall 290AFForharnesshold291292 wherethestudentexitswithatleastoneinstructorwhoholdsthestudentbytheharness2. Instructor-AssistedDeployment 293IAD294295 whereaninstructorintheaircraftdeploysthepilotchuteasthestudentfallsaway3. StaticLine 296SL297298 wherealineconnectedtotheaircraftdeploysthestudent299sparachute4. Tandem300 wherethestudent301sharnessattachestotheinstructor302sharness303 andtheyshareoneparachutesystemAboutYourTrainingTheA-LicenseProgressionCardchartsyourindividualprogressasyoumakeyourwaythroughthisjourney. Alllicenses304 quizzes305 andtrainingmaterialsareavailableinonlineandpaperformats. YoucandownloadaPDFofthiscardatuspa. org306downloadsintheLicenseApplicationsfolder. IfyoujoinUSPAasamember307 youcantakeadvantageoftheonlineA-LicenseProgressionCardatuspa. org308mya. FollowingeachjumpduringwhichyoumeetanA-licenserequirement309 yourcoachorinstructorsignsofftheappropriatespotonyourA-LicenseProgressionCard310 eitheronlineoronpaper. Attheendofeachcategory311 youcompletethecategoryquizonlineorverballywithacoachoraninstructor. EspeciallyinCategoriesAthroughD312 youwillUSPASKYDIVER313SINFORMATIONMANUAL 3142026 315 USPA. ORG71IntegratedStudentProgrambeexpectedtocompletealltheobjectivesofonecategorybeforemakinganyjumpsinthenext. Recommendeddiveflowsforfreefallandcanopyflightareattheendofeachcategory. AccordingtotheBasicSafetyRequirements 316Chapter2-1G317 allAFFstudentsmustjumpunderthedirectsupervisionofanappropriatelyratedUSPAInstructoruntildemon- stratingstabilityandheadingcontrolpriortoandwithin5secondsofinitiatingtwointentionaldisorientingmaneuversinvolvingaback-to-earthorientation 318e. g. 319 barrelroll320 frontloop321 backloop322323 whichoccursinCategoryE. AUSPACoach324thatis325 aninstructionalratingholderwhoteachesstudentsunderthesupervisionofaninstruc- tor326mayconductfreefalltrainingandsupervisejumpsforstudentsinCategoriesEthroughH. AcoachmayalsosupervisejumpsforIADandstatic-linestudentswhohavesuccessfullydeployedtheirownparachutes. UntilUSPAissuesthestudentanAlicense327 alltrainingremainstherespon- sibilityofaninstructor. Beforereceivingyourlicense328 youwillcompleteacheckdiveandoralandwrittenexams. RegulationsPertainingtoYouAllparticipantsinskydivingmustmeettheUSPABasicSafetyRequirement 329BSR330 formedicalfitness 331Chapter2-1. C332333 MEDICALREQUIREMENTS1. Allpersonsengaginginskydivingmust334 a. PossessatleastacurrentFAAThird-ClassMedicalCertificate335 orb. Carryacertificateofphysicalandmentalfitnessforskydivingfromaregisteredphysician336 orc. AgreewiththeUSPA-recommendedmedicalstatement337 338IrepresentandwarrantthatIhavenoknownphysicalormentalinfirmitiesthatwouldimpairmyabilitytoparticipateinskydiving339 orifIdohaveanysuchinfirmities340 thattheyhavebeenorarebeingsuccessfullytreatedsothattheydonotrepresentanyforeseeableriskwhileskydiving. IalsorepresentandwarrantthatIamnottakinganymedicationsorsubstances341 prescrip- tionorotherwise342 thatwouldimpairmyabilitytoparticipateinskydiving. 343 Apersonshouldbeingoodhealthandphysicalconditiontoskydiveandshouldnotbeonmedication344 however345 manyconditionscanbeproperlymanagediftheinstructorknowsaboutthem. Insomecases346 youmayneedtoprovideanFAAflightphysicaloradoctor347sstatementoffitnessforskydiving. Yourinstructorwillalsoneedtoknowaboutanymedicalhistorythatmayaffectyourabilitytoskydivesafely 348e. g. 349 recentblooddonations350 jointdislocationsorrecentdentalwork351. Peoplewhoparticipateinscubadivingshouldnotskydiveforatleast24hoursafterward. 352 CANOPY353 Canopy354 parachute355 andwingareinterchangeableterms. 8USPASKYDIVER356SINFORMATIONMANUAL 3572026 358 USPA. ORG1IntegratedStudentProgramSamplePrintA-LicenseProgressionCard359 Downloadthisinpdfformatatuspa. org360downloadsAllparticipantsinskydivingmustmeettheBSRforage 361Chapter2-1. D362. ForskydivesmadewithintheU. S. anditsterritoriesandpossessions363 noskydivemaybemadeinviolationofFAAregulations 364Chapter2-1. B365. USPASKYDIVER366SINFORMATIONMANUAL 3672026 368 USPA. ORG91IntegratedStudentProgramSampleOnlineA-LicenseProgressionCard369 USPAmemberscanaccesstheironlinecardatuspa. org370myA10USPASKYDIVER371SINFORMATIONMANUAL 3722026 373 USPA. ORG1-AIntegratedStudentProgram 374 CategoryA 375Arch376 CategoryA 377Arch378 InCategoryA379 youtakeanactiveroleinyourskydiveandperformthefirstbasicbodyposition380 theArch381 Thiscategorycontainsinformationaboutyourfirst-jumpcourse. CheckoutUSPA382sfreeonlinegroundschooltohelpyoustudyaheadatskydiveschool. org. CategoryataGlanceFirst-Jump-CourseAdvancementCriteria 383IAD384 StaticLineandAFF385 Equipment 386 Findandoperatemain-deployment387 cutawayandreserve-activationhandles 388orsingle-operating-systemhandle389 390 Explaintheuseofthealtimeterandtheimportanceofaltitudeawareness 391 StatehowmanygearchecksyouwillreceiveAircraft 392 Approachtheplanefrombehind 393awayfrompropeller394 andwithaninstructor 395 Demonstratecorrectprocedureforlandingwiththeplaneinanemergency 396 Demonstratecorrectproceduresforemergencyexit 397exitusingmainparachute398 exitusingreserveparachute399 400 RespondcorrectlytoquestionsabouthowtohandleanopenparachuteintheaircraftwiththedooropenandwiththedoorclosedFreefall 401 Demonstratethebasicarchposition 402 Demonstrateproperarmandlegpositionandpositivelegextensionwithsymmetry 403 Demonstratethecorrectexitprocedure 404 Demonstratethecorrectdeploymentprocedure 405 Recognizeandrespondtosignalsyouhavebeentrainedon 406e. g. 407 exitcommands408 freefallhandsignals409 410 Explainyourthreepullpriorities 411iftaughtduringgroundschool412 413 Demonstratethecorrecttechniquetohandlebothahardpullandaninabilitytofindthehandleforthemaindeployment 414 Demonstratehowtoclearapilot-chutehesitation 415mainorreserve416 AFFANDTANDEM1JumpIAD417STATICLINE2JumpsDEPLOYMENT-INITIATIONALTITUDESAFF418 5419 500feetIADandstaticline420 4421 000feetTandem422 6423 000feetUSPASKYDIVER424SINFORMATIONMANUAL 4252026 426 USPA. ORG111-AIntegratedStudentProgram 427 CategoryA 428Arch429 Canopy 430 Respondcorrectlyandwithin5secondstocanopyopeningscenarios431 includinglinetwists432 sliderup433 end-cellclosures434 andthefourtypesoftwo-canopies-outconfigurations 435 Nameandexplain 436decisionaltitude437 and 438cutawayharddeck439 440 Solvecanopydescentproblemsfromopeningto1441 000feetLanding 442 Explainyourlandingpriorities 443 Identifythewinddirectionanddrawyourlandingpatternonanaerialmap 444 Describehowtohandleadownwindlandingandwhyyoushouldavoidlowturns 445 Demonstratetheflareandaproperparachutelandingfall 446PLF447 448 Explainthecorrectprocedurefortheselandingobstacles449 powerlines450 water451 trees452 buildings453 andhazardsspecifictothedropzoneCategory-AAdvancementCriteriaCanopyPre-Jump 454 Discussgroundwindsandwindsaloftfortheday 455 Planyourflighttotheholdingareaandinthepatternwithassistance 456 PracticeaPLFAcademics 457 ReadtheAcademicssectionforthiscategory 458 Passthecategoryquizat100459 460 AttendgroundschoolCanopyDebrief 461 Preparetoperformaparachutelandingfall 462PLF463 onfinalapproachandperformaPLFifneeded 464 Flyyourpatternwithassistance 465 Performastagedflarewithafullfinish 466 Landwithin60degreesofyourintendedheadingwithassistance 467 Landwithin330feet 468100meters469 ofyourintendedtargetwithassistanceFreefallDebrief 470 Performasafeexit 471 Showoverallawareness 472 Demonstrateastablebodypositiononthejump 473 Bealtitudeawarethroughoutthejump 474 Initiatedeployment475 ForAFFandTandem476 Initiatemaindeploymentwithin1477 000feetoftheassignedaltitude. ForIADandSL478 Exitoncommand. 12USPASKYDIVER479SINFORMATIONMANUAL 4802026 481 USPA. ORG1-AIntegratedStudentProgram 482 CategoryA 483Arch484 Category-ATandemTrainingRequirementsBeforeboardingtheaircraft485 theinstructorshouldbriefyouon486 487 Emergencyprocedures 488staycalmandfollowinstructor489sdirections490 491 Exitandfreefallprocedures 492safetyposition493 494 Operatingtheparachute 495 LandingproceduresYouwilllearnhowtodothefollowing496 1. performthesafetypositionusedforexitandemergencies2. maintainanarchinfreefall3. readthealtimeter4. deploythemainparachute5. flyalandingpattern6. flareforlandingCategory-Askillsandtrainingaremostlythesameasforsolostudents497 describedintheAcademicssectionbelow. Herearethedifferences498 499 Climb-OutandExit500 Yourinstructorwillteachyoutheexitthatbestsuitsyourtandemjump. 501 Freefall502 Exitwithbothhandsinthesafetyposition. Yourinstructorwillsignalyoutomovethemintoaneutralbodypositiononceinfreefall503 whereyouwillstartyourdiveflow. Youwillreceivefurtherinstructionsregardingmain-canopydeployment. 504 Canopy505 Yourinstructorwillperformthecanopy-controlcheck506 thenhandyouthetogglesandintroduceyoutobasiccanopyflight507 includingaltitudeawarenessandlandingpattern. 508 Landing509 Yourinstructorwillteachyoulandingprocedureswithtechniquesspecifictotandemjumping. AcademicsEquipmentYourequipmentwillconsistofaharness-and-containersystem510 commonlyreferredtoas 511arig512 513 whichcontainsamainparachuteandareserveparachute. Therigwillhavethreehandles514 amaindeploymenthandletoopenyourmainparachute515 acutawayhandletoreleasethemainparachuteinanemergency516 andareservehandletodeployyourreserveparachute. Yourmainparachuteisdividedintoaseriesofcellsthattrapair. Youwillbesus- pendedunderthecanopybyasetofsuspensionlinesthatattachtorisers517 whichareconnectedtotheharness-and-containersystem. Therearealsotwotoggles518 whichareattachedtosteeringlines519 thatyou520llusetosteerthecanopy. USPASKYDIVER521SINFORMATIONMANUAL 5222026 523 USPA. ORG131-AIntegratedStudentProgram 524 CategoryA 525Arch526 Aparachuteopensinthreestages527 1. Activation528bythrowingthepilotchute529 bypullingtheripcord530 orbystaticline2. Deployment531theparachutecomesoutofthecontainer3. Inflation532theparachutefillswithairYourrigalsoincludestwoimportantsafetydevices. Thereservestaticlineisacon- nectionbetweenthemainparachuterisersandthereservepinthatactivatesyourreserveparachutewhenyoureleaseamal- functioningmainparachute. Theautomaticactivationdeviceinitiatesdeploymentofyourreserveparachuteatapre-setaltitudeandspeed. Bothareonlyback-updevices. Itisalwaysyourjobtopullthehandlesincaseofamalfunction. Youwillalsobeequippedwithanaltimeter533 whichindicatesyourapproximatealtitudeinthousandsoffeetabovetheground. Handleitwithcare. AltitudeawarenessisyourmostimportanttaskCutawayHandleReserveHandleMainDeploymentHandleBasicsofaRig534 Locationsofprimarypointsonaskydiver535srig. TogglesRisersSliderSuspensionLinesPilotChuteNoseTailCellsParachute536 Familiarizeyourselfwiththenamesandpartsasillustrated. 14USPASKYDIVER537SINFORMATIONMANUAL 5382026 539 USPA. ORG1-AIntegratedStudentProgram 540 CategoryA 541Arch542 untilyouopenyourparachute. Youalsouseyouraltimeterthroughoutyourcanopyflight. Infreefall543 youshouldcheckyouraltitude544 545 everythreeseconds 546 aftereachmaneuver 547 wheneveryouencountersomethingunexpectedInCategoryA548 theUSPAInstructortakesresponsibilityforputtingyourequipmentonyou549 adjustingitcorrectly550 andcheckingit551 1. beforeyouputiton2. immediatelyafteryouputiton3. beforeboardingtheplane4. intheaircraftshortlybeforeexitAircraftYourinstructormustaccompanyyouanytimeyouapproach552 enter553 andmoveabouttheaircraft554 whethertheengineisrunningornot. Alwaysapproachfixed-wingaircraftfromthereartoavoidcontactwiththepropeller. Protectyourgearbybeingmindfuloftheparachuterigonyourbackwhenclimbingintoandmovingabouttheaircraft. AccordingtoFederalAviationRegulations 555FARs556557 thepilotandthejumperarejointlyresponsibleforensuringthatthejumperwearsseatbeltsorrestraintsduringtaxi558 takeoff559 andlanding. AircraftEmergenciesTheprobabilityofanaircraftemergencyislow. Inanemergency560 yourfirstresponseistostaycalmandwaitforacommandfromyourinstructor. Thepilotwilltellyourinstructortoeitherprepareforlandingortoexittheplane. Yourinstructorwilltellyouwhichoftheseactionsyouneedtoperform561 562 landintheaircraft 563 exitanduseyourreserveparachute 564 exitanduseyourmainparachute 565 performaroutineexitwithorwithoutinstructorassistanceIfyoulandwiththeaircraftinanemergency566 567 ensureyourhelmetandseatbeltorrestraintareon 568 assumeasafetypositiontaughtbyyourinstructor 569 claspyourhandsbehindyourheadtoreinforceyourneck 570 afterlanding571 unfastenyourseatbeltorrestraintandimmediatelyexitinanorderlyfashionandwalkatleast100feetawayfromtheplaneIfyouexittheaircraftafteranemergency572 573 ensureyourparachuteisopenimmediately 574 lookforyourinstructor575sparachuteVisualAltimeters576 digital 577top578 andanalog 579bottom580 USPASKYDIVER581SINFORMATIONMANUAL 5822026 583 USPA. ORG151-AIntegratedStudentProgram 584 CategoryA 585Arch586 587 followthemtoaclear588 openlandingareaandpreparetoperformaparachutelandingfall 589PLF590 Selectanyclearareaifyoucan591tfindyourinstructor. Ifanyparachuteopensintheaircraft592 attempttocontaintheparachuteandinformtheinstructor. Ifyourparachutegoesoutthedoor593 followimmediatelytopreventdamagetotheplaneandinjurytoyourselforothers. Ifanyoneelse594sparachutegoesoutthedoor595 immediatelypushthemtoandthroughthedoorforthesamereason. ExitandFreefallIt596simportanttoplanyourdive597 thendiveyourplan. ExitAgoodexitfromtheaircraftmakesbestuseoflearningtimeandprovidesasafer598 morecontrolledexperience. Mentallybreakingtheexitintothreepartscanhelpyoubemoreawareandresponsiveduringtheexitandhelpyouperformbetter599 allowingformoreworkingtimeinfreefall. Thethreepartsare600 Setupproceduresprepareyoutoexitinastable601 belly-firstfreefallbodyposition. Thesetuppositionshouldplaceyourbelly 602pelvis603 facingforwardintothesupportingwind604 knownastherelativewind. Asyouexit605 youwillfeeltherelativewindcomingfromthefrontoftheairplane. Duringthefirstseveralsecondsoffreefall606 youwillnaturallytransitiontoabelly-to-earthpositionandwillfeeltherelativewindsupportingyoufrombelow. Presentingyourbellytotherelativewindonexitincreasesyourstabilityduringtheexit. Yoursetupwillvarybasedontheaircraftfromwhichyouareexiting607 butyourlaunchandflyawaywillbeessentiallythesame608 regardlessofaircraft. Totimethelaunch609 youwilleitherperformacountorrespondtoa 610go611 command. THESETUPSetyourselfupforsuccessbyplacingyourhips612 head613 feet614 andhandsintheeasiestpositiontogettothenextpicture . . . THELAUNCHAssoonasyouleavetheplane615 launchyourhipsintotherelativewind616 keepingyourheadandeyesup617 relaxingasyougettothenextpicture . . . THEFLYAWAYHoldarelaxedarchasyouflyawayandshiftfromtherelativewindtotheter- minalwind618 atransitionalstateknownas 619thehill. 620 SETUPLAUNCHFLYAWAYSetyourselfupforsuccessbyplacingyourhips621 head622 feetandhandsintheeasiestpositiontogettothenextpicture . . . Assoonasyouleavetheplane623 Launchyourhipsintotherelativewind624 keepingyourheadandeyesup625 relaxingasyougettothenextpicture . . . Alsocalled 626TheHill627 628 holdarelaxedarchasyouFlyAwayandtransitiontoterminalwind. 16USPASKYDIVER629SINFORMATIONMANUAL 6302026 631 USPA. ORG1-AIntegratedStudentProgram 632 CategoryA 633Arch634 Tandemstudents635 Yourinstructorwillrehearseyourexitandexitcommandswithyou. AFFstudents636 Verifythattheinstructorsareready. Call637 638Checkin639 640 totheinsideinstructor641 whoresponds642 643OK644 645 Call646 647Checkout648 649 totheoutsideinstructor650 whoresponds651 652OK653 654 Takeadeepbreathtorelaxandthenbeginacountwithaverbalandphysicalcadence 655Up656 down657 arch658 659 or 660Out661 in662 arch663 664 tohelptheinstructorsleavesimultaneouslywithyou. IADandstatic-linestudents665 Climbintopositionandlookforsignalsfromyourinstructor. Ontheexitcommand666 takeabreathtorelax667 lookup668 andreleasefromtheplane669 countingoutloudbythousandsto5670 000. Thenchecktheparachute. Youmustexitsoonafterclimbingouttoensurethatyouopentheparachuteoverthecorrectplaceontheground. Duringthefirstfewsecondsafteryourlaunch671 youwillexperiencewhatisknownastheflyaway672thetransitionfromyourverticalpositiontoyourbelly-to-earthposition. Thishappensnaturallywhenyoumaintainarelaxed673 archedbodypositionwithyourhipsfacingtherelativewind. AFFstudents674 Incaseofinstability675 checkyouraltitude676 archuntilthehorizoncomesflatintoview677 andfollowyourinstructors678 signals. Ifyouloseoneinstructor679 continueasusual. Ifyoulosebothinstructors680 pullimmediately. Tandem681 IAD682 andstatic-linestudents683 Incaseofinstabilityonexit684 arch. BodyPositionYouwilllearntofallbellyfirstintotherelativewindinaneutral685 archedbodyposition. Anarchedbodypositioncreatesstabilityandresultsinamorereliabledeploymentoftheparachute. Archingandextendingthelegsslightlywhilerelaxingtherestofthebodyresultsinasmooth686 on-headingfreefall. Thekeyelementsofaneutralbodypositioninclude687 688 hipsforwardwithbackarched 689 kneesatshoulder-widthapart 690 legsextendedslightly691 kneesbent45degrees692 toespointed 693 upperarmspositioned90degreesorlessfromthetorsoandrelaxed 694 elbowsbent90-120degreesandrelaxed 695 chinupYouwillpracticethisbodypositionuntilitbecomesmorenatural. Consciouslybreath- ingwillhelpyourelax. TheneutralbodypositionisthefoundationforstabilityandNeutralBodyPositionUSPASKYDIVER696SINFORMATIONMANUAL 6972026 698 USPA. ORG171-AIntegratedStudentProgram 699 CategoryA 700Arch701 controlduringexitandfreefall. Asyoulearntoperformotherfreefallmaneuvers702 youwillbegininthispositionandreturntoneutralaftercompletingamaneuver. Yourinstructormayusehandsignalstocorrectyourbodypositionandtoprovidedive-flowreminders. Youshouldrespondtoalladjustmentssmoothlyandslowlyandmaintainyournewbodyposition. HandSignalsFreefall-Dive-FlowSkills 703AFF704 Afterexiting705 takeabreathandrelax706 makingsureyouareinthecorrectfreefallbodyposition. Then707 performacircleofawareness708 1. lookatthehorizontocheckyourheading2. readyouraltimeter3. lookfirsttothereserve-sideinstructorandthentothemain-sideinstructorforsignalsThen709 performthreepracticedeployments710 711 practiceslowlyanddeliberately712 movingonlyyourarms 713 verbalizeeachaction 714 pausetofeelthedeploymenthandleeachtime 715 checkthatyourbodypositioniscorrectbefore716 during717 andaftereachpracticedeployment18USPASKYDIVER718SINFORMATIONMANUAL 7192026 720 USPA. ORG1-AIntegratedStudentProgram 721 CategoryA 722Arch723 Performasecondcircle-of-awarenesscheck. ThenmonitoryouraltitudeandbodypositionfortheremainderofthefreefallusingHAALR724 725 Heading 726lookatthehorizon727 728 Altitude 729mostimportant730 731 Arch 732hipsforward733 chinup734 735 Legs 736ensureneutrallegposition737 738 Relax 739takeadeepbreath740 Whilereceivingvideoofyourjumpmaybeofbenefitduringtraining741 youmustpayattentiontoyouraltitudenotthecameraflyer. At6742 000feet743 lockontoyouraltimeterandkeeplookingatituntilyouseeitread5744 500feet. At5745 500feet746 waveoffbywavingbotharmssmoothlyoverhead747 whichsignalstoyourinstructorsthatyouknowyouraltitudeandintendtopull. Rememberthatthewaveoffisthebeginningofaslow748 smooth749 pullsequencethatwilltakeapproximately1750 000feetfromstarttofinish. Initiatedeploymentwiththewaveoff751 arch752 reach753 andpullsequence754 anddeployyourparachuteaspracticed. Theinstructormayassistyou. MainDeploymentBodyPositionforDeploymentEstablishaneutralbodyposition755 thenlocatethemaindeploymenthandle. Lookupwhilereachingforyourhandleandmaintainyourarchwhilekeepingyourspinestraight. Forbalance756 stretchyourlefthandoverhead 757likeyouareraisingyourhandtoaskaquestion758 asyoureachwithyourrighthandforthedeploymenthandle. Pullthehandle759 thenreturntoyourneutralbodyposition. Verbalizeeachaction. Deployment760 Fromaneutralarch761 reachbackwhilestayingsymmetrical762 andpullthehandle763 throw- ingitbriskly. Then764 returntoaneutralarch. 765 DIVEFLOW766 istheplannedsequenceofevents. Thereisafreefalldiveflowandacanopydiveflowforeveryskydive. COA767 Circleofawarenesscon- sistsofcheckstoensureyouareawareofheading768 altitude769 andinstructorsignals. HEADING770 isthedirectionyouarefacing. PRACTICEDEPLOYMENT771 isamovementthatmimicsthepullsequencesoyoucanpracticefindingthehandlewiththerighttimingandbodyposition. USPASKYDIVER772SINFORMATIONMANUAL 7732026 774 USPA. ORG191-AIntegratedStudentProgram 775 CategoryA 776Arch777 Afteryoupull778 remainflatandstablewithyourshoulderslevelthroughoutthedeploy- ment779 countingbythousandsto3780 000. Afterthecountofthree781 visuallycheckforpilot- chuteandmain-canopydeployment. PullPrioritiesThenumber-onepriorityonanyskydiveistopull. Youcanpullatanytimeduringtheskydivewhenencounteringdifficultyorexperiencingsomethingunexpected. Thesecondpriorityistopullattheassignedaltitude782 andthethirdpriorityistopreferablypullinastablebodyposition. Astable783 face-to-earthbodypositionimprovesopeningreliabilitybutislessimportantthanopeningattheassignedaltitude. Alwaysprioritizealtitudeoverstability. STOPANDCHECKYOURSELF784 Whatshouldyoudoifyouareonyourbackatpullaltitude785 Answer786 Pull. Pullingattheproperaltitudeismoreimportantthanpullingwhilestable. Whatshouldyoudoanytimeyouseeyourinstructorpull787 Answer788 Pull. IADandstatic-linestudents789 Asyouexittheplane790 remainarchedandstablewithyourfeetextendedslightly791 toespointed792 andshoulderslevelthroughdeployment793 countingtofivebythousands. Lookoveryourshoulderforthepilotchute 794ifused795 andmain-canopydeployment. DeploymentProblemsIfyoucannotfindthemaindeploymenthandle796 feelacrossthebottomofthecon- tainertothecorner797 thendownthesidetothecorner. Attempttolocateitnomorethantwiceorfor5seconds798 whichevercomesfirst. Ifyoucannotfindit799 initiateemergencyprocedures. Ifyoufindthemaindeploymenthandlebutitisstuck800 oftenreferredtoasahardpull801 attempttothrowthepilotchutenomorethantwiceorfor5seconds802 whichevercomesfirst. Ifyouareunsuc- cessful803 initiateemergencyprocedures. Ifyouthrowthepilotchutebutitgetsstuckintheburblebehindyourback804 clearthispilot-chutehesi- tationbytwistingatthewaistandlookingoveryourshouldertochangetheairflow. Attempttoclearthepilotchutenomorethantwiceorfor5seconds805 whichevercomesfirst. Ifthepilotchutedoesnotlaunchoffyourback806 initiateemergencyprocedures. 1Pull2Pullattheproperaltitude3Pull807 preferablywhilestable 808 Burble809 isawakeofturbu- lent810 low-pressureairflowthatformsdirectlybehindaskydiverastheyfall811 causedbytheirbodydistruptingthesmoothaircurrents. 20USPASKYDIVER812SINFORMATIONMANUAL 8132026 814 USPA. ORG1-AIntegratedStudentProgram 815 CategoryA 816Arch817 Ifyouthrowthepilotchutebutthebridlewrapsaroundabodypart818 archharderforstabilityandattempttoclearthepilot-chuteentanglementbypointingthelimbthat819sentangledtotheskytoshakeitoff. Attemptthisnomorethantwiceorfor5seconds820 whichevercomesfirst. Ifthatfails821 initiateemergencyprocedures. Ifyourcontaineropensprematurelyinfreefall822 attempttolocateanddeploythepilotchutenomorethantwotimesorfor5seconds823 whichevercomesfirst. Ifyoucan824tlocatethepilotchuteaftertwotriesorwithinfiveseconds825 cutawayanddeploythereserve. IADandstatic-linestudents826 Ifthestaticlinefailstodisconnectfromtheparachutesystemandyouarebeingtowedbehindtheaircraft827 asituationknownasstudent- in-tow828 archandsignaltoyourinstructorthatyouarereadyforthemtocutyourstaticline. Afterthestaticlineiscut829 deployyourreserve. IADstudents830 Ensurethatyoulookoveryourshoulderonceyouhaveexitedtheplaneaftercountingto5seconds. Ifthepilotchutegetscaughtonyourhandorarm831 attempttoclearittwice832 ifitdoesnotclear833 executeyouremergencyprocedures. CanopyCanopyBasicsAcanopyisaninflatablewingthatperformslikethewingofanairplane. Onceitisopenandinflated834 thecanopywillstartglidingforwardanddownthroughtheair. Theairflowaroundthecanopycreateslift. Withbothtogglesallthewayup835 thecanopyshouldglidestraightaheadatfullspeed. Toturn836 lookinthedirectionyouwanttoturn837 thenpullthattoggledown. Pullingonetoggledownasmallamountproducesaslowturnwitharelativelysmallamountofdive. Smalltoggleinputscanbeusedtomakeminorheadingcorrectionsatanypointinthecanopyflight. Pullingonetoggledownfartherwillproduceafasterturnandcausethecanopytodive. Pullingbothtogglesdown838 knownasaflare839 decreasestherateofdescentandforwardspeedofthecanopy. Whenflyingintothewind840 youwillflymoreslowlyacrosstheground. Whenflyingwiththewind841 youwillmovemorequicklyacrosstheground. WhenflyingperpendicularlytoDeploymentProblem842 Pilot-chuteentangle- ment. DeploymentProblem843 Prematurecontaineropening. USPASKYDIVER844SINFORMATIONMANUAL 8452026 846 USPA. ORG211-AIntegratedStudentProgram 847 CategoryA 848Arch849 thewind850 youwillmoveinthedirectionyouarefacingwithsomesidewaysdrift851 andtheseeffectswillincreaseaswindspeedincreases. CanopyCheckImmediatelyafterdeployment852 youneedtocompleteacanopychecktoseewhetheryouhaveagoodcanopy. Commonquestionsusedtoassessyourcanopyinclude853 854Isitthere855 Isitsquare856 Isitsteerable857 858 Or859 860Isitsquare861 Isitstable862 Isitsteerable863 864 Duringyourfirstjumpcourse865 yourinstructorwillcoverwhateachquestionmeansspecificallyandhelpyoupracticeapplyingthemtoseveralscenarios. Forexample866 There867 Checkthecanopyforproperinflationafterthedeployment. Thecanopyshouldbelargeandfullyinflated. Square868 Itshouldhavefourwell-de- finededgesthatcreatearectangularshape. Thesuspensionlinesshouldcascadedowninfourneatlinegroupstoeachriser869 andtheslidershouldbedowntothetopsoftherisers. Thecanopyshouldbestable870 itisflyingleveltowardthehorizon871 notturningorspinning872 withonlyfixableproblemslefttobesolved. Steerable873 Youmustperformacanopy-controlchecktoensurethecanopyfliesstraightinfullflight874 issteerableandcanbeflared. First875 unstowyourtogglesandconfirmthecanopyisflyingstraight. Toconfirmtheparachutewillbrakeproperlyforlanding876 flareEmergencyProceduresDecisionTreeUseTurnsandFlaresUseKickingorRisersThere877 Square878 Steerable879 ContinueAboveDecisionAltitude880 01234567891011x1000ftEmergencyProceduresYESYESYESYESYESNONONONONOFreeofLineTwists881 882 FLARE883 isamaneuveryouperformundercanopyinwhichyoupullbothtogglesdowntoslowyourforwardspeedanddescentrate. CANOPY-CONTROLCHECK884 referstothephysicalpartofacanopycheckandisoftenalsocalledthecontrol- labilitycheck. Itconsistsofturningandflaringtoassessthecanopy885sflightcapabilities. DECISIONALTITUDE886 isthelowestaltitudebywhichyoumustdecidewhetheryourcanopyissafetoland. Forstudents887 thisaltitudeis2888 500feet. FULLFLIGHT889 iswhentheparachuteisflyingatitsnaturalforwardspeedanddescentratewiththetogglesallthewayup. 22USPASKYDIVER890SINFORMATIONMANUAL 8912026 892 USPA. ORG1-AIntegratedStudentProgram 893 CategoryA 894Arch895 bypullingbothtogglesallthewaydown. Smoothlyraisethetogglesbackuptofullflight. Toconfirmtheparachuteissteerable896 lookright897 turnrightatleast90degrees898 thenstoptheturnbygoingbacktofullflight. Finally899 lookleft900 turnleft901 thenstoptheturnbygoingbacktofullflight. Decidewhetherthecanopyiscontrollableandsafetolandby2902 500feet903 whichisyourdecisionaltitude. Ifitisnot904 youmustimmediatelyinitiateemergencyprocedures. CommonOpeningProblemsProblemsthatareusuallyminorincludeendcellsofthecanopythatstayclosed905 asliderthatstaysupnearthecanopy906 anunintendedturn907 linetwists908 orotherissuesinvolvinganinflatedcanopy. Linetwistsmustbefixedfirst. Tountwistthelines909 spreadtherisersandkick910 butreleasethebrakesonlyafterclear- ingthetwist. Exceptforlinetwists911 youcansolvemostminorproblemswithacanopy-controlcheck. Iftheproblemcontinuesorgetsworse912 initiateyouremergencyproceduresby2913 500feet. Ifindoubt914 initiateyouremergencyproce- dures. Itisnotadvisabletotrytolandacompromisedparachute. CanopyMalfunctionsEmergencyProceduresIfyouhaveacanopymalfunction915 checkyouraltitudetomakesureyouareaboveyourcutawayharddeckof1916 000feet917 thencutawayandpullyourreserve. Below1918 000feetitbecomestoolowtosafelycutaway919 andyoumustdeploythereserveandlandbothparachutes. TwoParachutesOutYoucanpreventatwo-parachutes-outmalfunctionbystayingaltitudeawareandpro- tectingyourhandlesandclosingpins. Therearetwopossibleactionsyoucantakeinatwo-outsituation920 landbothcanopiesorcutaway. 921 LINETWISTS922 areacommonprobleminwhichthecanopyhasinflatedbutthelinesorrisershavedevelopedoneormorecompletetwists. Thissituationisusuallyeasilyremedied. CUTAWAYHARDDECK923 is1924 000feet925 thealtitudewhereitbecomestoolowforasafecutaway. Insteadofcuttingaway926 youmustdeploythereserveandlandbothcanopies. USPASKYDIVER927SINFORMATIONMANUAL 9282026 929 USPA. ORG231-AIntegratedStudentProgram 930 CategoryA 931Arch932 BiplaneLANDBOTHCANOPIES. Ifalltogglesarestowed933 leavethemstowed. Ifthetoggleshavebeenunstowedononecanopy934 unstowthetogglesontheother. Gentlysteerthefrontparachuteusingtherearrisers. LandwithoutflaringandperformaPLF. SidebySideLANDBOTHCANOPIES. Ifalltogglesarestowed935 leavethemstowed. Ifthetoggleshavebeenunstowedononecanopy936 unstowthetogglesontheother. Gentlysteertheparachutethatismoredirectlyoverheadusingtherearrisers. LandwithoutflaringandperformaPLF. MainandReserveEntaglementLANDBOTHCANOPIES. Intherarecaseofamain-reserveentanglement937 nevergiveuptryingtocleartheentanglementorinflatetheparachutes. Doyourbesttomaketheparachutesflystraightforlanding938 andperformaPLF. DownplaneYOUMUSTCUTAWAYregardlessofaltitude. Adownplaneoccurswhenthetwopara- chutesseparateandbeginflyingtowardtheground. Thisistheonlyexceptiontothe1939 000-footcutawayharddeck. 24USPASKYDIVER940SINFORMATIONMANUAL 9412026 942 USPA. ORG1-AIntegratedStudentProgram 943 CategoryA 944Arch945 CanopyFlightAftermakingsureyouhaveagoodcanopy946 checkyouraltitude947 thenobserveyourpositionovertheground. Followingyourcanopyinspection948 youmustlocatetheairportandtheplannedholdingarea. Onceyouhaveidentifiedtheholdingarea949 flydirectlytoit. Arrivingattheholdingareaatorabove2950 000feetwillsetyouuptobeintherightplacetoenteryourlandingpattern. Whileyouareincanopyflight951 regularlycheckyouraltitudeandpositionoverthegroundwhileworkingtowardyourpattern-entrypointandwatchforothercanopytraffic 952APT953. Alljumpersmustalsoavoidcanopycollisions 954i. e. 955 collisionswithotherjumpersunderopenparachutes956. Ifacollisionisimminent957 inmostcasesbothjumpersshouldsteertotheright. Iftwojumperscollideandentangle958 theymustcommunicatetheirinten- tionsbeforetakingfurtheraction. Ifitistoolowforasafecutaway 959below1960 000feet961 andthecanopiesareuncon- trollable962 bothjumpersshoulddeploytheirreserves. LandingLandingPatternYourlandingpatternisadeliberateflightpath963 usuallyrectangular964 thatyouuseduringthefinalphaseofdescentundercanopy. Itusuallystartsat900feetatapredeterminedpattern-entrypoint. Therearethreelegstothepattern965 downwind966 base967 andfinal. Beforeeachjump968 yourinstructorwilldetermineyourlandingpatternandreviewitwithyouusinganaerialmapofyourdropzone. It969simportanttoplanyourflight970 thenflyyourplan. Thepatternconsistsofcheckpointsatthestartofeachleg. Eachcheckpointconsistsofanaltitudeandalandmark. Yourdownwindlegstartsat900feetabovetheground971 baselegat600feet972 andfinalapproachat300feet. Foreachlegyoumustturnatyouraltitudeorland- mark973 whichevercomesfirst. Note974 Yourinstructormayadjusttheshapeofthepattern975 thealtitudes976 orthelandmarkstoaccountforvariousconditionsoryourdropzone977spolicies. 978 DOWNWIND979 BASE980 ANDFINAL981 arethethreelegsofyourlandingpattern. CROSSWINDLEG982 and 983baseleg984 areinterchangeableterms. HOLDINGAREA985 isapredetermined986 generallocationupwindofyourlandingareaandnearyourpattern-en- trypoint. Youaimtostayintheholdingareaabove900feettostageyourentryintothepatternandensureyoucanlandinthelandingarea. PATTERN-ENTRYPOINT987 isthealti- tudeandlandmarkwhereyoustartyourlandingpattern988 generallyat900feetandupwindofthetarget. PLF989 standsfor 990parachutelandingfall991 andisatechniqueusedtopreventinjuryonlanding. USPASKYDIVER992SINFORMATIONMANUAL 9932026 994 USPA. ORG251-AIntegratedStudentProgram 995 CategoryA 996Arch997 FinalApproachandLandingLandingPrioritiesOnfinal998 yourmainpriorityistolandwithalevelwing999 whileflyingstraighttowardaclearandopenarea1000 flaringbeforetouchingdownandperformingaPLF. Youmayuseminimaltoggleinputstoavoidobstaclesonthegroundandgiveyourselfalonger1001 obstacle-freerunwayforlanding1002 butyoumustkeepyourwinglevel. Ifthecanopybeginstodriftrightorleft1003 usetheappropriateinputtostopthedriftandkeepthecanopyflyingstraighttowardacleararea. Thebestwaytoavoidobstaclesistolooktowardaclearareaandguidethecanopythereratherthanfocusingonanobstacle. Landingintothewindisdesirablebutisnotoneofyourlandingpriorities. Toslowyourdecentrateandforwardspeed1004 startyourflarewhenyourfeetareabovethegroundatapproximatelytwiceyourheight. Finishyourflarewithyourarmsallthewaydownwhenyourfeetareapproximatelyonetothreefeetabovetheground. Preparetolandduringthelastpartofthefinalapproachbyputtingyourfeetandkneestogetherinaparachutelandingfall 1005PLF1006 position. Exceptforsmallcorrections1007 keepyourtogglesallthewayupinthefull-glidepositionwhenonfinalapproach. Thiswill1Landwithalevelwing2Landinaclearandopenarea3FlareandPLFExampleLandingPattern26USPASKYDIVER1008SINFORMATIONMANUAL 10092026 1010 USPA. ORG1-AIntegratedStudentProgram 1011 CategoryA 1012Arch1013 helpthecanopyproducemoreliftwhenyouflare. Judgetheflareheightbylookingforwardanddownata45-degreeangle. Note1014 Yourinstructormayvarytheexactflaretechniquebasedonthetypeofcanopyyouwillbeusingorotherfactors. Thinkofflaringasdrivingdownaone-waystreet. Youcanstopatanypointbutcannotgoback. Ifyoustarttheflaretoohigh1015 stopflaringandholdthetoggleswheretheyare. Lettingthetogglesupabruptlycausesasteepdivetowardtheground1016 knownasa 1017flightcycle. 1018 1019YouwilllearnmoreaboutflightcyclesinCategoryB. 1020 Asyoustartyourflare1021 quicklyassessyourheightabovetheground. Keeplookingaheadandkeepthecanopyflyingstraight. Whenyouareclosertotheground1022 pushthetogglesforcefullytherestofthewaydowntofinishtheflarebeforetouchingtheground. YoushouldbepreparedtoPLFeverytimeyouland. Youshouldonlyattemptastand-uplandingifyoutouchdownsoftlyandareconfidentthatyoucancomfortablyremainonyourfeet. ParachuteLandingFall 1023PLF1024 PerformingaPLFcanhelpyoureducetheriskofinjuryduringlandingbydistributingtheimpactacrossfivepointsofyourbody. ToprepareforaPLF1025 pressyourfeetandkneestogetherwithyourkneesslightlybent. Flarecompletelywithbothhandstogetherandclosetothefrontofyourbodytohelppreventwristandhandinjuries. Keepyourchintoyourchesttohelppreventneckinjuries. Allowyourfeettocontactthegroundfirst. MaintainthePLFpositionthroughouttheentirelandingroll. 1. Astheballsofyourfeettouchtheground1026 leanintothedirectionofthelanding. 2. Layovertotheoutsideofyourcalf. 3. Continuetorolltothethighonthesameside. 4. Continuerollingthroughthesmallofyourback. 5. Rolldiagonallyacrossyourbacktotheoppositeshoulder6. Continuerollingtodistributetheenergyofthefall. Allowyourbodytocontinuerollingandabsorbtheenergyofthefall. ThePLFpositionisalsotheproperwaytoprepareforastand-uplandingasitkeepsyourweightbalancedintheharnessandyourhandsevenwhenthetogglesareallthewaydownintheflare. Ifyoutouchdownsoftly1027 youcanstepoutofthePLFpositionandremainonyourfeet. 142536USPASKYDIVER1028SINFORMATIONMANUAL 10292026 1030 USPA. ORG271-AIntegratedStudentProgram 1031 CategoryA 1032Arch1033 LandingProblemsAlternateLandingAreas1034 Youshouldbepreparedtomakecorrectdecisionsandlandsafelywithoutassistance1035 whetheryoulandintheintendedlandingareaoranalter- nateone. Ifyouarenotinyourholdingareaorclosetoitwhenthecanopyopens1036 bepreparedtochooseanalternatelandingareaby21037 000feet. Maintainaltitudeaware- nesswhileflyingbacktowardyour900-footpattern-entrypoint. Atorabove21038 000feet1039 youshoulddeterminewhetheryouwillbeabletoreachyour900-footpattern-entrypoint. Ifitisobviousthatthe900-footpointisunreachable1040 butyouareclosetoyour600-footor300-footpoints1041 flytowardtheoneyoucanreachbythecorrectaltitudetojointhepattern. Ifitisobviousthatyouwillnotreachanypointinyourpatternbythecorrectaltitude1042 thenplantolandinanopenareathatisfreeofobstacles. Keepinmindthatyourbestalternatelandingareamaybebehindyou. Chooseyournewholdingareaandvisuallytransfertheintendedlandingpatterntothenewlandingarea. LandingOffField1043 Anytimeyoumustlandinanalternatearea1044 onorofftheairportprop- erty1045 lookcarefullyforobstacles. Youcanlookcloselyduringthedownwindlegofthepatternbecauseyouareclosertotheground. Avoidtheobstaclesbylookingandsteeringthecanopytowardaclearandopenarea1046 avoidingstraightlinesintheterrainthatmayindicatepowerlines1047 fences1048 orditches. PLFandwaitforassistanceorfurtherinstruc- tions. Bepolitetopropertyowners. Ifpossi- ble1049 contactthedropzonetogivethemyourstatusandlocation. RecoveringtheCanopyinHigherWinds1050 Whenyouareontheground1051 pullinonetoggleandsteeringlinetoassistincollapsingthecanopy1052 especiallyifitisdraggingyou. Cutawaythecanopyasalastresortorifyou1053reinjured. 1054 LOOKAWAY - STEERAWAY1055 Skydivingisjustasmuchamentalsportasitisphysical. Thereisanaturaltendencytosteerormoveinthedirectioninwhichyouarelooking. 1056Yougowhereyoureyesgo. 1057 Capi- talizeonthis. 28USPASKYDIVER1058SINFORMATIONMANUAL 10592026 1060 USPA. ORG1-AIntegratedStudentProgram 1061 CategoryA 1062Arch1063 ObstacleLandingPotentialobstaclesduringlandingincludewater1064 trees1065 buildings1066 powerlines1067 fences1068 andsimilarhazards. Youcanusuallyavoidtheseobstaclesbypreparingforthecanopyflightbyobservingthewindsandplanninganappropriatelandingpattern. Also1069 choos- inganalternatelandingareaby21070 000feetallowsyoutoassesspotentialobstaclesandplanyournewpattern. FollowyourLandingPriorities. YoucanfindcomprehensivebestpracticesforobstaclelandingsinChapter4-1G. Belowarecriticalpointslistingactionsyoucantakewhenlandinginoroncommonobstacles. 1071 Water1072 FlareandPLFincasethewaterisshallow. Afterenteringthewater1073 trytostandup. Ifyoucannottouchthebottom1074 swimoutofyourgearandleaveitbehind. 1075 Trees1076 Keepyourarmsclosetoyourbodyandyourlegstogether. Useahalfflareasyouenterthetree. BepreparedtofinishyourflareandPLFincaseyoudropallthewaytotheground. Ifyouremainsuspended1077 holdonandstayinthetree. Waitforhelp1078 donotattempttoclimbdown. 1079 Buildings1080 Iflandingonaroof1081 flareandPLF. Onceyou1082velanded1083 disconnecttheRSL1084 ifable1085 andcutaway. Iflandingunderyourreserve1086 containitifit1087swindy. Waitforhelp1088 donotattempttoclimbdown. Ifhittingabuildingbroadside1089 turnthecanopyslightlytoavoidadirectimpactbeforeflaring. PreparetoPLF1090 flaretoslowdown1091 andattempttostrikeaglancingblow. 1092 PowerLines1093 Dropanyhandles. FlareandPLF. Touchnomorethanonewireatatime. Yourparachutecanconductelectricity1094 soifyouaresuspendedinthewires1095 donotcutawayanddonotletanyonenearyou. Waitforqualifiedpersonneltoconfirmthepowerisoff. Ifyourfeetareontheground1096 disconnecttheRSLandcutaway1097 leavingyourmaincanopybehind. ObstaclePreparingLandingAfterWaterPrepareforPLFFullflarePLFStanduporswimoutofgearTreePrepareforPLFArmscloseinHalfflarePLFIfdroppedtotheground1098 finishflareandPLFIfsuspended1099 waitforhelpTopofBuildingPrepareforPLFFullflarePLFDisconnectRSL1100 ifable1101 andcutawayWaitforhelpSideofBuildingPrepareforPLFSlightturntostrikeaglancingblowHalfflarePLFagainstthebuildingWhendroppedtotheground1102 finishflareandPLFPowerlinesDropanyhand- heldhandlesPrepareforPLFHalfflareintopowerlinesandfinishflareifyouemergefromthepowerlinesandPLFIfsuspended1103 waitforhelpIffeetareontheground1104 disconnectRSLandcutawayUSPASKYDIVER1105SINFORMATIONMANUAL 11062026 1107 USPA. ORG291-AIntegratedStudentProgram 1108 CategoryA 1109Arch1110 CategoryADiveFlowsREDindicatesAdvancementCriteria 1111 indicatesnewskillsAFFANDTANDEM 1112 SAFEEXIT 1113 1114 COA 1115 1116 PRACTICEDEPLOY 11173x1118 1119 1120 COA 1121 61122 0001123 LOCKON 1124 112561126 5001127 fortandem1128 1129 51130 5001131 WAVEOFFandPULL 1132 113361134 0001135 fortandem1136 1137 CANOPYCHECK - APT 1138 1139 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA1140 1141 FLYPATTERN1142 1143 FLAREandPLFifneeded 1144 IADANDSTATICLINE 11452jumpsfrom41146 00011471148 1149 SAFEEXIT1150 1151 COUNT1 1152 2 1153 3 1154 4 1155 5 1156 1157 CANOPYCHECK - APT1158 1159 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA1160 1161 FLYPATTERN1162 1163 FLAREandPLFifneeded1164 TAKETHEQUIZ1165 uspa. org1166quiz1167aJoinUSPA 1168uspa. org1169register11701171 login1172 andgetcreditautomaticallyforallthequizzesyoutakeonline1173 ACTIONSTEP30USPASKYDIVER1174SINFORMATIONMANUAL 11752026 1176 USPA. ORG1-BIntegratedStudentProgram 1177 CategoryB 1178Basics1179 CategoryB 1180Basics1181 InCategoryB1182 youmustpracticethemostBasicmaneuverinfreefall1183 pulling1184 CategoryataGlanceAdvancementCriteriaCanopyPre-Jump 1185 Discussgroundwindsandwindsaloftfortheday 1186 Planyourflighttotheholdingareaandthepatternwithassistance 1187 Discussrunwaysandaircraftpatterns 1188 Practiceclearingyourairspacebeforeturnsandcheckfortrafficintheholdingareaandinthepattern 1189 Discusstheflightcycleandhowflaringislikeaone-waystreet 1190 PracticeaPLFAcademics 1191 ReadtheAcademicssectionforthiscategory 1192 Passthecategoryquizat1001193 1194 Trainforexitandfreefall 1195 Reviewallemergencyprocedures 1196 ConsiderjoiningUSPAifyouhaven1197talreadyCanopyDebrief 1198 Flyyourpatternwithassistance 1199 Performastagedflarewithafullfinish 1200 PreparetoPLFbeforelandingandperformaPLFifneeded 1201 Landwithin30degreesofyourintendedheadingwithassistance 1202 Landwithin330feet 1203100meters1204 ofyourintendedtargetwithassistanceFreefallDebrief 1205 Bestablethroughout 1206 Demonstratelegcontrol 1207 Practiceorassistwithdeployment1208 ForAFFandTandem1209 Initiateddeploymentwithin500feetoftheassignaltitude. ForIADandSL1210 Successfullyperformthreepracticepulls1211 threejumpsinarow. AFFANDTANDEM1jumpIAD-STATICLINE3jumpsDEPLOYMENT-INITIATIONALTITUDESAFF1212 51213 500feetIADandstaticline1214 41215 000feetTandem1216 61217 000feetUSPASKYDIVER1218SINFORMATIONMANUAL 12192026 1220 USPA. ORG311-BIntegratedStudentProgram 1221 CategoryB 1222Basics1223 AcademicsTheAcademicssectionofeachcategoryincludesinformationonexitandfreefall1224 canopyflight1225 emergencyprocedures1226 equipment1227 andstandardoperatingprocedures. Someofthisinformationwillreviewwhatyoulearnedearlier1228 whilesomewillbenewandbuildonthatfoundation. A. ExitandFreefallReviewtheexitproceduresfromCategoryA. ForAFFstudents1229 yourexitwillbethesame. IADandstatic-linestudentsperformtheclimb-outwithlittleornoassistancefromtheinstructorandreleasefromtheplanepromptlyontheexitcommand. Tandemstu- dentsclimbintopositionaftertheinstructor1230sOK1231 checkwiththeinstructoronceinposition1232 andinitiatetheexitcount. Duringthiscategory1233 youwillimproveyouroverallawarenessandstability1234 reinforcemusclememoryforyourpull1235 andworkonlegawarenessandheading. Heading1236 Altitude1237 Arch1238 Legs1239 Relax 1240HAALR1241 Duringfreefall1242 repeatthisdrilltoestablishandmaintainawareness1243 stability1244 andcontrol. First1245 recognizeyourheadingtoconfirmyouarenotturning. Knowyouraltitude. IADandstatic-linestudents1246 Knowyourexitaltitudeandcounttokeeptrackoftimeafterreleasefromtheaircraft. TandemandAFFstudents1247 Makesureyoucheckyouraltimeter. Checkyourarch1248 makingsureyourhipsareforwardalittle. Checkyourlegs1249 mostbeginnersneedtoextendtheirlegsalittleandpointtheirtoes. Relax . . . how1250 Breatheconsciously1251 afullbreathinandout1252 toreleasetension. UsethisHAALRtechniquejustbeforeandafterreleasingfromtheaircraft. MainDeploymentTandemandAFFstudents1253 Performpracticedeploymentsinfreefalluntilyoucanperformthemsmoothlyandarecomfortablewithlocatingthedeploymenthandle. Atyourassignedpullaltitude1254 waveofftosignaldeployment1255 thenpullatthecorrectaltitudewithoutpromptingfromtheinstructor. IADandstatic-linestudents1256 Practicestabledeploymentwithin5secondsofexit. YoumustcompletethreejumpsinarowwithsuccessfulsimulateddeploymentsbeforemovingtothesolofreefallstartinginCategoryC. 1257 LOCKON1258 iswhereyoufocusonyouraltimeterbeforepulling. WAVEOFF1259 iswhereyousignalwithbothhandsthatyouareintendingtopull. Youractualdeploymentusuallyoccursapproximately500feetafterwavingoff1260 giventhetimeittakestowaveoff1261 reach1262 andpull. 32USPASKYDIVER1263SINFORMATIONMANUAL 12642026 1265 USPA. ORG1-BIntegratedStudentProgram 1266 CategoryB 1267Basics1268 LegAwarenessYoucanpracticeandimproveyourlegawarenessbylearninghowtomoveforwardinfreefall. Tomoveforward1269 extendyourlegswithyourtoespointedwhilekeepingyourarmsinaneutralposition. Extendingyourlegsfromtheneutralpositionaddsmoredragintheback1270 liftingyourlowerbodytotherelativewind. Thisoff-levelatti- tudecausesyoutomoveforward. Itislessnoticeableonatandemjump. Topracticeinfreefall1271 extendyourlegssmoothlyandholdforthreeseconds1272 thenrelaxyourlegstoneutral. IADandstatic-linestudents1273 Increaseyourlegawarenessduringtheexitset-upandafterreleasefromtheplane. Youcanaccomplishthiswithalittlementalprepa- rationonexit. MaintainingaHeadingStayingstationaryiskeytohavingcontrol. Relaxinaneutralbodypositionandfindapointaheadonthehorizonasaheadingreference. TandemandAFFstudents1274 Yourinstructormayteachyouteamturns1275 whichareintentionalfreefallturnsyouperformtogether. YouwillbeabletousethisskilltomaintainyourfreefallheadinginCategoryC. B. CanopyForReviewInyourfirst-jumpcourseyoulearnedtopreventcanopycollisionsbyalwaysclearingyourairspacebothbeforeandduringanyturn. Simplylookinthedirectionoftheturnbothhorizontallyandbelowbeforeyoumaketheturn. Reviewthewinddirectionandspeedwithyourinstructor. You1276lldevelopyourdescentstrategy1277 thatis1278 determinetheexpectedopeningpointandprepareyourcanopyflightplan. Afteropeningandperformingyourcanopycheck1279 checkyouraltitude1280 determineyourpositionrelativetothedropzone1281 andthenmonitorcanopytraffic. Locatetheholdingareaandestablishyourpathtoyour900-footpattern-entrypoint. Flydirectlytoyourholdingarea. Flytothepattern-entrypointandflytheplannedpatternusingdownwind1282 base1283 andfinal-approachlegswithcheckpoints. FlareandPLF. Moreaboutcanopytrafficinthepattern1284 Itisimportanttoflypredictablysothatcan- opiesbehindyouinthepatterncandetermineyourflightpathandremainsufficientlyseparatedfromyou. Youdothisbyflyingyourpattern1285 stayinginyourlaneandflyingastraightfinalapproach. USPASKYDIVER1286SINFORMATIONMANUAL 12872026 1288 USPA. ORG331-BIntegratedStudentProgram 1289 CategoryB 1290Basics1291 NewStuffCrabbingUndercanopy1292 windspeedanddirectionaffectyourgroundtrackandgroundspeedwhenrunning1293 holding1294 orexperiencingcrosswinddrift. Groundtrackistheactualpathyoutraveloverthegrounddeterminedbythedirectionyourcanopyisfacingandwindeffects. Groundspeedistheactualspeedyoutravelacrossthegrounddeterminedbyyourcanopy1295sairspeedandwindeffects. Runningreferstoflyingyourcanopydirectlywiththewindatyourback. Thisincreasesyourgroundspeed. Holdingreferstoflyingyourcanopydirectlyintothewind. Thisdecreasesyourgroundspeed. Crosswinddrifthappenswhenthewindpushesyourcanopyfromtheside1296 causingyourgroundtracktodifferfromthedirectionyouarefacing. Thiscancauseyoutodriftoffofyourdesiredcourse. Crabbingisatechniqueyoucanusetocorrectcrosswinddriftandputyourgroundtrackbackonyourdesiredcourse. Youdothisbyanglingintothewind1297 usinganappro- priatewindcorrectionangletogetyourgroundtracktomatchyourdesiredcourse. FlightCycleAflightcycleistheparachute1298sresponseduringtheperiodoftimebetweenaninputandtheparachute1299sreturntostabilizedfullflight. Itisimportanttounderstandhowaflightcycleiscreatedsothatyoucanavoidenteringoneclosetothegroundjustbeforelanding. Flaringforlandingisaone-waystreet1300 meaningyoucanstoppullingdownthetogglesatanypointduringtheflarestrokeifyoustartedittoohigh1301 butyoucannotgobackup. WindFacingGroundTrackDesiredCourseDriftAngleFacingGroundTrackDesiredCourseWindCorrectionAngle34USPASKYDIVER1302SINFORMATIONMANUAL 13032026 1304 USPA. ORG1-BIntegratedStudentProgram 1305 CategoryB 1306Basics1307 Anyinputtoacanopy1308 suchasturningorpullingdownthetogglesandlettingthembackup1309 initiatesaflightcycle. Theflightcycleisanormalandpredictableflightchar- acteristicofallparachutes. Whenaflightcycleoccurs1310 theparachutedives1311 itsspeedincreasesbeyondthatoffullflight1312 andthejumperswingsbackbehindtheparachute. Theparachutethenslowsdownasthejumperswingsforwardundertheparachuteanditreturnstofullflight. Experiencingaflightcycleuphighcanbefun. However1313 aflightcyclejustbeforeorduringaflareisdangerousbecausetheparachutedivesforwardandpicksupspeed1314 andtheeffectivenessoftheflareisgreatlyreduced. Thisiswhytheproperresponsetoaflareinitiatedtoohighistostopandholdwheneveryourealizeitistoohigh1315 thenfinishtheflareforcefullywhenclosertotheground. C. EmergencyProcedureReviewReviewthecorrectresponsestoaprematuredeploymentintheaircraft1316 Attempttocontaintheopenparachuteandinformtheinstructor. Ifyourparachutegoesoutthedoor1317 followimmediatelytopreventdamagetotheplaneandinjurytoyourselforothers. Ifanyoneelse1318sparachutegoesoutthedoor1319 immediatelypushthemtoandthroughthedoorforthesamereason. ReviewPullPriorities1320 Reviewdeploymentproblemsandcorrectresponses. 1Pull2Pullattheproperaltitude3Pull1321 preferablywhilestableUSPASKYDIVER1322SINFORMATIONMANUAL 13232026 1324 USPA. ORG351-BIntegratedStudentProgram 1325 CategoryB 1326Basics1327 IADandstatic-linestudents1328 thismaybenewtoyou. Makenomorethantwoattemptsortakenolongerthan5seconds1329 whichevercomesfirst1330 beforeinitiatingemergencyprocedures. 1331 Prematurecontaineropeninginfreefall1332 Attempttolocateanddeploythepilotchutefirst. Ifyoucan1333tlocatethepilotchuteaftertwotriesor5seconds1334 orifdeployingthepilotchuteresultsinapartialmalfunction1335 cutawayanddeploythereserve. 1336 Lostdeploymenthandle1337 Placeyourhandonthesideofthecontainerandslideitdowntothebottomcorner. Findthepilotchuteanddeploy. Ifyoucannotfindthepilotchuteaftertwotriesor5seconds1338 initiateemergencyprocedures. 1339 Hardpull1340 Placeyourelbowagainstthecontainerforleverage. Ifyoucannotthrowthepilotchuteaftertwotriesor5seconds1341 initiateemergencyprocedures. 1342 Pilot-chutehesitation1343 Modifytheairflowbytwistingslightlywhilelookingoveryourrightshoulder. Ifthatdoesn1344twork1345 repeatoveryourleftshoulder. Ifthepilotchutedoesnotlaunchaftertwotriesor5seconds1346 initiateemergencyprocedures. Static-linestudents1347 Yourinstructorwillreviewthestudent-in-towprocedures1348 whichare1349 Archandsignaltoyourinstructorthatyouarereadyforthemtocutyourstaticline. Afterthestaticlineiscut1350 deployyourreserve. Rememberthesecriticalaltitudes1351 Youmustdecidetocutawayby21352 500feetandthenactimmediately. Also1353 ifyoufindyourselfbelow11354 000-footcutawayharddeckwithoutafunctioningcanopy1355 deploythereservewithoutcuttingaway. Withyourinstructor1356 practiceinthetrainingharnesstorecognizeandrespondtoproblemsandmalfunctionsusingguidancefromCategoryA1357Academicsinthefirst-jump-coursetopics. DecisionAltitude21358 500feetCutawayHardDeck11359 000feetD. EquipmentForReviewReviewhowtoretrieveyourparachuteafterlanding. E. StandardOperatingProceduresForReviewMinimalandcarefulmovementintheaircrafthelpsprotectyourgearfromaprematurecontaineropening. 36USPASKYDIVER1360SINFORMATIONMANUAL 13612026 1362 USPA. ORG1-BIntegratedStudentProgram 1363 CategoryB 1364Basics1365 NewStuffTandemstudents1366 yourprogressioninthetandemmethodendswithCategoryB1367 andyouwilltransitiontoadifferentmethodbyattend- ingasolo-equipmentfirst-jumpcourseinordertocontinueontoCategoryC. Studentwindlimitsare14mph1368 waiverablebyyourS1369TA1370 accordingtotheBSRs 1371Chapter2-1. H1372. TheminimumrequireddeploymentaltitudeforstudentsandUSPAA-Licenseholdersis31373 000feet 1374Chapter2-1. I 1375. Atairports1376 normalflightpracticesseparateaircrafttrafficfromparachutetraffic1377 butyouneedtorespectrunwaysandaircraftlandingpatterns. Yourinstructorwillexplainyourdropzone1378spoliciesaboutavoidingrunwayswhileflyingyourcanopyandafteryou1379velanded. 1380 S1381TA1382 standsforSafetyandTrainingAdvisor1383 anappointedUSPApositionusuallyheldbyahighlyexpe- riencedinstructor. TheS1384TAatyourdropzonerepresentsyourUSPARegionalDirectorandisavailabletoprovideadviceandadministrativeassistancetoUSPAmembers. AircraftandParachuteTrafficUSPASKYDIVER1385SINFORMATIONMANUAL 13862026 1387 USPA. ORG371-BIntegratedStudentProgram 1388 CategoryB 1389Basics1390 CategoryBDiveFlowsREDindicatesAdvancementCriteria 1391 indicatesnewskillsAFFANDTANDEM 1392 RELAXEDEXIT 1393 COA 1394 PRACTICEDEPLOY 1395 HAALR 1396 EXTENDLEGS 1397 13983seconds1399 1400 HAALR 1401 TEAMTURNS1402 1403iftrained1404 1405 61406 0001407 LOCKON 140861409 5001410 fortandem1411 1412 51413 5001414 WAVEOFFandPULL 141561416 0001417 fortandem1418 1419 CANOPYCHECK - APT 1420 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 1421 FLYPATTERN 1422 FLAREandPLFifneededIADANDSTATICLINE 14233jumpsfrom41424 00014251426 1427 EXITWITHLEGSEXTENDED1428 1429 PRACTICEDEPLOY1430 1431withcount1432 1433Arch1434 Reach1435 Pull1436 Neutral1437 Check1438 1439 CANOPYCHECK - APT 1440 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 1441 FLYPATTERN 1442 FLAREandPLFifneededTAKETHEQUIZ1443 uspa. org1444quiz1445b38USPASKYDIVER1446SINFORMATIONMANUAL 14472026 1448 USPA. ORG1-CIntegratedStudentProgram 1449 CategoryC 1450Control1451 CategoryC 1452Control1453 InCategoryC1454 youfinallygainControlinfreefallbypullingstable1455 solo1456 andunassisted1457 andundercanopybyunderstandingtheflightcycle1458 CategoryataGlanceAdvancementCriteriaCanopyPre-Jump 1459 Discussgroundwindsandwindsaloftfortheday 1460 Planyourflighttotheholdingareaandthelandingpattern 1461 Discussadjustinglandingpatternforwindchanges 1462 Discusswingloading 1463 Discussdownwindlandings 1464 Discussturbulenceandflightcycle 1465 Reviewoff-fieldlandings1466 includingchoosinganalternateareaby21467 000feetandobstacleavoidanceAcademics 1468 ReadtheAcademicssectionforthiscategory 1469 Passthecategoryquizat1001470 1471 Trainforexitandfreefall 1472 Reviewwhattodoforanopenparachuteintheaircraft 1473 Observeequipmentpre-flightcheckandAADoperationCanopyDebrief 1474 Performaflight-cycledrill 1475 Flyyourpatternwithminimalassistance 1476 Performastagedflarewithafullfinishwithminimalassistance 1477 PrepareforaPLFandPLFifneededFreefallDebrief 1478 Establishcontrolwithin5secondsofexit 1479 Performarelaxedfall 1480 Showheadingcontrol 1481 Waveoffbeforepulling 1482 PullattheassignedaltitudewithstabilityAFF2jumpsIAD-STATICLINE3jumpsDEPLOYMENT-INITIATIONALTITUDEAFF1483 51484 500feetIADandstaticline1485 41486 500feetUSPASKYDIVER1487SINFORMATIONMANUAL 14882026 1489 USPA. ORG391-CIntegratedStudentProgram 1490 CategoryC 1491Control1492 AcademicsA. ExitandFreefallForReviewReviewtheclimb-outandexitprocedures. Improvingyoursetup1493 launch1494 andflyawayoneachjumpwillprepareyouforasoloexitinCategoryD. ReviewthealtitudeandbodypositionawarenessprocedureHAALR. Firstrecognizeyourheadingtoconfirmyouarenotturning. Knowyouraltitudebyreadingthealtim- eter 1495AFFandtandem1496 orcountingfromexit 1497IADandstaticline1498. Archatthehipstoimprovebelly-to-windstability. Checkyourlegposition1499extendedto45degreeswithtoespointed1500andadjustasneeded. Relaxbytakingabreathinandout1501 lettinggoofunwantedbodytension. IADandstatic-linestudents1502 HAALRmightbenewtoyou1503 asthisappliesonlyafteryou1504vemadeasuccessfulclearandpull. ThegoalinfreefallforCategoryCistorefineyourneutralbodypositionsoyoucanfallstraightdowninacolumnofair. Youachievethisbymaintainingaheadinginarelaxed1505 neutralposition. Youshouldalsoincreaseyouraltitudeawarenessandinitiateasolopullsequenceatyourassignedaltitude. Reviewhowtomaintainaheadingwhichincludes1506 1507 Pickaheadingreferenceinfrontofyouandkeepyoureyesonit. 1508 UseHAALRtoremaininarelaxedneutralbodypositionandaltitudeaware. 1509 UsetheskillofstartingandstoppingturnsfromCategoryBtostopunintentionalturnsonCategoryCjumps. NewStuffAFFstudents1510 IfyounowhaveonlyoneAFFinstructor1511 theinstructorwillrevisetheclimb-outprocedureforyourexit. Withoneinstructor1512 youmayprepareforslightlydifferentresultsafterthelaunch1513 asittypicallyfliesverticallyalittlelongerthanitwouldwithtwoinstructors. AIR1514 ThefreefallruleforCategoryAandBwas1515 ifyourAFFinstructorsarenotwithyou1516 youmustpullimmediately. ThisrulechangesforCategoryCandforward. Nowthatyouhavedemonstratedawarenessandstability1517 yourinstructorsmayreleaseyouduringthefreefall. Thenewruleis1518 ifyouareAltitudeaware1519 Incontrol1520 andRelaxed 1521AIR15221523 youmaycontinueinfreefallanddeployattheassignedaltitude. However1524 ifyouarenotAltitudeaware1525 Incontrol1526 andRelaxed 1527AIR15281529 youhaveonly5secondstofixit. Ifunsuc- cessfulafter5seconds1530 deployyourmaincanopyimmediately. Ifyouareaboveyourassigneddeploymentaltitudeandorientedback-to-earth1531 rolltoonesidetorecovertoastable1532 belly-to-earthbodyposition. Todoso1533 firstcheckyouraltitude1534 relax1535 arch1536 andholdit. Looktowardthegroundeithertotherightorleftandbringthearmonthatsideacrossyourchest. Asyourbodyrollsthatdirectionandyou40USPASKYDIVER1537SINFORMATIONMANUAL 15382026 1539 USPA. ORG1-CIntegratedStudentProgram 1540 CategoryC 1541Control1542 facetheground1543 gobacktotheneutralbodyposition. Checkaltitude. Thisiscommonlycalledtheroll-out-of-bedtechnique. Ifyouareunsuccessfulafter5seconds1544 deployyourmaincanopyimmediately1545 evenifyouareonyourback1546 spinning1547 ortumbling. IADandstatic-linestudents1548 Afteryourfirstsuccessfulclear-and-pulljump1549 youwillexperiencemorefreefalltimebyperformingtwostable10-seconddelays. Thetransitionoftherelativewindfromoppositetheaircraftheadingtobelowwillbeanewexperience. UseHAALRtocontrolstability. Addawave-offpriortodeployment1550 whichisasignaltootherjumpersthatyouaregettingreadytopull. B. CanopyNewStuffWingLoadingandCanopySizeThewing-loadingratioisthejumper1551sexitweight 1552gearedup1553 dividedbythesquarefootageofthecanopy. Canopymanufacturerspublishwing-loadingrecommendationsforeachmodelofcanopyintheirowner1554smanualsandoftenontheirwebsites. Takethetimenowtocalculateyourwingloadingforthecanopyyouareabouttojumpnext. Wingloadingaffectstheperfor- manceandspeedofyourcanopy. Withhigherwingloadings1555 expectfasterforwardspeedsanddescentrates1556 quickerturns1557 steeperandlongerdivesfromturns1558 andmoreviolentmal- functions. Canopiesathigherwingloadingsrequiremoreskilltoflarecorrectly. Withlighterwingloadings1559 expectlessdriveagainstastrongwind1560 slowerturns1561 andmoreforgivenessoflandingerrors. TurbulenceonLandingTurbulenceisdisturbedairthatcanaffectcanopyflightandintegrity. Duetoobstaclesandwinddirection1562 turbulencesometimesoccursinthelandingarea. Theeffectsandlikelihoodofturbulenceincreasewiththewindspeed. Understandingandpredictingturbulencewillallowyoutomakesafelandingchoices. Managingunexpectedturbu- lenceonlandingisanimportantskill1563 butavoidingalandinginturbulenceisthebestplanforsafelandings. WINGLOADINGEXAMPLESJumper1564sexitweight215215Dividedbycanopysize 1565sqft1566 280195Wingloading . 771567 11. 11568 1RolloutofBed1569 Checkaltitude 1570left1571. Arch1572 andstartrollover 1573center1574. Neutralbodyposition1575 checkaltitude 1576right1577. USPASKYDIVER1578SINFORMATIONMANUAL 15792026 1580 USPA. ORG411-CIntegratedStudentProgram 1581 CategoryC 1582Control1583 Mechanicalturbulenceiscausedbybuildings1584 trees1585 andhillyormountainousterrain. Anticipateturbulence10to20timestheheightofanobstacleonitsdownwindside. Waketurbulenceistheswirlingaircurrentsleftbehindamovingobjectfromthedis- turbedairflowcausedbyitsmotion1586 suchaswingtipvorticesforaircraft. Forexample1587 acanopythatlandsjustbeforeyoucangenerateaninvisiblewakebehindthem1588 whichcanlingerespeciallyinlow-windconditions. Youcanevenfindwaketurbulencedown- windofthepropellerwashofanaircraftlandingontherunway. Thermalturbulenceiscausedbythermals1589 whicharepocketsofwarmairthatriseduetotheunevenheatingofthegroundgivendifferencesinterrain. Theairovercertainsurfacessuchasasphalt1590 plowedfields1591 orrockyterrainheatsupfasterthanoverothersurfaces. Asthewarmerairrisesthenmixeswithsurroundingcoolerair1592 irregularitiesproduceunexpectedupdraftsanddowndrafts. Whenflyinginturbulenceatanyaltitude1593 maintainthedesiredheadingusingsmoothbuteffectivetoggleinput. Flyinfullflightunlessthecanopy1594sowner1595smanualdirectsotherwise. Ifthereisturbulenceneartheground1596 preparetorespondquicklywithaforcefulflareandaPLF. Turbulencecancreateaflightcycle. CategoryBintroducedtheconceptoftheflightcycletoreinforcethatflaringforlandingisaone-waystreet1597 meaningyoucanalwaysstoppullingdownthetogglesatanypointduringtheflarestroke1598 butcannotgobackup. Lettingyourtogglesbackupduringyourflareforlandingwillcauseaflightcycle. Turbulentorgustywindsonlandingcanalsoinitiateaflightcycle1599 causingyourpara- chutetodivetowardtheground. Ifthishappensjustbeforetheflare1600 theeffectivenessoftheflarediminishes. Becausetheflightcyclewillcauseyoutoswingbackfromunder- neaththeparachuteasitdivesandpicksupspeed1601 youmustflareforcefullytogetbackundertheparachuteandinapositionforlanding. Tohelpyourecognizeaflightcycleandrespondeffectively1602 youwillperformaflight-cycledrillinthiscategoryandpracticeaforcefulflarewheninaflightcycle. 42USPASKYDIVER1603SINFORMATIONMANUAL 16042026 1605 USPA. ORG1-CIntegratedStudentProgram 1606 CategoryC 1607Control1608 ComparingHigh-WindtoLow-WindLandingPatternsThelocationofeachpointandtheshapeofyourlandingpatternwillvarybasedonthestrengthofthewind. Inlighterwinds1609 yourpatternwillresembleasquare1610 withthedownwindleg1611 baseleg1612 andfinal-approachlegbeingofsimilarlength. Makesureyouhaveplentyofclearspacepastthetargetincaseyouovershoot. Instrongerwinds1613 thefinal-approachandbaselegsbecomeshorter1614 andthedownwindlegbecomeslonger. Turnoveraclearareaduringyourbaselegandfinalapproachincaseyoulandshortofthetarget. Note1615 YourUSPAInstructormayadjusttheshapeofthepatternorthecheckpointaltitudesorlandmarkstoaccountforvariousconditions. ImprovingyourLandingDownwindlandingsarebetterthanlowturns. Oncalmdays1616 unexpectedwindshiftssometimesrequireyoutolandwiththewind1617 insteadofagainstit. Sometimes1618 jumpersbecomeconfusedaboutthepatternanddon1619trealizetheyaresetupforadownwindlandinguntilthey1620reonfinalapproach. Whenfacedwithdecidingbetweenalowturnoradownwindlanding1621 applyyourlandingprioritiesandchoosetolanddownwind. Whenmakingadownwindlanding1622 flareatthenormalaltitude1623 regardlessofgroundspeed1624 andPLF. Flaringforlandingcantakeafewseconds1625 sodissect- ingthepartsoftheflarecanincreaseyourawarenessandimproveyourflareforbetterlandings. Duringtheflare1626 youareconvertingforwardspeedtolift. Flarethecanopyquicklytothefirststagetoslowdownandswingunderyourcanopy1627 flatteningtheglide. Con- tinuetheflaretokeeptheflatglide. Continueflaringsmoothlyandcompletelyuntillanding. 1628 TWOTYPESOFFLARES1629 Astagedflareusesmul- tiplestages1630 acontinu- ousflareusesasinglecontinuousmotion. USPASKYDIVER1631SINFORMATIONMANUAL 16322026 1633 USPA. ORG431-CIntegratedStudentProgram 1634 CategoryC 1635Control1636 C. EmergencyProcedureReviewIADandstatic-linestudents1637 reviewproceduresfordeploymenthandleproblems1638 prematurecontaineropeninginfreefall 1639handdeployment16401641 andpilot-chutehesita- tionsbeforemakinganyjumpinCategoryC. ForReviewTopreventanopenparachuteintheaircraft1642 takecarewhenyou1643releaningbackagainstanything. Movecarefullywhenyou1644renearoroutsidethedoor. Ifaparachuteopensintheplaneandthedoorisclosed1645 securetheparachute1646 notifyyourinstructorandlandwiththeplane. Ifthedoorisopen1647 containtheparachute1648 closethedoor1649 andlandwiththeplane. Iftheparachutegoesoutthedoor1650 followimmediatelytopreventendangeringyourselfandothers. Apre-jumpgearcheckshortlybeforeleavingtheair- craftisessentialtopreventtheseoccurrences. ReviewPullPriorities1651 Ifyouseeyourinstructorpull1652 youshouldpull. IflandingofftheDZisunavoidable1653 lookforanopen1654 clear1655 accessiblefieldasearlyaspossible. Decideonanalternatelandingareaby21656 000feet. Beawarethatpowerlinesoftenrunalongroadsandbetweenbuildings1657 aswellasrandomlyinopenfields. Arowofvegetationoftenhidesafence. Rocks1658 hills1659 andotherterrainirregularitiesoftenremaininvisibleuntiljustpriortotouchdown. Inspectanunfamiliarlandingareamorecloselyatevery500-footintervalduringdescentandcontinuouslybelow500feet. Flyapredictablelandingpatternandattempttolandclearofturbulenceandobstacles. PrepareforaPLF. 1Pull2Pullattheproperaltitude3Pull1660 preferablywhilestable44USPASKYDIVER1661SINFORMATIONMANUAL 16622026 1663 USPA. ORG1-CIntegratedStudentProgram 1664 CategoryC 1665Control1666 Bepolitetopropertyowners. Crossonlyatgatesorreinforcedareasandleaveallgatesastheywerefound. Donotdisturblivestock. Walkparalleltoandbetweenanyrowsofcropsuntilreachingtheendofthefield. Repairorreplaceanydamagedproperty. Ifpossible1667 contactthedropzonetogivethemyourstatusandlocation. Someskydivingschoolsaresubjecttostateandlocalrulesorrestrictionsconcerninglandingoff. Yourinstructorwillexplainanythingthatpertainstoyouandyourdropzone. ReviewLandingPrioritiesAfterlandinginhighwinds1668 pullinonetoggleandsteeringlinetoassistincollapsingthecanopy1669 especiallyifthecanopyisdraggingyou. Cutawaythecanopyasalastresortorifyou1670reinjured. NewStuffIADandstatic-linestudents1671 Previously1672 inCategoriesAandB1673 ifyouneededtoexittheplaneinanaircraftemergency1674 youusedyourreserve. ThenewruleforCategoryCandforwardis1675 ifyouareabove31676 000feet1677 youcanuseyourmaincanopyifexitingtheplaneinanaircraftemergency. 1Landwithalevelwing2Landinaclearandopenarea3FlareandPLFUSPASKYDIVER1678SINFORMATIONMANUAL 16792026 1680 USPA. ORG451-CIntegratedStudentProgram 1681 CategoryC 1682Control1683 D. EquipmentNewStuffTheautomaticactivationdevice1684whichyouwearonlyasabackup1685initiatesreservedeploymentwhencertainparametersaremet. DetailedAADoperationisexplainedinCategoryD. Observetheinstructorperformingthepre-flightcheck1686 thatis1687 theequipmentcheckthathappensbeforeyouputyourgearon. Back1688 toptobottom1689 1690 reservepininplaceandstraight 1691 reserveclosingloopmusthavenovisiblewear 1692 reserveripcordcablemovementinhousing 1693 reservepackingdatacardandseal 1694 AADon 1695 mainactivationcableorpininplace1696 freeofnicksorkinks 1697 mainclosingloopnotworn1698 nearperfect 1699 pilot-chute-bridleroutingorripcord-cablemovement 1700 mainactivationhandleinplaceFront1701 toptobottom1702 1703 three-ringreleasesystem 1704 RSLconnectionandrouting 1705 cheststrapandhardwareintact 1706 cutawayhandleinposition 1707 reservehandleinposition 1708 legstrapsandhardwareoperationalandcorrectlythreadedE. StandardOperatingProceduresAsastudent1709 youhavecertainmandatorygearrequirements 1710BSR1711 Chapter2-1. M. 2-5 1712. TheFederalAviationAdministrationregulatesthetrainingandcertificationoftheFAArigger 1713FAR651714. YourreserveparachutemusthavebeenpackedbyacertificatedFAAriggerwithinthelast180days. Yourmainparachutemusthavebeenpackedwithinthelast180days1715 aswell1716 andcanbepackedbyarigger1717 someoneunderthesupervisionofarigger1718 orthepersonjumpingit 1719FAR105. 431720. 46USPASKYDIVER1721SINFORMATIONMANUAL 17222026 1723 USPA. ORG1-CIntegratedStudentProgram 1724 CategoryC 1725Control1726 CategoryCDiveFlowsREDindicatesAdvancementCriteria 1727indicatesnewskillsAFF 17282jumps1729 firstwithtwoinstructors1730 secondwithoneinstructor1731 1732 RELAXEDEXIT 1733 COA 1734 PRACTICEDEPLOY 1735 COA 1736 RELEASE 1737 1738 HAALR 1739 61740 0001741 LOCKON 1742 51743 5001744 WAVEOFFandPULL 1745 CANOPYCHECK - APT 1746 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 1747 FLIGHT-CYCLEDRILL 1748 1749 FLYPATTERN 1750 FLAREandPLFifneededIADANDSTATICLINE 17511CLEAR 1752 PULL 17531jumpfrom41754 50017551756 1757 EXITWITHLEGSEXTENDED 1758 PULL 17591760withcount1761 1762Arch1763 Reach1764 Pull1765 Neutral1766 Check1767 1768 CANOPYCHECK - APT 1769 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 1770 FLYPATTERN 1771 FLAREandPLFifneeded 1772210-SECONDFREEFALL 17732jumpsfrom51774 50017751776 1777 EXITWITHLEGSEXTENDED 1778 RELAXINTONEUTRAL 1779 COUNTTO10 1780 41781 5001782 WAVEOFF 1783at7seconds1784 1785 41786 0001787 PULL 1788 CANOPYCHECK - APT 1789 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 1790 FLIGHT-CYCLEDRILL 1791 1792 FLYPATTERN 1793 FLAREandPLFifneededUSPASKYDIVER1794SINFORMATIONMANUAL 17952026 1796 USPA. ORG471-CIntegratedStudentProgram 1797 CategoryC 1798Control1799 CANOPYDRILL1800 ExperienceaFlightCycle 1801 Releasebrakesandaddressanyroutineopeningproblems. 1802 Lookleft1803 turnleft. 1804 Lookright1805 turnright. 1806 Flare. 1807 Checkaltitude1808 position1809 andtraffic. 1810 Findtheholdingarea1811 landingareaandpattern-entrypoint. 1812 Flydirectlytotheholdingarea. 1813 Checkaltitude1814 positionandtraffic. 1815 Smoothlyandevenlypulltogglesto 1816 brakes 1817hipbones1818 andholdfor5seconds. 1819 Quicklybutsmoothlyraisethetogglesbacktofullflighttoinducetheflightcycle. 1820 Takenoteofthecanopysurgeanddiveasitpicksupspeed. 1821 Expect5-7secondstopassforthecanopytorecovertofullflight. 1822 Repeat1823 ifaltitudepermits1824 thistimewithaforcefulflaretogetbackundertheparachuteforlanding 1825topracticeyourresponsetoturbulenceclosetotheground1826. 1827 Checkaltitude1828 position1829 andtraffic. 1830 Stayintheholdingareauntilstartingthepatternat900feet. 1831 Flytheplannedpatternfollowingthelandingprioritiesonfinal. 1832 FlaretolandandPLF. TAKETHEQUIZ1833 uspa. org1834quiz1835c48USPASKYDIVER1836SINFORMATIONMANUAL 18372026 1838 USPA. ORG1-DIntegratedStudentProgram 1839 CategoryD 1840Direction1841 CategoryD 1842Direction1843 InCategoryD1844 youmustperformturnsinfreefallandundercanopyinbothDirections1845 rightandleft1846 invaryingdegrees1847 CategoryataGlanceAdvancementCriteriaCanopyPre-Jump 1848 Providethegroundwindsandwindsaloftinformationfortheday 1849 Discussspotting1850 winddrift1851 andopeningpoint 1852 Discusscloudclearanceandvisibilityrequirements 1853 Planyourflighttotheholdingareaandthepattern 1854 Discusslandingaccuracyandchoosingthelandingtarget 1855 Discussobservingjumprun 1856 ReviewEPsforlandingonabuilding 1857 Trainforrear-riserturnsforcanopy-flightEPsAcademics 1858 ReadtheAcademicssectionforthiscategory 1859 Passthecategoryquizat1001860 1861 Trainforexitandfreefall 1862 Reviewcanopy-openingEPsinatrainingharness 1863 ConductfourgearcheckswithsupervisionCanopyDebrief 1864 Performa90-degreerearriserturnwithbrakesset 18651st 1866 1867 Performa90-degreerearriserturnwithbrakesset 18682nd 1869 1870 Performa90-degreerearriserturnwithbrakesreleased 18711st 1872 1873 Performa90-degreerearriserturnwithbrakesreleased 18742nd 1875 1876 Flyaproperpatternandlandwithin165feet 187750meters1878 ofyourplannedtargetwithassistanceFreefallDebrief 1879 Performasoloexitandgetstablewithin5seconds 1880 Performa90-degreeleftturnwitha20-degreeheadingtolerance 18811st 1882 1883 Performa90-degreerightturnwitha20-degreeheadingtolerance 18841st 1885 1886 Performa90-degreeleftturnwitha20-degreeheadingtolerance 18872nd 1888 1889 Performa90-degreerightturnwitha20-degreeheadingtolerance 18902nd 1891 1892 Performa180-degreeleftturnwitha45-degreeheadingtolerance 1893 Performa180-degreerightturnwitha45-degreeheadingtolerance 1894 Performa360-degreeleftturnwitha45-degreeheadingtolerance 1895 Performa360-degreerightturnwitha45-degreeheadingtoleranceAFF2jumpsIAD-STATICLINE3jumpsDEPLOYMENT-INITIATIONALTITUDE51896 000feetUSPASKYDIVER1897SINFORMATIONMANUAL 18982026 1899 USPA. ORG491-DIntegratedStudentProgram 1900 CategoryD 1901Direction1902 AcademicsA. ExitandFreefallSoloExitInthiscategory1903 youwillperformasoloexit1904 achievingstabilitywithin5seconds. Remembertoolstomaintaincontrolandstability1905 includingHAALRandAIR. FreefallTurnsToturninfreefall1906 firstestablishacomfort- able1907 relaxed1908 neutralbodyposition. Findapointaheadonthehorizonasaprimaryheadingreference. Usethestart-coast- stop 1909SCS1910 techniquetocontrolyourturn. Turnsshouldbeginfromaneutralbodyposition. Maintainsymmetryinyourarmsandlegs1911 astraightspine1912 andlevelshoul- ders. Breathe1913 relax1914 andinitiatetheturn1915 Startbypressingoneelbowdownfromtheshoulderjointonly. Pressyourarmdownnomorethan45degrees. Maintainaneutrallegpositionduringtheturn. Coastintheturnbyreturningtoneutralbeforeyourdesiredheadingcomesintoview. Yourmomentumwillcontinuetoturnyouwhileyouareneutral1916 muchlikeyourcarcontinuestogoforwardaftertakingyourfootofftheaccelerator. Duringthecoast1917 assessyourspeedandthedistancetoyourdesiredheadingtodeterminewhenyoushouldbeginyourstopmovement. Stopbycounteringtheturnintheoppositedirection1918 thenreturntoaneutralbodyposition. Ifyougopastyourintendedheadingorencounterotherdifficulties1919 useHAALRandpickanewheadingbeforestartinganotherturn. Stopallmaneuversby61920 000feet. 1921 SCS1922 standsforstart-coast-stop1923 andisatechniqueusedinavarietyofmaneuverswhereyoustartbymovingaparticularbodypart1924 coastbyreturningtoneutral1925 andstopwiththeoppositemotion. CANOPY-FLIGHTEMERGENCY1926 isanemergencythathappenswhileunderafullyinflatedcanopy1927 anytimeduringthecanopydescentorlanding. CANOPY-FLIGHTEMERGENCYPROCEDURES 1928CEPs19291930 isasetoffiveskillsyoucanusetorespondtocanopy-flightemergencies. STAYALIVE 1931 PRACTICEFIVE1932 50USPASKYDIVER1933SINFORMATIONMANUAL 19342026 1935 USPA. ORG1-DIntegratedStudentProgram 1936 CategoryD 1937Direction1938 B. CanopyRear-RiserSteeringLearningtouseyourrearrisersgivesyoumoreoptionstocontrolyourcanopy. Therearrisersoperatethebackhalfofyourcanopy1939 andsteer- ingwiththemwithyourbrakesstillstowedisthefastestwaytochangeheadingrightafteropening. Rear- risersteeringisthefirstofseveralCanopy-FlightEmergencyProce- dures 1940CEPs1941 youwilllearn1942 becauseitcanbeusefulforavoidingacanopycollisionrightafteropening. Tosteerwithyourrearrisers1943 reachupandgrabthemfirmlyabovewherethetogglesarestowed. Lookinthedirectionyouwanttoturn1944 checkfortraffic1945 andpullthatriserdown4to6inches. Inthiscategory1946 youwillperform90-degreerear- riserturnsaftervisuallyinspectingyourcanopybutbeforeyouunstowyourtoggles. Youwillperformthemagainwithyourtogglesunstowed. Onceyouhaveunstowedyourtoggles1947 keeptheminyourhandswhileperformingrear-risermaneuvers. Stopallrear-risersteeringpracticeby21948 000feet. AccuracyFlyingapredictablepatternandarrivingatpatterncheckpointsattheproperaltitudeimprovesyourchancesoflandingwhereyouplanned. Beingaccurateonlandingbuildsyourconfidenceincaseyoueverlandoffthedropzone. Withthehelpofyourinstruc- tor1949 usetheforecastedgroundandwindsalofttochooseyourpatternentrypoint1950 checkpoints1951 andtarget. Acheckpointincludesbothanaltitudeandalandmark. 9001952 PatternEntryPointHoldingArea6001953 BaseCheckpoint3001954 FinalCheckpointTargetUSPASKYDIVER1955SINFORMATIONMANUAL 19562026 1957 USPA. ORG511-DIntegratedStudentProgram 1958 CategoryD 1959Direction1960 Beforeyourjump1961 identifyyourtargetanddrawa165-foot 196250-meter1963 radiuscirclearounditontheaerialmap. Useaninteractiveonlinemaptohelpestimatethedistance. Landwithinthatareawithminimalradioassistanceandrecordthedistancefromthetargetinyourlogbook. C. EmergencyProcedureReviewYouwillreviewcanopyproblemsandmalfunctionsinthetrain- ingharnesstohelpyoudevelopquickerrecognitionofmalfunctionsandimproveyourdecision-makingability1964 especiallyasyourassignedpullaltitudelowersasyougainexperience. Thecanopymustreliablyflystraight1965 turn1966 andflare. Decideifyourcanopyissafetolandbythe21967 500-footdecisionaltitudeandexecuteyouremergencyproceduresifnecessary. Youshouldbeabletodescribeproceduresforlandingonabuilding1968 Iflandingonaroof1969 flareandPLF. Onceyou1970velanded1971 disconnecttheRSL1972 ifable1973 andcutaway. Iflandingyourreserve1974 containit. Waitforhelp. Ifhittingabuildingbroadside1975 turnthecanopyslightlytoavoidadirectimpactbeforeflaring. PreparetoPLF1976 flaretoslowdown1977 andattempttostrikeaglancingblow. D. EquipmentAADOperationYouwilllearnhowtoturnonyourautomaticactivationdevice. DifferentbrandsofAADshavedifferentoperationalmodesthataffectthefiringaltitudeandspeed. Theowner1978smanualcontainsmoreinformation. ConductingGearChecksYoushouldperformfourgearcheckssupervisedbyyourinstructorbeforeeveryjump. 1. Checkyourgearbeforeputtingiton 1979pre-flight1980 2. Checkyourgearimmediatelyafterputtingiton3. Checkyourgearbeforeloadingtheplane4. Checkyourgearbeforeexitingtheplane52USPASKYDIVER1981SINFORMATIONMANUAL 19822026 1983 USPA. ORG1-DIntegratedStudentProgram 1984 CategoryD 1985Direction1986 Asyoumakemorejumps1987 youwillstarttakingmoreresponsibilityforyourgearchecks. The 1988checkofthrees1989 isaself-checkcommonlyusedforthepre-boardingandpre-exitgearchecks. Theyinclude1990 1. three-ringassemblyandreservestaticline 1991threerings1992 2. threepointsofharnessattachmentforsnapassemblyandcorrectroutingandadjustment 1993threestraps1994 3. threeoperationhandles1995mainactivation1996 cutaway1997 reserve 1998threehandles1999 Additionally2000 youshouldhaveanotherjumpercheckyourpinsonthebackofthesystemfromtoptobottom2001 1. AADonandsettocorrectmode2. reservepininplace2002 cablemovesfreely3. mainpininplaceYourpersonalequipmentcheckincludesSHAGG2003 Shoes2004tied2005 nohooksHelmet2006fitandadjustmentandbuckledAltimeter2007setforzeroGoggles2008tightandcleanGloves2009lightweightandpropersize 2010below40degreesF2011 USPASKYDIVER2012SINFORMATIONMANUAL 20132026 2014 USPA. ORG531-DIntegratedStudentProgram 2015 CategoryD 2016Direction2017 E. StandardOperatingProceduresRequirementsAllstudentjumps2018 includingtandems2019 mustbecompletedbetweenofficialsunriseandsunsetaccordingtotheBSRs 2020Chapter2-1. G. 92021. Youmustmaintainverticalandhorizontalseparationfromcloudswhilejumping. FAR105. 17liststheFAA2022scloudclearanceandvisibilityminimumsforskydivers. Youmustbeabletoapplytheserequirementstoyourjumps2023 astheFAAplacesjointrespon- sibilityforcloudclearanceandvisibilityonthejumperandthepilot. Thealtitudesaregiveninmeansealevel2024 orMSL2025 whichisyourtruealtitudeusingsealevelaszero. PilotsuseMSLtoallowforconsistentapplicationofaltituderequirementsregardlessofalocation2026selevation. Theelevationisthealtitudeofagivenlocation2027 likeyourdropzone2028 atgroundlevel. Abovegroundlevel2029 orAGL2030 referstoyourheightabovetheground. UsingAGLallowsforbetterunderstandingofyouractualreferencetotheground. VisualrepresentationofFAR105. 172031 Cloudclearancesaboveandbelow102032 000ft. 54USPASKYDIVER2033SINFORMATIONMANUAL 20342026 2035 USPA. ORG1-DIntegratedStudentProgram 2036 CategoryD 2037Direction2038 Spotting2039 WindDrift2040 andOpeningPointYoumustdeterminethegroundwindsandwindsaloftbeforeeveryskydiveaccord- ingtotheBSRs 2041Chapter2-1. K2042. Havingthisinformationcanhelpyouplanyourcanopyflightandlandingpattern. Youcanobtaincurrentwindinformationfromvariousweatherapps. Askyourinstructorwhichappsprovidethemostaccurateinforma- tionforyourdropzone. Theappsprovidethedirectionandstrengthofthewindatgroundlevelandatvariousaltitudesineithermilesperhourorknots. Thedescrip- tionofwindsincludestheirdirectionoforiginexpressedasacompassheadingsuchas2043 2044Thegroundwindsarefromtwo-seventydegrees. 2045 Inthisexample2046 thewindsareblowingfromthewest. Thus2047 yourplannedlandingpatternwillhavethefinalapproachgoingwest2048 facingintothewindforlanding. Tolandonthedropzone2049 youmustbeabletodeterminethespotonthegroundoverwhichtoexittheplaneandknowhowtofindthatspotwhileonjumprunintheaircraft. Jumprunisthepredeterminedpaththeaircraftfliespriortoexit. Yourexitpointisthepointatwhichyouexittheplane. Thedirectionofjumprunisdeterminedbythestrengthanddirectionofthewindsaloft. Thestrongerthewindsaloft2050 thefarthertheexitpointwillbefromthelandingarea. Thewindpushesyouduringfreefallfromtheexitpointtowardthelandingarea. Thishorizontalmovementisknownaswinddrift. Thewinds2051 presenceofclouds2052 thesizeofyourgroupandyourjumptype2053 planneddeploymentaltitude2054 andmanyotherfactorsallgointodeterminingyouridealexitpoint. Spottingisthetermforselectinganexitpointwhileaccountingfortheeffectofwindsaloftinfreefallandduringcanopyflight. Theexitpointisalsoknownasthespot. Spot- tingstartswithdeterminingthebestopeningpointforcanopies2055 whichisthegroundpointofreferenceoverwhichyouopenyourparachute. Thispointisdeterminedfromwindforecastsfordifferentaltitudes. Thestrongerthewindisattheexitaltitudeandduringfreefall2056 thefartherupwindoftheholdingandlandingareatheexitpoint2057 orspot2058 willbe. Thisisalsotrueforthecanopyopeningpoint2059 asitalsoshouldbeupwindofyourholdingandlandingarea. Ifyouopenupwindofyourholdingarea2060 thewindwillhelpyougetthere. 2061 GROUNDWINDS2062 arealsocalledsurfacewinds. WINDSALOFT2063 arethewindsatvariousaltitudesabovetheground. WINDDRIFT2064 isthehorizontalmovementcausedbythewind2065 andunderstandingitisimport- antforaccuratenavigationandlanding. CARDINALDIRECTIONS2066 areNorth36020672068 East9020692070 South18020712072 andWest2702073. USPASKYDIVER2074SINFORMATIONMANUAL 20752026 2076 USPA. ORG551-DIntegratedStudentProgram 2077 CategoryD 2078Direction2079 Thepilot2080 instructors2081 anddropzonestaffdeterminethedirectionofjumprunandthelocationofthespotbasedupontheforecastedandobservedwinds. Thedirectionofjumprunandthelocationofthespotmaychangethroughoutthedayastheweatherandwindschange. Thefirststepinlearningtospotisdeterminingwhatis 2082straightdown2083 andpredictinghowtheplaneismovingacrosstheground. First2084 lookstraightoutatthehorizonanddrawanimaginarylinebacktoyou. Thenlookforwardtowardwhereyouareheadedanddrawanimaginarylinebacktoyou. Thejunctionofthetwoperpendicularlinesfromthehorizonmarksthepointstraightbelowtheaircraft. Beforeexiting2085 youmustalsoverifythattheareabelowyouisclearofcloudsandaircraft2086 andtodosoeffec- tively2087 youmustgetyourheadcompletelyoutsidetheaircraft. Youwillobserveyourinstructor2088sspottingprocedures2089 andthenyouwilldemonstratethetechniqueforlookingstraightdownfromtheaircraftduringjumprun. Youshouldbeabletodeterminewhethertheaircraftisontheintendedjumprunandwhenyouareatyourdesiredexitpoint. EstimatingFreefallTimeYoucannoteyourfreefalltimeinyourlogbookbasedonyourexitaltitudebyassum- inganaverageterminalvelocityof120mph. Thefirst12090 000feetofyourfreefalltakesapproximately10secondsasyoureachterminalvelocity. Each12091 000feetafterthattakesapproximately5seconds. Forexample2092 Youexittheairplaneat52093 000feetanddeployyourcanopyat32094 000feet. Thefirst12095 000feettakes10seconds2096 andthenext12097 000feettakes5seconds. Youcanlog15secondsoffreefalltime. 56USPASKYDIVER2098SINFORMATIONMANUAL 20992026 2100 USPA. ORG1-DIntegratedStudentProgram 2101 CategoryD 2102Direction2103 CategoryDDiveFlowsREDindicatesAdvancementCriteria 2104indicatesnewskillsAFF 21051902106 TURNS 2107 OBSERVESPOTTING 2108 RELAXEDEXIT 2109 COA 2110 PRACTICEDEPLOY 2111optional2112 2113 HAALR 2114 Findreference2115 asktoturn 2116 902117 TURNSSCS 2118 2119 2120repeatuntil62121 0002122 nomore2123 2124 52125 0002126 WAVEOFFandPULL 2127 CANOPYCHECK - APT 2128 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 2129 REAR-RISERTURNS 2130 2131 FLYPATTERN 2132 FLAREandPLFifneeded 213321802134 and3602135 TURNS 2136 OBSERVESPOTTING 2137 RELAXEDEXIT 2138 COA 2139 PRACTICEDEPLOY 2140optional2141 2142 HAALR 2143 Findreference2144 asktoturn 2145 1802146 and3602147 TURNSSCS 2148 2149 2150repeatuntil62151 00021522153 nomore2154 2155 50002156 WAVEOFFandPULL 2157 CANOPYCHECK - APT 2158 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 2159 REAR-RISERTURNS 2160 2161 FLYPATTERN 2162 FLAREandPLFifneededIADANDSTATICLINE 2163115-SECONDFREEFALL 21642jumpsfrom72165 50021662167 2168 OBSERVESPOTTING 2169 RELAXEDEXIT 2170 COA 2171 PRACTICEDEPLOY 2172optional2173 2174 HAALR 2175 902176 TURNSSCS 2177 2178 52179 0002180 WAVEOFFandPULL 2181 CANOPYCHECK - APT 2182 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 2183 REAR-RISERTURNS 2184 2185 FLYPATTERN 2186 FLAREandPLFifneeded 2187230-SECONDFREEFALL 21882jumpsfrom92189 50021902191 2192 OBSERVESPOTTING 2193 RELAXEDEXIT 2194 COA 2195 PRACTICEDEPLOY 2196optional2197 2198 HAALR 2199 1802200 and3602201 TURNSSCS 2202 2203 52204 0002205 WAVEOFFandPULL 2206 CANOPYCHECK - APT 2207 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 2208 REAR-RISERTURNS 2209 2210 FLYPATTERN 2211 FLAREandPLFifneededUSPASKYDIVER2212SINFORMATIONMANUAL 22132026 2214 USPA. ORG571-DIntegratedStudentProgram 2215 CategoryD 2216Direction2217 CANOPYDRILL2218 Rear-RiserTurns 2219 Correctminorcanopyproblems 2220linetwist2221 slider2222 endcells2223 usingrearriserswithbrakesstowed. 2224 Checkaltitude2225 position2226 andtraffic. 2227 Locatetheholdingareaandturntowardit. Reachtothetopoftherisersandgrabwherethelinesmeettherisers. 2228 Lookright2229 turnright90degreesusingrearriser. 2230 Checkaltitude2231 position2232 andtraffic. 2233 Repeattotheleft. 2234 Checkaltitude2235 position2236 andtraffic. 2237 Repeatturnsifaltitudepermits. 2238 Unstowthebrakesabove22239 500feet2240 doacontrollabilitycheckandflytotheholdingarea. 2241 Withyourhandsinyourtoggles2242 reachtothetopoftherisersandgrabtheriserswherethelinesmeettherisers. 2243 Lookright2244 turnright90degreesusingrearriser. 2245 Checkaltitude2246 position2247 andtraffic. 2248 Repeattotheleft. 2249 Checkaltitude2250 position2251 andtraffic. 2252 Repeatturnsrightandleftifaltitudepermits. 2253 Returntosteeringwiththetogglesby22254 000feet. 2255 Flytheplannedpattern2256 flareandPLFifneeded. TAKETHEQUIZ2257 uspa. org2258quiz2259d58USPASKYDIVER2260SINFORMATIONMANUAL 22612026 2262 USPA. ORG1-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2263 CategoryE 2264Explore2265 CategoryE 2266Explore2267 InCategoryE2268 youExploreintentionallydisorientingfreefallmaneuverswiththebarrelroll2269 frontloop2270 andbackloop2271 andexploreflareandaccuracytechniquesundercanopy2272 CategoryataGlanceAdvancementCriteriaCanopyPre-Jump 2273 Providethegroundwindsandwindsaloftfortheday 2274 Discusstimebetweengroupsandspottingtechniques 2275 Planthespotaccountingforexitseparation2276 winddrift2277 andopeningpoint 2278 Planyourflighttotheholdingareaandthepattern2279 includingtrafficavoidance 2280 Discusslandingaccuracyandchoosingthelandingtarget 2281 Discusstwocommonflaretechniques2282 staged 2283sweetspot2284 andcontinuous. 2285 Trainforsweet-spotdrill 2286 Trainforstall-pointdrillAcademics 2287 ReadtheAcademicssectionforthiscategory 2288 Passthecategoryquizat1002289 2290 Reviewaircraftemergencyprocedures 2291 Trainforexitandfreefall 2292 Expandonthecausesofhavingtwoparachutesout 2293 Reviewhigh-windlandings 2294 Identifythecomponents2295 theirfunctions2296 andpotentialmalfunctionsofyourparachutesystem 2297 JoinUSPAifyouhaven2298talreadyCanopyDebrief 2299 ParticipatewithspottingduringjumprunusingSPACE 2300 Practicefindingthesweetspot 2301 Practicefindingthestallpoint 2302above22303 500feet2304 2305 Performaflaretechniqueappropriateforyourcanopy 2306 Landwithin165feet 230750meters2308 ofyourplannedtargetwithoutassistance2jumpsDEPLOYMENT-INITIATIONALTITUDE42309 500feetUSPASKYDIVER2310SINFORMATIONMANUAL 23112026 2312 USPA. ORG591-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2313 CategoryE 2314Explore2315 FreefallDebrief 2316 Performabarrelroll2317 recoveringwithin5seconds 2318 Performabackloop2319 recoveringwithin5seconds 2320 Performafrontloop2321 recoveringwithin5seconds 2322 Beclearedtojumpwithoutfreefallsupervisionbyrecoveringtwicefromintentionalinstability 2323barrelroll2324 backloop2325 orfrontloop2326 within5secondsAcademicsA. Exit 2327 FreefallForReviewYouwillperformastablesoloexit. Setupyourpositionforthebestlaunchthatwillpresentthefrontofyourhipstotherelativewind. Exitinaneutralpositionwithyourlegsslightlyextendedforbetterstability. Maintainyourarchastherelativewindchangesfromaheadtobelowafterexit. Asalways2328 youcanrecoverfromexitandfreefallinstabilitybyusingHAALR2329 AIR2330 andtheroll-out-of-bedtechnique. NewStuffInCategoryE2331 youwillpurposelyexperimentoutsideoftheneutralstablepositionbyperformingbarrelrolls2332 backloops2333 andfrontloops. Whenyourecoverfromanytwoofthesewithin5seconds2334 youqualifyforself-supervisioninfreefall. TheBSRsstate2335 2336AllstudentsmustjumpunderthedirectsupervisionofanappropriatelyratedUSPAInstructoruntildemonstratingstabilityandheadingcontrolpriortoandwithin5secondsafterinitiatingtwointentionaldisorientingmaneuversinvolvingaback-to- earthpresentation. 2337 2338Chapter2-1. G. 42339 Beingclearedforself-supervisionindicatesthataninstructorauthorizesyoutojumpwithoutdirectoversight. However2340 aninstructororcoachwillstillsuperviseyourpre- jumppreparationsandmustgiveyouagearcheckbeforeboardingtheaircraft. Itisyourresponsibilitytocheckyourgearbeforeyouexitbutitishighlyrecommendedtodoamutualgearcheckwithanexperiencedjumperbeforeexiting. 2341seeChapter4-4. A2342 Ananalogaltimetermayreadhighwhenitisinyourburbleduringinvertedpositionssuchasloopsandbarrelrolls2343 soyoumaybelowerthanthealtimeterindicates. 2344 SELF-SUPERVISION2345 isthepointinyourtrainingwhereyouareclearedbyaninstructortojumpwithoutsupervisioninfreefall. Aninstructororcoachwillcontinuetosuperviseyouractivitiesontheground. 60USPASKYDIVER2346SINFORMATIONMANUAL 23472026 2348 USPA. ORG1-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2349 CategoryE 2350Explore2351 BarrelrollThebarrelrollisafunmaneuver2352 aswellasthebesttechniqueforreturningtoabelly- to-earthposition. Startthebarrelrollinaneutralbodyposition. Becomenarrowbybringingyourkneestogetherandstretchingbotharmsoutinfrontofyourhead. Keepyoureyesonthehorizon. Aggressivelydriveonearmacrossyourchestinapunchingmotiontocreatemomentum. Createascissoringactionwithyourarmsandlegstotwistaroundtheimaginaryaxisthatrunsfromyourheadtoyourfeet. Recoverbyreturningtotheneutralbodyposition. Relaxandcheckyouraltimeter. BackloopsThebackloopisadynamicmaneuverthatchallengesyoutouseyourentirebody. Startthebackloopbybringingyourkneesupintoasittingposition. Stretchyourarmsouttothesideandwidenyourlegstance. Next2353 pushyourlegsoutandlookbackinthedirec- tionoftheloop. Keepyourheadbackasyourolloveruntilyouseethehorizon. Recoverbyreturningtotheneutralbodyposition. Relaxandcheckyouraltimeter. FrontloopsThefrontloopisalsoadynamicmaneuverthatrequiresmoreaggressiveactionatthebeginningandend. Startthefrontloopbyforcefullybendingatthewaistwhilethrow- ingyourheadforwardtowardyourkneesandtuckingyourlegsin. Holdthispositionuntilyoufeelthewindinyourfaceagain. Recoverbythrowingyourkneesbackoutandreturningtotheneutralbodyposition. Relaxandcheckyouraltimeter. USPASKYDIVER2354SINFORMATIONMANUAL 23552026 2356 USPA. ORG611-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2357 CategoryE 2358Explore2359 B. CanopyForReviewBeforeyoumeetwithyourinstructorforyourtraining2360 youcancheckgroundwindsandwindsaloftandconstructyourflightplansoyou2361rereadytodiscussit. Reviewyourtrafficavoidanceprocedures2362 watchforothercanopytraffic2363 especiallyuponenteringthelandingpattern. Themostdangerouspointofthepatternoccurswhentwojumperswhoareflyinginoppositedirectionsontheirbaselegsturntofinalapproach. Thelowercanopyhastherightofway2364 butonejumpershouldnotmaneuvertoassertrightofwayoveranother. Ittakestwopeopletohaveacollision2365 butonlyonetoavoidit. NewStuffStallsAstallisanaerodynamiceventwherethewinglosesitsabilitytoproducelift. Whenaram-airparachutestalls2366 italsolosespressurization2367 andthecanopywillnolongerbeabletosupporttheweightofthejumper. Toavoidstallingclosetothegroundinaflare2368 youshouldknowthestallpointonanycanopyyoujump2369 especiallyifthecanopyisnewtoyou. Forthisreason2370 youneedtoperformallstallpracticeaboveyour22371 500-footdecisionaltitude. Toomuchinputorinputappliedtooabruptlyusingeitherthetogglesortherearriserscancauseastall. Applyingtoomuchinputisassociatedwithaslow-speedstall2372 wherethecanopylosesairspeedandeventuallystalls. Applyinginputtooabruptlyisassociatedwithahigh-speedstall2373 wherethestalloccursmoresuddenlyandatahigherairspeed. Beforeintentionallystallingwithtoggles2374 makesureyourcanopyisinfullflightandflyingstraight. Slowlypullthetogglesdowntofullarmextensionuntilyoufeeltheonsetofthestall2375 afeelingsimilartorockingbackinachairandfallingbackward. Afterholdingthetogglesallthewaydownfor5to6seconds2376 thestallwilldevelopfurther2377 andthecanopywillbecomebowtieshaped. Theairwillleavethecanopy2378 andyouwillbegindescendingatahighrate. Somestudentcanopiesareconfiguredtopreventatogglestall2379 soyourcanopymaynotdevelopafullone. Recoverfromafullydevelopedtogglestallbyslowlyraisingthetogglesupafewinchesuntilthecanopyinflatesandreturnstoslowflight. Avoidraisingthetogglestooquickly2380 whichcancausethecanopytosurge2381 dive2382 orspinintolinetwists. Stallingusingtherearrisersworkssimilarly2383 exceptthatyouneedtopulldownonly5or6inchesonbothrisers. Fornow2384 youwillpracticeonlytogglestalls2385 yourB-licensecanopytrainingaddressesrear-riserstalls. AdjustingthePatternforAccuracyFollowingapredictable2386 well-plannedlandingpatternhelpsmaintainsafetrafficflow2387 reducestheriskofcanopycollisions2388 andimprovesyouraccuracyonlanding. Improvingyouraccuracyincreasesyouroptionsforsafelandingareasandlowersyourstressincaseyouneedtolandoffthedropzone. 62USPASKYDIVER2389SINFORMATIONMANUAL 23902026 2391 USPA. ORG1-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2392 CategoryE 2393Explore2394 Torefineyouraccuracy2395 makesmalladjustmentstoyourpatterncheckpointsoveraseriesofjumps. First2396 planyourcheckpointsandtargetforyourfirstjumpoftheseries. Basedonwhereyoulandedonthatjump2397 haveyourinstructormakeasuggestiononadjustingoneormoreofyourcheckpoints2398 thepatternentrypoint2399 theentrypointtothebaseleg2400 ortheentrypointtoyourfinalapproach. Theymayhaveyouadjusteitherthealtitudeorthelandmarkofthesecheckpoints. Makeyournextjumpinsimilarwindconditionswiththisadjustment. Keeprepeatingthisprocesstorefineyouraccuracyforthosewindconditions. Recordyourcheckpointsandwindconditionsinyourlogbookinordertotrackyourprogress. FlareTechniquesEffectiveflaretechniquesvarydepend- ingonthedesignandsizeofaparachute2401 butthebasicsofflaringapplytoanytech- nique. Youcanrefineyourflaretechniquebyexpandingonthebasicsusingthefollowingstrategies2402 BeinginthePLFpositionforlandingallowsyoutomaintainyourheadingandstaylevelinyourharnessduringthelandingflare. Exceptforsmallcorrectionsonfinalapproach2403 keepyourtogglesallthewayup2404 infullglide2405 for8to10secondsbeforestartingyourflare. Thiswillhelpthecanopyproducemoreliftwhenyouflare. Keepyourchinlevel2406 lookingatthepointmid-waytothehorizon2407 tobetterjudgetheflareheight. Starttheflarewhenyourfeetreachanaltitudeofapproximatelytwiceyourheightabovetheground. Flarewithyourhandsclosetoyourbody2408 bringingyourelbowsbackasyourhandscomedown. Continuetopushyourhandsevenlydownthesideofyourthighstofullarmextension. Itisimportanttofullyfinishyourflare. Finishwithyourfeetapproximately1to3feetabovetheground. HoldtheflareallthewaydownduringaPLForforafewstepsaftertouchdown. Twocommonflaretechniquesarethecontinuousflareandthestagedflare. Mostlargercanopies2409 those220squarefeetormore2410 flareeffectivelywitheithertechnique. Thecontinuousflareisonesmoothmotionthatshouldtakeaboutthesametimethatittakestocounttofive. Youmaycountslowerorfasterdependingonwindconditionsoryoursightpicture. Regardlessofthespeedofyourflare2411 youshouldtimeittobesmoothandconsistentoverall2412 respondingtohowyourcanopyisperforming. Thestagedflareconsistsofpointswhereyoumaypauseduringtheflarestroke. Theflareyourinstructortaughtyoumayhavetwo2413 three2414 orevenmorestages. Manycano- piesflaremosteffectivelyusingatwo-stageflare. Thefirststageofthistwo-stageflareiscalledthesweetspot2415 thepointwhereyourwingislevelandthenoseofyourcanopy 2416 SIGHTPICTURE2417 referstothevisualcuesyouobservetojudgeyouraltitude2418 speed2419 andtrajectoryasyouapproachyourlanding. RAM-AIRPARACHUTE2420 isacanopycharacterizedbyitsdesignwhichincludesaseriesofcellsthatinflatetocreateanairfoilshape. Itneedstobemovingforwardandhaveairflowinthenoseinordertofly. USPASKYDIVER2421SINFORMATIONMANUAL 24222026 2423 USPA. ORG631-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2424 CategoryE 2425Explore2426 isdirectlyaboveyou. Findthissweetspotbyadjustingthespeedanddepthofthefirststageofyourflare. Tofindthesweetspotforthefirststageofyourflare2427 practiceatasafealtitudeinyourholdingarea. Startwithamedium-speedinputandbringthetogglesdowntowhereyourhandsareevenwithyourcheststrap2428thisgivesyouasolidbaseline. Oneachpracticeflare2429 adjustthespeedordepthslightlytoseehowyourcanopyreacts. Thegoalistopendulumsmoothlyforwardunderthecanopyuntilthenoseisdirectlyaboveyou. Payattentiontoyourhandpositionsoyoucanrepeatwhatworksduringyouractuallanding. Onceyoureachthispointinyourflare2430 pauseandassessyourheightabovetheground. Startthesecondstageofthistwo-stageflarewhenyouareattheproperheighttosmoothlyandfullyfinishtheflarewithyourfeetapproximately1to3feetabovetheground. Yourinstructorwilldeterminethebestflaretechniqueforyourcanopyandpracticewithyouforthelandingonyournextjump. Youwillpracticefindingthesweetspotabove22431 500feetonyournextjump2432 evenifyouuseacontinuousflareforlanding. C. EmergencyProcedureReviewTwoOpenCanopiesYouwillreviewdetailedproceduresforhavingtwocanopiesoutwithyourinstructor2433 expand- ingonyourfirst-jump-courseknowledgebylookingattheguidanceinChapter42434 Recom- mendationsforEveryone. Atwo-canopies-outmalfunctioncanbecausedbyyourAADfiringifyoufailtodeployattheplanneddeploymentaltitudeorbydeployingyourreservewithoutcuttingawayifyouarebelowyour12435 000-footcutawayharddeck. 2436 STALLPOINT2437 isthepositionofyourinputatwhichyourcanopystalls. Thestallpointwilldifferfromcanopytocanopy2438 jumpertojumper2439 andatdifferentspeedswithdifferentmaneuvers. Yourstudentcanopymaynotstallusingtoggles2440 evenafterholdingyourtogglesallthewaydownforseveralseconds. 64USPASKYDIVER2441SINFORMATIONMANUAL 24422026 2443 USPA. ORG1-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2444 CategoryE 2445Explore2446 ProceduresforHigh-WindLandingsWindscanchangefromthetimeyouleavetheplanetowhenyouareundercanopy. Ifyoulandinhighwinds2447 PLFandthenpullonetoggleallthewayinasquicklyaspossibleuntilthecanopycollapses. Youriskinjurywhenbeingdraggedafterlandinginhighwinds. Whenyoulandandthecanopyisdraggingyouandyoucannotcollapseit2448 dis- connectyourRSL2449 ifpossible2450 andcutaway. Yourcanopymaydiveorcollapsebehindanyobstaclethatgeneratesturbulence. Thus2451 iflandinginhighwinds2452 planyourfinalapproachandchoosealandingspotwiththeleastpotentialforturbulenceandthegreatestdistancebetweenyouandanyobstacle. D. EquipmentOpen-ParachuteOrientationIfyouhavenotalreadybeeninvolvedinpacking2453 youshouldbeginpackinglessonsinthiscategory. Ariggerorinstructorwillexpandonyourknowledgeoftheparachutesystembyslowlyopeningapackedrig2454 highlightinghowyourparachuteideallydeploysinaspecificorder. Amalfunctionhappenswhenthedeploymentisdelayed2455 halted2456 orhappensoutofsequence. Youshouldidentifyyourrig2457scomponents2458 theirfunctionsduringdeployment2459 andhowmalfunctionsmighthappen. Components 2460 pilotchute2461 bridle2462 andcollapsingsystem 2463 deploymentbag 2464 pilot-chuteattachment 2465 topskin2466 bottomskin2467 ribs2468 andcrossports 2469 noseandtail 2470leadingandtrailingedges2471 2472 stabilizersandsliderstops 2473 A2474 B2475 C2476 D2477 andbrakelines 2478 linecascades2479 includingbrakelines 2480 sliderandslidergrommets 2481 connectorlinksandlinkprotectors 2482 risersandtoggles 2483 AAD 2484 standardRSLorMARDPotentialMalfunctions 2485 lostorunrecoverabledeploymenthandle 2486 hardpull 2487 packclosure 2488 pilot-chutehesitation 2489 pilotchuteintow 2490 prematuredeployment 2491handdeploy2492 2493 pilot-chuteentanglement 2494 baglock 2495 streamer 2496 lineover 2497 fabricorlinefailuresufficienttointerferewithcontrolandflare 2498 sliderhang-up 2499 control-lineentanglementRSLandMARDAreservestaticline 2500RSL2501 isaback-upsafetydevicemeanttoautomaticallydeploythereservecanopyfollowingacutaway. OnanRSL-equippedrig2502 oneendoftheRSLlanyardattachestoamainriser2503 andthenthelanyardrunstothereserveripcordcable2504 wheretheotherendattaches. Whenthemainrisersdepartfollowingacutaway2505 theUSPASKYDIVER2506SINFORMATIONMANUAL 25072026 2508 USPA. ORG651-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2509 CategoryE 2510Explore2511 RSLlanyardpullsthereservepinandreleasesthereservepilotchute2512 whichdeploysthereserveparachute. WhentheRSLincludesamain-assisted-reserve-deployment 2513MARD2514 device2515 theRSLlanyardhookstothereserve-pilot-chutebridle2516 whichallowsthedepartingmainparachutetoassistinextractingthereserve2517 speedingupitsdeploy- ment. RSLshelptobothensureandspeedupreservedeploymentwhenfractionsofasecondmatter2518 MARDSspeedupthedeploymentevenfurther. 2519SeeChapter4-32520 Equip- mentformoredetails. 2521 USPArequiresallstudentstouseanRSLandrecommendsthatallexperiencedjumpersuseanRSLwithaMARD. TheRSLmustbeattachedandroutedcorrectlytofunctionproperly. E. StandardOperatingProceduresAccordingtotheBSRs 2522Chapter2-1H25232524 studentsarelimitedtojumpingwhensurfacewindsare14mphorless. AnS2525TAmayfileawaiverforstudentstojumpinhigherwinds. Licensedjumpershavenoestablishedwindlimit2526 sotheymustexercisegoodjudgment. FAR91. 107establishesthatyoumustwearaseatbeltduringtaxi2527 takeoff2528 andlanding. Dropzonesestablishtheirownpoliciesregardingthealtitudeatwhichyoumayremoveyourseatbelt. TheFAAplacesjointresponsibilityforseatbeltuseonthejumperandpilot. ReviewaircraftEPsfromCategoryA. Inanaircraftemergency2529 youcanchooseoneoftheseactions2530 landintheplane2531 exitonyourreserve2532 orexitonyourmainparachute. Whenchoosingwhichactionisappropriate2533 consideryourdropzone2534spolicyonthealtitudeatwhichyoutakeoffyourseatbelt. Ifanaircraftemergencyoccursbelowthataltitude2535 landintheplane. Further2536 consideryourdecisionaltitudewhenchoosingwhenyouuseyourmainratherthanyourreserve. Ifanaircraftemergencyoccursaboveseat- belt-offaltitudeandbelowyourdecisionaltitude2537 useyourreserve. Spotting2538 WindsAloft2539 OpeningandExitPoints2540 ExitSeparation2541 andSPACEPreviously2542 youlearnedthatspottingistheprocessofselectinganexitpointwhileaccountingfortheeffectofwindsaloftinfreefallandduringyourcanopyflight. Theexitpointisknownas 2543thespot. 2544 Youwilltakeamoreactiveroleinspottingbycalcu- latingthespotandparticipatingduringjumprun. Determiningthespotinvolvesmulti- plesteps2545 whichincludeobtainingthewinds-aloftinformation2546 calculatingtheeffectofwindonyourcanopyflightandcalculatingyourfreefalldrift. FindingtheWindsAloftAccuratelydeterminingthespotwillallowyoutoarriveatyourpattern-entrypointat900feet. Groundwindsareoftennotthesameaswindsathigheraltitudes. Windsaloftcausejumperstodriftacrossthegroundbothwheninfreefallandundercanopy. Youmustaccountforwindsalofttodetermineyouridealexitandopeningpoints. 66USPASKYDIVER2547SINFORMATIONMANUAL 25482026 2549 USPA. ORG1-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2550 CategoryE 2551Explore2552 Useanapprecommendedbyyourinstructortofindawinds-aloftreport2553 whichmightlooklikethis2554 Thedataprovidedincludesthealtitudeinfeetabovetheground 2555AGL25562557 aheadingindegreesindicatingwherethewindsarecomingfrom2558 andthewindspeedineithermphorknots. Youcanconvertknotstomphbymultiplyingby1. 15. Degreesareexpressedasapositiononacompass2559 Keepinmindthatthewinds-aloftreportisonlyaforecastandcandifferfromwhatyouactuallyexperience. Toassesstheaccuracyoftheforecastedwinds2560 observeotherjumpers2561 openingpointsandcanopyflightsfromtheground. Askthemabouttheirflightsandhowthewindsaloftaffectedtheircanopyflights. DeterminingOpeningPointUsingthewinds-aloftreport2562 firstconsidertheeffectofwindsduringcanopydescent. Astudentcanopydescendsatapproximately12563 000feetperminute. Wecanconvertthestrengthofthewindinmilesperhourtodistancedriftedperminutebydividingby602564 likethis2565 AVERAGEWINDINMILESPERHOURDISTANCEPERMINUTE 2566inmiles2567 6013012568220125693151257041012571651257212Todeterminetheopeningpoint2573 startbycalculatinghowmanyminutesyouwillspendundercanopyfromopeningpointtopattern-entrypoint. SampleWinds-AloftReportandCompassHeadingsSurface2574 3162575 at14kts1000ft2576 3172577 at19kts2000ft2578 3172579 at21kts3000ft2580 3192581 at22kts4000ft2582 3242583 at23kts5000ft2584 3322585 at23kts6000ft2586 3292587 at24kts7000ft2588 3202589 at26kts8000ft2590 3142591 at24kts9000ft2592 3082593 at22kts10000ft2594 3032595 at21kts11000ft2596 2992597 at21kts12000ft2598 2962599 at23kts13000ft2600 2942601 at24ktsUSPASKYDIVER2602SINFORMATIONMANUAL 26032026 2604 USPA. ORG671-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2605 CategoryE 2606Explore2607 Forexample2608 atadescentrateof12609 000feetperminute2610 ifyouareopenat32611 000feet2612 yourtimefromopeningtopatternentryat900feetwouldbeapproximatelytwominutes. Now2613 averagethewinds-aloftreportforaltitudesfrom32614 000feetAGLto12615 000feetAGL. Forexample2616 ifthereportedwindsaloftwere2617 2618 12619 000ft2620 2602621 at10mph 2622 22623 000ft2624 2702625 at15mph 2626 32627 000ft2628 2802629 at20mphTheaveragewouldbe2702630 at15mph. Todeterminethedistanceofyourdriftfrom32631 000feettothepattern-entrypoint2632 findtheaveragewindspeedinthefirstcolumn2633 multiplythedistanceperminutecolumnbytwominutesundercanopy. AVERAGEWINDINMILESPERHOURDISTANCEPERMINUTE 2634inmiles2635 Example2636 driftfrom32637 000feetto900-footpatternentry. 2638approxi- mately2minutes2639. 6012miles301264021mile20126413226423mile15126434126442mile10126456126463mile51264712126486mileAccordingtotheabovechart2649 from32650 000feettothepatternentrypoint2651 this15-mphaveragetranslatestoa 2652 mileofdrift. Thedirection2702653 iswindfromthewest. Thus2654 theidealopeningpointwouldbe126552miletothewestoftheentrypointofyourlandingpattern. Useanaerialmaptodeterminealandmarkatthiscalculatedopeningpoint. Youcanuseyourrunwayasarulertoestimatethedistancefromyouropeningpointtoyourpattern-entrypointbyconvertingyourrunway2656slengthtomiles. DeterminingExitPointAftercalculatingtheidealopeningpoint2657 whichistheidealspottoopenyourcanopy2658 calculatetheexitpoint2659 whichistheidealspottoleavetheplane. Thisrequiresaddingthedriftexperiencedinfreefalltothedriftexperiencedundercanopy. Startbycomputingyourtimeinfreefall2660 wherethefirst12661 000feettakesapproximately10secondsandeach12662 000feetafterthattakesapproximately5seconds. 68USPASKYDIVER2663SINFORMATIONMANUAL 26642026 2665 USPA. ORG1-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2666 CategoryE 2667Explore2668 Theexamplebelowuses1minuteoffreefall. AVERAGEWINDSINMILESPERHOURDISTANCEPERMINUTE 2669inmiles2670 6013012671220126723151267341012674651267512Now2676 determinetheaveragewindsaloftduringfreefall. Ifthereportedwindsaloftwere2677 2678 32679 000ft2680 2802681 at20mph 2682 62683 000ft2684 2902685 at27mph 2686 92687 000ft2688 2702689 at31mph 2690 122691 000ft2692 2402693 at42mphTheaveragewouldbe2702694 at30mph. Accordingtotheabovechart2695 from122696 000feetto32697 000feet2698 this30-mphaveragetranslatestoafreefalldriftof126992mileinoneminuteoffreefall. Thedirection2702700 iswindfromthewest. Addthisfreefalldriftdistanceontopoftheopeningpointof127012milewest2702 sotheidealexitpointwouldbeonemiletothewest. ParticipatinginJumpRunEstablishwhatcommunicationwiththepilotyoumightuseforspottingcorrectionsorthego-aheadtoopenthedoorandjump. Commonly2703 jumpersuseverbalorphysicalcommunicationlikehandsignals2704 shouldertaps2705 oryelling 2706door2707 2708 forsmalleraircraft2709 andelectronic 2710e. g. 2711 spottingbuttons2712 andlightsforlargeraircraft. Regardless2713 thepilotdetermineswhenthedoormaybeopenedandmayprefertooperatethedoor. ClearingyourSPACEUsingtheacronymSPACEcanhelpyouquicklyrememberwhattolookforwhileclear- ingyourairspacebeforeexiting. SkydiversExitseparationbetweengroupsofskydiversisacriticalpartofclearingthespaceonexitandcanchangeaccordingtowindsataltitude2714 sizeofthegroups2715 andtheskydivingdisciplinestheyareengagingin. Generally2716 thestrongerthewindsaloft2717 themoretimebetweengroupsisneededforproperexitseparation. Chapter4-7explainshowtodeter- minethetimebetweenexitinggroups. 2718 EXITSEPARATION2719 isthepracticeofspacingoutexitsofgroupsofskydivers2720 basedonthestrengthoftheupperwinds2721 tomaintainasafedis- tancebetweentheminair. USPASKYDIVER2722SINFORMATIONMANUAL 27232026 2724 USPA. ORG691-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2725 CategoryE 2726Explore2727 PlanesAccordingtoFAR105. 52728 thejumperandthepilotarejointlyresponsibleformakingsurethespaceisclearofotherplanesbeforejumping. AirportMakesureyouseetheairportinthespacebelowyouandorientittothedirectionofjumprun. Ensureitisintheexpectedlocationbasedonyourpreviouslydeterminedexitpoint. CloudsTheFAAprohibitsskydivingthroughornearclouds. MakesurethedistancebetweencloudsissufficientaccordingtowhatyoulearnedinCategoryD. ExitLightInlargeraircraft2729 waitforthegreenlighttoexit. Insmalleraircraft2730 confirmwithyourpilot. Atanytimeduringjumprun2731 thepilotmayhavetoremovetheirOKforthejumpduetotraffic2732 instructionsfromairtrafficcontrol2733 orotherreasons. SSkydiverskydiversPPlaneslanesAAirportirportCCloudsloudsEExitLightxitLight70USPASKYDIVER2734SINFORMATIONMANUAL 27352026 2736 USPA. ORG1-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2737 CategoryE 2738Explore2739 CategoryEDiveFlowsREDindicatesAdvancementCriteria 2740indicatesnewskillsCANOPYDRILL 274112742 Sweet-SpotPractice 2743 Altitude2744Position2745Traffic 2746 Fromfullflightperformamedium-speedflaretoyourcheststrapandhold 2747 Isthenoseofthecanopydirectlyabove2748 2749 Ifnot2750 2751 returntofullflightfor10seconds 2752 flareslightlyfasterordeeper 2753 holdandassessforlevelflight 2754 Ifso2755 2756 notethepositionofyourhandsinrelationtoyourbodyandthespeedofthisfirststageofyourflaresoyoucanreplicateittofindthissweetspotagain 2757 Fullflightfor10seconds 2758 Practicefullflare2759 pausingatsweetspot2760 thenfinish 2761 Repeatifaltitudeandpositionpermit 2762 Stopallpracticeby22763 000feet 2764 Flypatternandlandwithin165feet 276550meters2766 oftarget 2767 Measureyourdistancefromtheplannedlandingpoint 27681BARRELROLL2769RECOVERY 2770 SPOT 2771withassistance2772 2773 SOLOUNGRIPPEDEXIT 2774 2775 HAALR 2776 BARRELROLL 2777 2778 2779recoverw2780in5sec2781 HAALR 2782 2783repeatuntil62784 0002785 nomore2786 2787 42788 5002789 WAVEOFFandPULL 2790 CANOPYCHECK - APT 2791 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 2792 SWEET-SPOTDRILL 2793 2794 FLYPATTERN 2795 FLAREandPLFifneeded 27962FRONT 2797 BACKLOOPS 2798 SPOT 2799withassistance2800 2801 CHOICEOFEXIT 2802 HAALR 2803 BACKLOOP 2804 2805 2806recoverw2807in5sec2808 HAALR 2809 FRONTLOOP 2810 2811 2812recoverw2813in5sec2814 HAALR 2815 2816repeatuntil62817 0002818 nomore2819 2820 42821 5002822 WAVEOFFandPULL 2823 CANOPYCHECK - APT 2824 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 2825 STALL-POINTDRILL 2826 2827 FLYPATTERN 2828 FLAREandPLFifneededUSPASKYDIVER2829SINFORMATIONMANUAL 28302026 2831 USPA. ORG711-EIntegratedStudentProgram 2832 CategoryE 2833Explore2834 CANOPYDRILL 283522836 Toggle-Stall-PointPractice 2837 Checkaltitude2838 position2839 andtraffic 2840 Fromfullflight2841 slowlypullthetogglesdowntofullarmextension 2842 Holdthetogglesdownfor5-6secondsuntilyoufeeltheonsetofthestall2843 afeelinglikerockingbackinachairandfallingbackward2844 whichsignalsthatyouhavefoundthestallpoint 2845 Asthestalldevelopsfurtherandthecanopybeginstolooklikeabowtie2846 theairwillleavethecanopy2847 andyouwillbegindescendingatahighrate. 2848 Recoverfromafullydevelopedtogglestallbyslowlyandsymmetricallyraisingthetogglesupafewinchesuntilthecanopyinflatesandreturnstoslowflight 2849 Continuetoraisethetogglesup6inchesatatimetoreturntofullflight 2850 Repeatifaltitudeandpositionpermit 2851 Stopallmaneuversaboveyourdecisionaltitudeof22852 500feet 2853 Flytheplannedpatternandlandwithin165feet 285450meters2855 oftarget 2856 Measureyourdistancefromtheplannedlandingpointandlogit 2857 Note2858 Somestudentcanopiesareconfiguredtopreventatogglestall2859 soevenwithyourtogglesdownatfullarmextensionformorethan5-6seconds2860 afulltogglestallmaynotdevelop. TAKETHEQUIZ2861 uspa. org2862quiz2863e72USPASKYDIVER2864SINFORMATIONMANUAL 28652026 2866 USPA. ORG1-FIntegratedStudentProgram 2867 CategoryF 2868FlatTrack2869 CategoryF 2870FlatTrack2871 InCategoryF2872 youmustperformaFlattrackinfreefallandflatturnsundercanopy2873 inpreparationforjumpingwithothers. CategoryataGlanceAdvancementCriteriaCanopyPre-Jump 2874 Providethegroundwindsandwindsaloftfortheday 2875 Planthespotaccountingforexitseparation2876 winddrift2877 andopeningpoint 2878 Planyourflighttotheholdingareaandthelandingpattern 2879 Trainonbrakedturnsforcanopy-flightEPs 2880 Trainonhalf-brakedflaresforcanopy-flightEPsAcademics 2881 ReadtheAcademicssectionforthiscategory 2882 Passthecategoryquizat1002883 2884 Trainforexitandfreefall 2885 ReviewEPsforlandinginpowerlines 2886 ReviewSHAGGforcheckingaccessories 2887 Packwithassistance 2888 Checkanotherjumper2889sgearbeforeboarding 2890 DiscussaircraftweightandbalanceCanopyDebrief 2891 Spotprovidingforappropriateexitseparationwithminimalassistance 2892 Performa90-degreebrakedturn 28931st 2894 2895 Performa90-degreebrakedturn 28962nd 2897 2898 Performa90-degreebrakedturn 28993rd 2900 2901 Performa90-degreebrakedturn 29024th 2903 2904 Above22905 000feet2906 performahalf-brakedflare 29071st 2908 2909 Above22910 000feet2911 performahalf-brakedflare 29122nd 2913 2914 Landwithin82feet 291525meters2916 ofyourplannedtargetwithoutassistance 29171st 2918 2919 Landwithin82feet 292025meters2921 ofyourplannedtargetwithoutassistance 29222nd 2923 FreefallDebrief 2924 Flattrackfor5secondswitha30-degreeheadingtolerance 29251st 2926 2927 Flattrackfor5secondswitha30-degreeheadingtolerance 29282nd 2929 2930 Flattrackfor5secondswitha30-degreeheadingtolerance 29313rd 2932 2933 Performastableclear-and-pullexitfrom52934 500feet 2935 Performastableclear-and-pullexitfrom32936 500feet2trackingjumpsand2clear-and-pulls 2937ifnotalreadydone2938 DEPLOYMENT-INITIATIONALTITUDE42939 500feetUSPASKYDIVER2940SINFORMATIONMANUAL 29412026 2942 USPA. ORG731-FIntegratedStudentProgram 2943 CategoryF 2944FlatTrack2945 AcademicsA. ExitandFreefallTheFlatTrackBeforebeginningtojumpwithothers2946 youneedtolearntogeneratehorizontalspeedwithminimalaltitudeloss2947 askillcalled 2948track- ing. 2949 Thisskillallowsyoutocreateseparationfromothersbeforeopeningyourparachute. Youwillperformaflattrack2950 maintain- ingheadingwithin30degrees. Focusonheadingfirst2951 thenpitch2952 speedwillcomewithpractice. First2953 locateapointonthehorizontoestab- lishyourheading. Smoothlyandfullyextendbothlegswithyourtoespointedtoiniti- ateforwardmotion2954 andsteertomaintainheading. Rollyourshouldersandflattenyourarchtocontrolyourpitch. Fullyextendyourarmstotheside2955 pressingthemdownlevelwithyourhips. Onceyoucancontrolyourheadingandpitch2956 youcanspeedupyourtrackbyextendingyourlegsmorequicklyandsweepingyourarmsbackslightly. Stopyourtrackbypassingthroughneutral2957 extendingyourarmsforwardanddownslightly. Returntoneutral. Practiceenteringandrefininganon-heading5-secondtrack2958 turning180degreesaftereachattemptandrepeatingasaltitudepermits. Exitfromapositionfacingupthelineofflight2959 suchasafloaterexit. Turn90degreestostarttrackingperpendicularlytothelineofflight. Thisallowsyoutoavoidthosewhoexitedbeforeorafteryou2960 upanddownthelineofflight. Alwaysplantrackingdiveswithothergroupsinmind. Clear-and-PullIADandstatic-linestudents2961 Youhavealreadymettheclear-and-pullrequirementinCategoryC. AFFstudents2962 Youwillperformaclear-and-pulljumpfrom52963 500feetand2964 oncesuccessful2965 anotherfromnolowerthan32966 500feet. Aclear-and-pullisusedduringemergencyexitsandpre-plannedlow-altitudejumps. Youmaywanttopracticetheclear-and-pullonfull-altitudejumpsbydoingapracticethrowrightafterexit2967 thencontinuingyourplannedfreefall. 2968 LINEOFFLIGHT2969 isthepaththattheaircraftfollowsoverthegroundwhileonjumprundrop- pingskydivers. FLOATEREXIT2970 isanexitwhereyousetupoutsidetheaircrafttoachieveastableentryintotherel- ativewind2971 facingthelineofflight. Threecommonpositionsinthedoorarefront2972 centerandrearfloateronaside-dooraircraft. POISEDEXIT2973 isanexitwhereyousetupusingtheaircraftdoorframeorstrutforstabilitytoachieveastableentryintotherelativewindwithyourhipspre- sentedintotherelativewind. CLEAR-AND-PULL2974 isinterchange- ablewith 2975hop-and-pop. 2976 Itreferstoexitingandclearingtheaircraft2977 thendeployingimmediately. 74USPASKYDIVER2978SINFORMATIONMANUAL 29792026 2980 USPA. ORG1-FIntegratedStudentProgram 2981 CategoryF 2982FlatTrack2983 Ontheclear-and-pull2984 useafamiliar2985 stableexittechnique. Presentyourhipstotherelativewindanddeploywithoutthewave-off. Thegoalistodeploystablewithinfivesecondsofexit. Expecttheparachutetoopeninrelationtotherelativewind2986 notover- headasusual. B. CanopyKnowinghowyourcanopyfliesindifferentmodesofflightcanbeusefulforadjust- ingyourdescent. Forexample2987 flyinginhalfbrakesbeforeyouenterthepatterncanhelpyoustayasafeverticaldistancefromothercanopies. Flyingyourdownwindleginhalfbrakescanflattenyourglidetoconservealtitudeincaseyoufindyourselflowerthanplanned. Whenflyinginbrakes2988 expectadifferentaglidepaththanwhatyounormallyexperience. CEP2989BrakedTurnsBrakedturnsareoneofthemostimportantcanopy-flightemergencyprocedures 2990CEPs2991 youcanpractice. Usingbrakedturns2992 alsocalled 2993flatturns2994 2995 youcanchangedirectionundercanopywhilelosingaslittlealtitudeaspossible. Abrakedturnalsoslowsyourforwardspeedwhilemaintainingastable2996 levelwing. Ifyoufindyourselflandinginatightorunfamiliarlandingareaandyoumustturntoavoidanobstacleatalowaltitude2997 youcanuseabrakedturn. Inthisemergencysituation2998 executingabrakedturninsteadofaturnfromfullflightallowsyoutochangeheadingandstillhonorthefirstlandingpriority2999 landingwithalevelwing. Startbypullingbothtogglesdownevenlytothehalf-brakedpositionandholdforafewseconds. Pushonetoggledownslightlytoinitiatea90-degreeturn. Practicechangingheadingasquicklyaspossiblewhilekeepingthewinglevel. Youwillpractice90-degreebrakedturnsinthiscategory3000 butyoumayneedonlya45-degreeturnorless3001 followedbyabrakedflare3002 toavoidanobstacleonlanding. CEP3003Half-BrakedFlaresPracticingbrakedflarescanhelpyoudiscovertheeffectivenessoftheflarewhenfin- ishingfromabrakedposition. ThisCEPisusefulinseveralsituations3004 includingwhenyouinitiallyflaretoohighandneedtoholdinbrakesforafewsecondsbeforefinishing3005 afteryouuseabrakedturntoavoidanobstacleonlanding3006 orwhenyouturntooclosetotheground. First3007 forreference3008 startbyperformingaflarefromfullflightusingyournormallandingtechnique. Notethepitchchangeofyourparachuteandyourswingforwardundertheparachuteatthebottomofyourflarestroke. Startahalf-brakedflarebypullingthetogglestoahalf-brakedpositionandholdforafewseconds. Then3009 fromthatposition3010 flaremorequicklyandforcefullythanyouwouldforyournormalflarestroke. Comparetheflaresyoujustpracticed3011 especiallytheparachute3012spitchchangeandyourswingforward. Practiceanotherbrakedflare3013 adjustingthespeedandforcetomostcloselymatchtheeffectofyourflarefromfullflight. Brakedflaresgenerallyneedtobefasterandmoreforcefulthanaflarefromfullflighttogetanequivalentresponse. USPASKYDIVER3014SINFORMATIONMANUAL 30152026 3016 USPA. ORG751-FIntegratedStudentProgram 3017 CategoryF 3018FlatTrack3019 AccuracyReviewandbuildonrefiningyouraccuracybycontinuingtomonitoradjuststoyourpatterncheckpointsasexplainedinCategoryE. However3020 improvingyouraccuracystartsevenbeforeyouenterthepattern. Whileyouareintheholdingarea3021 performanupperwindcheckbyfacingbackintothewindandwatchingyourgroundtrack3022 watch- ingforunexpectedwindconditions. Adjustthedirectionyouarefacingwithdifferentanglestointerpretwhatthewindsaredoingatthataltitude. Usethisin-flightinforma- tioninyourdecision-makingasyouaimforyourpatternentrypoint. Youmustaccumulatetwounassistedlandingswithin82feet 302325meters3024 oftheplannedtarget. C. EmergencyProcedureReviewExplaintoyourcoachorinstructortheprocedureforanemergencypower-linelanding. Powerlinesaredifficulttoseeundercanopy3025 butyoucanexpectthemalongroads3026 betweenbuildings3027 andinclearcutpassagesforutilitiesintheforest. D. EquipmentPackingYourMainYouwillpackatleastoneparachutewithassistance. Rememberthemostimportantpointsofpacking3028 thelinesarestraightandinplaceinthecenterofthecompletedpackjob3029 thesliderisquarteredandatthesliderstopsatthetopofthelines3030 andthelinestowsaretighttopreventprematurelinedeployment. Pre-JumpEquipmentCheckYouwillperformapre-jumpequipmentcheckonanotherjumperwhoisinfullgear3031 applyingtheprinciplesyoulearnedinCategoryD. 3032Checkofthrees3033 inthefront1. three-ringassemblyandreservestaticline 3034threerings3035 2. threepointsofharnessattachmentforsnapassemblyandcorrectrouting3036 adjust- ment3037 andstowingofexcess 3038threestraps3039 3. threeoperationhandles3040mainactivation3041 cutaway3042 reserve 3043threehandles3044 Pincheckbackofsystem3045 toptobottom3046 1. AADonandsettocorrectmode2. reservepininplace3047 cablemovesfreely3. mainpininplace76USPASKYDIVER3048SINFORMATIONMANUAL 30492026 3050 USPA. ORG1-FIntegratedStudentProgram 3051 CategoryF 3052FlatTrack3053 Alsocheckpersonalequipment 30543055SHAGG30563057 Shoes3058tied3059 nohooksHelmet3060fitandadjustmentandbuckledAltimeter3061settozeroGoggles3062tightandcleanGloves3063lightweightandpropersize 3064below40degreesF3065 E. StandardOperatingProceduresOxygenRulesHavingsupplementaryoxygenRulesavailableontheaircraftismandatoryforskydivesmadefromhigherthan153066 000feetMSL 3067Chapter2-1. N3068 AircraftWeightandBalanceAnaircraftneedstomaintainproperweightandbalanceforthepilottobeabletocontrolitsflight. Eachaircrafthasaspecifiedmaximumweightitcancarry3069 andthatweightmustbedistributedproperlyforittobeinbalance. Jumpersmovingaroundtheaircraftimproperlycanplacetheloadoutofbalance. Forexample3070 inaircraftwithadoorintherear3071 somejumpersmustremainforwardasgroupscongregatenearthedoor. Largegroupsplanningtoexittogethershouldinformthepilot. Yourinstructororpilotwillansweranyspecificquestionsyoumayhaveabouttheaircraftyourdropzoneflies. WindsonJumpRunWindsataltitudecanaffectjumprun. Airspeedisthespeedtheaircraftisflying. Flyingintoorwiththewindcanchangeitsgroundspeed3072 thatis3073 thespeeditistravelingacrosstheground. Subtractthespeedoftheheadwindonjumprunfromtheairspeedoftheaircrafttodeterminethegroundspeed. Thereisalsoaconsiderationcalledforwardthrow. Jumpersfirstgetthrownforwardonexitapproximately0. 2milesincalmwinds3074 lesswithheadwind3075 fromresidualair- craftspeedbeforetheyfallstraightdown. ExitSeparationSlower-fallingjumpersandgroupsareexposedtoupperheadwindslongerandareblownfartherdownwindthanfaster-fallingjumpersandgroups. Slower-fallinggroupsshouldexitbeforefaster-fallinggroupsifjumprunisflyingintothewind. Asupperwindsgetstrongerandgroupsizesgetlarger3076 moretimebetweengroupsisnecessaryforthemtogetsufficienthorizontalseparationovertheground. Provideatleast13077 000feetofgroundseparationbetweenindividualsjumpingsolo. Provideatleast13078 500feetofgroundseparationbetweensmallgroups3079 addingmoreasthesizeofthegroupsincrease. Manydropzonespostintheaircraftachartofcalculatedseparationtimesbasedontheaircraft3080sgroundspeed. USPASKYDIVER3081SINFORMATIONMANUAL 30822026 3083 USPA. ORG771-FIntegratedStudentProgram 3084 CategoryF 3085FlatTrack3086 AircraftGroundSpeed 3087knots3088 Timeinsecondsfor13089 0003090 separationbetweenindividualsTimeinsecondsfor13091 5003092 separationbetweengroups1155811068105681006995799071085711808117581270913651014601015551116501218Onceyourparachutehasopened3093 flyperpendicularlytothelineofflighttopromotemoreseparationundercanopyfromthegroupsthatexitedbeforeandafteryou. 78USPASKYDIVER3094SINFORMATIONMANUAL 30952026 3096 USPA. ORG1-FIntegratedStudentProgram 3097 CategoryF 3098FlatTrack3099 CategoryFDiveFlowsREDindicatesAdvancementCriteria 3100indicatesnewskillsFLATTRACKING 31012jumps3102 firstfocusingonheadingandpitch3103 secondfocusingonspeedifready3104 3105 SPOT 3106withminimalassistance3107 3108 CHOICEOFEXIT 3109 TRACK3110 3111for5seconds3112 3113 TURN180 3114 HAALR 3115 3116repeatuntil63117 0003118 nomore3119 3120 43121 5003122 WAVEOFFANDPULL 3123 CANOPYCHECK - APT 3124 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 3125 BRAKEDTURNS3126 3127 FLYPATTERN 3128 FLAREandPLFifneededCLEARandPULL 31292jumps3130 firstfrom53131 50031323133 secondfromnolowerthan33134 5003135 ifnotalreadydone3136 3137 SPOT 3138withminimalassistance3139 3140 FLOATERORPOISEDEXIT 3141 PULL3142 3143within5seconds3144 3145 CANOPYCHECK - APT 3146 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 3147 HALF-BRAKEDFLARES3148 3149 FLYPATTERN 3150 FLAREandPLFifneededCANOPYDRILL 315113152 BrakedTurns 3153CEP3154 3155 Checkaltitude3156 position3157 andtraffic 3158 Pulltogglessmoothlyandevenlytohalf-brakedposition 3159 Performa90-degree-brakedturnbypushingdownonetoggleslightly 3160 Stoptheturnbybringingthetogglebacktothehalf-brakedposition 3161 Checkaltitude3162 position3163 andtraffic 3164 Performa90-degree-brakedturnintheotherdirection 3165 Returntofullflight 3166 Checkaltitude3167 position3168 andtraffic 3169 Repeattonolowerthan23170 000feet 3171 Flytheplannedlandingpatternandflare 3172 MeasureyourlandingdistancefromtheplannedtargetUSPASKYDIVER3173SINFORMATIONMANUAL 31742026 3175 USPA. ORG791-FIntegratedStudentProgram 3176 CategoryF 3177FlatTrack3178 CANOPYDRILL 317923180 Half-BrakedFlares 3181CEP3182 3183 Checkaltitude3184 position3185 andtraffic 3186 Forreference3187 startbydoingaflarefromfullflight3188 usingyournormallandingtechnique. 3189 Notethepitchchangeofyourparachuteandyourswingforwardundertheparachutewhenatthebottomofyourflarestroke 3190 Returntofullflightfor10seconds 3191 Startahalf-brakedflarebypullingthetogglestoahalf-brakedpositionandholdfor3seconds 3192 Flarefromthatpositionmorequicklyandforcefullythanyouwouldforyournormalflarestroke. 3193 Comparethebrakedandnormalflaresyoujustpracticed3194 especiallytheparachute3195spitchchangeandyourswingforwardunderit. 3196 Returntofullflightfor10secondsandcheckaltitude3197 position3198 andtraffic 3199 Practiceanotherhalf-brakedflare3200 adjustingthespeedandforcetomostcloselymatchtheeffectofaflarefromfullflight. 3201 Repeattonolowerthan23202 000feet 3203 Flytheplannedlandingpatternandflare 3204 MeasureyourlandingdistancefromtheplannedtargetTAKETHEQUIZ3205 uspa. org3206quiz3207f80USPASKYDIVER3208SINFORMATIONMANUAL 32092026 3210 USPA. ORG1-GIntegratedStudentProgram 3211 CategoryG 3212Groups3213 CategoryG 3214Groups3215 InCategoryG3216 youmustperformskillsrelatingtojumpingwithGroups3217 suchasmovingforwardtodock3218 changinglevels3219 performingthebreakoffsequence3220 andturnreversalsundercanopy3221 CategoryataGlanceAdvancementCriteriaCanopyPre-Jump 3222 Providethegroundwindsandwindsaloftfortheday 3223 Planthespot3224 accountingforexitseparation3225 winddrift3226 andopeningpoint 3227 Planyourflighttotheholdingareaandthelandingpattern3228 choosingyourtargetforlanding 3229 Discussmaximumrateofturnundercanopy 3230 Trainonturnreversal3231 acanopy-flightEP3232 forcollisionavoidance 3233 TrainforadjustingyourglidepathAcademics 3234 ReadtheAcademicssectionforthiscategory 3235 Passthecategoryquizat1003236 3237 Trainforexitandfreefall 3238 Reviewtree-landingEPs 3239 Discussequipmentmaintenance 3240 PackwithoutassistanceCanopyDebrief 3241 Spotwithminimalassistance 3242 Adjusttheglidepathonyourcanopy 3243 Performtheturn-reversaldrill 32441st3245 above23246 500feet 3247 Performtheturn-reversaldrill 32482nd3249 above23250 500feet 3251 Performtheturn-reversaldrill 32523rd3253 above23254 500feet 3255 Performtheturn-reversaldrill 32564th3257 above23258 500feet 3259 Landwithin65feet 326020meters3261 ofyourplannedtargetwithoutassistance 32621st3263 3264 Landwithin65feet 326520meters3266 ofyourplannedtargetwithoutassistance 32672nd3268 FreefallDebrief 3269 Dockfrom10feetusingstart-coast-stop 32701st3271 3272 Dockfrom10feetusingstart-coast-stop 32732nd3274 3275 Matchlevel32763277up3278 from5feetusingstart-coast-stop3jumpsBREAKOFFALTITUDE53279 500feetDEPLOYMENTBY43280 000feetUSPASKYDIVER3281SINFORMATIONMANUAL 32822026 3283 USPA. ORG811-GIntegratedStudentProgram 3284 CategoryG 3285Groups3286 3287 Matchlevel32883289down3290 from5feetusingstart-coast-stop 3291 Re-dockwithleveladjustmentusingstart-coast-stop 32921st3293 3294 Re-dockwithleveladjustmentusingstart-coast-stop 32952nd3296 3297 Breakoffatyourassignedaltitudewithoutbeingprompted 3298 Trackatleast50feetwithina10-degreeheadingtoleranceAcademicsA. ExitandFreefallGroupExitsYouwillpracticeforanefficientgroupexitusingthesamekeyelementsyouhaveusedforyoursoloexits3299 setup3300 launch3301 andflyaway. Inthesetup3302 eachjumperinagrouphasanassignedexitpositionandshouldknowthatpositionbeforeclimb-out. Thisexitpositionshouldincludespecificfootandhandplacementtosupportpresentationofhipsintotherelativewindduringthelaunchandflyaway. Youcanexitinagroupwithorwithoutgripsonotherjumpers. Ifyouaremakingagrippedexit3303 presentationtotherelativewindinaneutralbodypositionisthelargestcontributortosuccess. Tocoordinatethelaunch3304 onepersoninthegroupwillgivethecount. Themovementsofthecountshouldbepronouncedandgivenwithasmoothcadencesothatalljumperscanfollowitandleaveattherighttime. Launchusinganeutralbodyposition3305 presentingtotherelativewind. Duringtheflyaway3306 maintaineyecontactacrossthecenterofthegroup. Lookingtowardthecenterofthegroupwillkeepyouclosetotheothersandsupportastableflyaway3307 preventingtheexitfromfunneling. 3308 FUNNEL3309 happenswhenaformationcollapsesorfails. Agroupexitissus- ceptibletofunneling. Front-FloatExit3310 SetupandLaunchRear-FloatExit3311 SetupandLaunchDivingExit3312 SetupandLaunch82USPASKYDIVER3313SINFORMATIONMANUAL 33142026 3315 USPA. ORG1-GIntegratedStudentProgram 3316 CategoryG 3317Groups3318 ForwardMovementtoDockJustasyoudidforturnsinCategoryD3319 youwillusetheconceptofstart-coast-stopwhenperformingforwardmovement. Startforwardmovementbyextendingbothlegs. Thiswilltiltyouslightlyhead-lowandinitiateforwardmovement. Useyourlegsforforwardmovement3320 keepingyourarmsneutral. Maintainyourheadingbysteeringwithyourarmsorlegs. Coastbyreturningtoneutralbeforeyourdesiredstoppingpoint. Yourmomentumfromthestartmovementwillcontinuetocarryyouforwardwhileyouareinneutral3321 muchlikeyourcarcontinuestomoveforwardafterremovingyourfootfromtheaccel- erator. Duringthecoastphase3322 assessyourspeedanddistancetoyourtargettodeter- minewhenyoushouldbeginyourstopmovement. Stopbybrieflyextendingbotharmsandpushingdownslightly. Keepyourlegsneutralduringthestop. Flyonlevelallthewaytothegrips. Ifyoustopprematurely3323 extendyourlegsslightlytotakethegrip. 3324Docking3325 isthetermfortakinggrips3326 whichyou3327lldoonyourcoachattheendofyourforwardmovement. Takethegriponyourcoach3328swrist. Checkthatyourelbowsarebacktoneutralafteryourstopmovement. Extendyourfeetslightlytomaintainpositivepressureandcounteranytensionyoufeelinthegrips3329 andcheckaltitude. Onceyoufeelnotension3330 youcanloosenyourgripsandopenyourpalms. LevelsWhenjumpingwithothers3331 youneedtogetlevelwiththeformationpriortodocking. Gettinglevelbeforedockingallowsforasmoothapproachandpreventsverticalcollisionswithotherjumpers. Youwillpracticegettinglevelbygoingupordownrelativetoyourcoach. Justaswithturnsandforwardmovement3332 usestart-coast-stoptocontrolyourlevelrelativetoyourcoach. Startyourmovementwiththeappropriatebodypositionindicatedbelow3333 3334 FALLRATE3335 isthespeedatwhichyouarefalling3336 whichcanbeincreasedordecreasedbychangingyourneutralbodyposition. Inthiscategory3337 youwillgoupanddowntomatchthelevelofyourcoach. Later3338 youwilllearnhowtoflyinanadjustedneutralbodypositiontomatchotherjumpers3339 fallratesforentireskydives. USPASKYDIVER3340SINFORMATIONMANUAL 33412026 3342 USPA. ORG831-GIntegratedStudentProgram 3343 CategoryG 3344Groups3345 coastbygoingbacktoneutral3346 and3347 ifneeded3348 stopbyapplyingmovementintheoppo- sitedirection. Tostartdownwardmovement3349 temporarilyincreaseyourverticalfreefallspeedbypushingyourhipsforward3350 raisingyourchin3351 andliftingyourshouldersandkneestospillair. Tostartupwardmovement3352 temporarilydecreaseyourverticalfreefallspeedbyround- ingyourspine3353 wideninganddroppingyourknees3354 cuppingyourshouldersandchest3355 andextendingyourarmsandpushingdownslightly. Yourlegswillremainneutral. Whenjumpingwithothers3356 youwilllikelyhavetocombinetheskillsofmovingupordownwithmovingforwardtodock. First3357 makesureyouareonlevel3358 moveforwardintoyourposition3359 whichiscalledyour 3360slot3361 3362 thentakeyourdock. BreakoffBreakingoffisthetermfortrackingawayfromotherjumpersinyourgrouptocreatehorizontalseparationbeforepulling. Thisassuresyouhaveclearairspacewhenyouopenyourcanopy3363 avoidingacollisionwithanotherjumper. Breakoffoccursatapre-plannedaltitudeoneveryskydive. Thisshouldbeatleast13364 500feetabovetheplanneddeploymentaltitude. Atthebreakoff3365 turn180degreesfromthecenterofthegroup3366 trackaway3367 stop3368 anddeploy. Itshouldtakeapproximately8secondsfromthetimeyouturnandstartyourtracktothetimeyoustopandpull. Waveoffanddeployattheplannedaltitudewhetherornotyouhaveturnedandtracked. Followyourpullpriorities. Youarealwaysresponsibletobreakoffandopenattheplannedaltitudeonjumpsbothwithyourcoachandwithothersonceyougetyourlicense. 84USPASKYDIVER3369SINFORMATIONMANUAL 33702026 3371 USPA. ORG1-GIntegratedStudentProgram 3372 CategoryG 3373Groups3374 B. CanopyAdjustingGlidePathExtendingtheglideofyourcanopyallowsyoutocoveragreaterdistancethanfullflight. Thisisimportantwhenyouarecomingbackfromalongspot. Youcanuseyourbrakesorrearriserstoextendyourglide. Manyothervariables3375 suchaswindstrength3376 winddirection3377 andcanopydesignandsize3378 alsoaffectyourglidepath. Inthiscategory3379 youwillpracticeusingyourtogglestoextendyourglidepath. YouwilllearnmoreaboutusingyourrearrisersinyourB-licensecanopyproficiencytraining. Tofindyourprojectedlandingpoint3380 Pickapointinfrontofyouonthegroundandflytowardit. 1. Ifthatpointfallsrelativetothehorizonorappearstomoveclosertoyou3381 youwillflypastthispoint. Youwillovershootthispoint. 2. Ifthatpointrisesrelativetothehorizonorappearstomovefartherfromyou3382 youwillnotmakeitthere. Youwillundershootthispoint. 3. Ifthepointstaysstationary3383 thisisyourpro- jectedlandingpoint. Youwilllandthere. Toadjustyourglidepath3384 3385 LONGSPOT3386 isthetermforbeingfarfromthedropzonewiththewindmostlyatyourback. 3387 GLIDERATIOreferstotheratioofhorizontaltoverticaldistanceacanopytravels. Theaverageglideratioformoststudentcanopiesisapproximately33388 1. GLIDEPATHisthetrajectoryofacanopyasitdescendsinflighttowardalandingpointontheground. USPASKYDIVER3389SINFORMATIONMANUAL 33902026 3391 USPA. ORG851-GIntegratedStudentProgram 3392 CategoryG 3393Groups3394 Findyourprojectedlandingpointinfullflight. Thenpullthetogglesdownslightlyandfindthenewprojectedlandingpointforyournewglidepath. Ifthenewprojectedlandingpointrisesorappearstomovefartherrelativetotheoriginalprojectedlandingpointthenyourglidepathhasflattened3395 andthecanopywillcovermoredistance. Ifnot3396 yourglidepathissteeper3397 andthecanopywillcoverlessdistance. CEP3398TurnReversalswithMaxRateofTurnAturnreversaliswhenyoumakeatoggleturninonedirectionthenimmediatelyintheoppositedirection3399 withthegoalofmaintaininglinetensionandstabilityunderthecanopythroughouttheturns. Turnreversalisanothercanopy-flightemergencyproce- dure 3400CEP3401 usedforcollisionavoidanceduringcanopyflight. Unexpectedlinetwistscanoccurifyouswitchtooaggressivelyorrapidlybetweenleftandrighttoggleinputs. Practicingturnreversalswillhelpyoudiscoverhowfarandhowfastyoucandosowithoutcreatinglinetwists. Knowingyourmaximumsaferateofturncanhelpyouavoidlinetwistswhenreactingtoavoidanimminentcanopycolli- sion. Acanopycollisioncanhappenanytimeduringacanopydescentorinthelandingpattern. Thepotentialforcollisionwithotherjumpersincreaseswhenintheholdingareaandpatternbecauseotherjumpersmaybefocusedmoreonthetargetthanontraffic. Linetwistsatlanding-patternaltitudemaybeunrecoverableintimeforasafelanding3402 particularlywithahigherwingloading. Forthesereasons3403 youmustpracticeallturnreversalsaboveyourdecisionaltitude3404 justincaseyouinducealinetwist. Topracticeturnreversals3405 makeasmoothbutdeepturnatleast90degreestotheleft3406 thenreversetogglepositionssmoothlybutquicklyfora180-degreeturntotheright. Enteraturnonlyasquicklyasthecanopycanmaintainbalanceandlinetensionduringtheturn. Surging3407 lurching3408 orlinetwistsindicateaturnenteredtooquickly. Thecanopydivessharplyafteramaximum-performanceturn. AccuracyToimproveyouraccuracy3409 3410 Planyourpatterncheckpointsfortheday3411sconditions 3412 Preciselyexecuteyourplanonthejump 3413Theprecisionofdigitalaltimetersprovidesexcellentfeedback. 3414 3415 AssessyouraccuracyusingtoolslikeGooglemapsmeasure-distancetool 3416 AdjustforthenextjumpasdescribedinCategoryEYouwillaccumulatetwounassistedlandingswithin65feet 341720meters3418 ofaplannedtarget. Remember3419 youneedfivetotaltocompletetherequirementsforyourAlicense. 86USPASKYDIVER3420SINFORMATIONMANUAL 34212026 3422 USPA. ORG1-GIntegratedStudentProgram 3423 CategoryG 3424Groups3425 C. EmergencyProcedureReviewCEPforCanopy-CollisionAvoidance - Rear-RiserSteeringKnowwhereothernearbyjumpersareduringopeningandsteerwiththebackriserstoavoidthem. Ifahead-oncollisionispending3426 bothjumpersshouldturnright. Forexpandedcollision-avoidancetraining3427 lookuptheUSPA-recommendedproceduresinChapter4-1. Tree-LandingAvoidanceAsareview3428 yourcoachorinstructorwillaskyoutodescribethetree-landingemer- gencyprocedurethatyoulearnedintheCategoryAfirst-jumpcourse. D. EquipmentBytheendofthiscategory3429 youshouldbeabletopackatleastonemainparachutewithoutassistance. InspectingGearYoushouldbeabletoinspectyourgeartoidentifyareassusceptibletohighwear. Ifyoufinditemsrequiringmaintenance3430 youshouldalertyourcoachorinstructor. ManyoftheseitemsmustbeaddressedonlybyanFAArigger. pilotchute3431 bridle3432 anddeploymenthandle 3433 Lookforbrokenstitchingaroundtheapexandtheseamwherethepilotchute3434sfabricandmeshmeet. 3435 Checkforsecurityatthebridle3436sattachmentpoint. 3437 Lookfordamagetothefabricandmesh. deploymentbag 3438 Lookfordistortioninthegrommets3439 especiallyatthebridle3440 andfabricdamagearoundtheiredges. 3441 Checktheloopsthatholdtheline-stowrubberbands. closingpin 3442 Checkfornicksorcorrosiononthepin. pilot-chuteattachment 3443 Lookforwearwherethebridleattachestothecanopy. 3444 Lookforbrokenstitchingonthecanopyitselfwhereitisreinforcedforthebridle- attachmentlooporring. parachutefabric 3445 Checkforsmallholesonthetopskinwherethebridleattachestotheparachute 3446 Lookforwearonthetopskinandendcellscausedbycontactwithsharpobjectsorcorrosivematerials. 3447 Lookforwearinandaroundthereinforcementsinthestabilizersthatcontainthesliderstops. USPASKYDIVER3448SINFORMATIONMANUAL 34492026 3450 USPA. ORG871-GIntegratedStudentProgram 3451 CategoryG 3452Groups3453 3454 Lookforbrokenormissingstitchingalongtheseams. slider 3455 Inspectfornicksorsharpedgesintheslidergrommetsandfabricpullingoutofthegrommets. 3456 Lookatthefabricfordamage. lines 3457 Lookforwearanywherealongthelines3458 butespeciallywheretheslidergrommetscontactmetalconnectorlinks. 3459 Lookforsignsoflineshrinkagethatcauseunequallengths. sliderbumpersandlinks 3460 Lookfordamagetosliderbumpers. 3461 Checkthatthesliderbumpersaretightonthelinkorsecuredwithtackcordtopreventthemfromslidingupthelinesandstoppingtheslider. 3462 Checkaccessiblelinksfornicksandsharpedges. Ensuretheyareclosedandtightened. 3463 Checksoftlinksforwear. brakesystem 3464 Lookforwearonthelowersteeringlines. 3465 Examinethetogglelockingloopsonthebrakelinesfordamageandwear. 3466 Inspecttogglekeepersandbrake-line-excesskeepers. 3467 Ensurethatthetogglekeepersholdthetogglessecurely. three-ringreleasesystem 3468 Lookforwearintheloopsholdingtheringsandthewhiteretainingloop. 3469 Checkthecutaway-cablehousingsforwearordamageandbrokenorloosetacking. 3470 Lookforkinksinthecutawaycablewhereitcontactsthewhiteretainingloop. 3471 Checkthefrontandbackoftheriserwebbingforfrayingorwarpingaroundtheedgesofthegrommets. 3472 Checkthatriser-housinginsertsaresecureandexcesscutawaycableisstowedintheriserhousing. risercovers 3473 Confirmtucktabsfitproperlyandstayintheirpockets. 3474 Checkthatthestiffenerinthetucktabisnotcrackedorbent. main-containerclosinggrommets 3475 Inspectfordistortion3476 sharpedgesornicks3477 andfabricdamagearoundtheedges. 3478 Checkforseveredistortionorbreakageoftheplasticstiffenerinsidethefabricwherethegrommetisset. main- andreserve-pincovers 3479 Checktheplasticstiffenersfordistortion. 88USPASKYDIVER3480SINFORMATIONMANUAL 34812026 3482 USPA. ORG1-GIntegratedStudentProgram 3483 CategoryG 3484Groups3485 reserveloopandpin 3486 Checkthatthereisnofrayingofthereserveloop. 3487 Checkthatthethreadonthesealisnotbroken. 3488 Lookattheconditionofthereservepinandgrommet. Storeyourparachuteinacool3489 dry3490 darkplace. Inthesummer3491 carsaretoohotforsafeprolongedstoragesinceheatweakensAADbatteriesandrubberbands. Thesun3492sultra- violetraysdegradenylon. Moisturecorrodeshardware3493 whichisverydangerous3494 sincerustdegradesnylon. Moisturealsopromotesmildew3495 whichisharmfultonylon. Manychemicalsandacidsdamageparachutematerials. E. StandardOperatingProceduresEquipmentRegulationsOnlyanFAASeniororMasterRiggermaymaintainandrepairaparachutesystem3496 butonlyanFAAMasterRiggermaymakemajorrepairsandalterations. 3497FAR65. 1253498 AADs3499 ifinstalled3500 mustbemaintainedaccordingtothemanufacturer3501sinstructions 3502FAR105. 43. c3503. Fillingoutyourlogbook3504 UseguidancefromChapter3-1tocorrectlyrecordyourjumps. Youcanusepaperordigitaldevices3505 aslongastherequiredinformationislistedandverifiedwithapropersignature. USPASKYDIVER3506SINFORMATIONMANUAL 35072026 3508 USPA. ORG891-GIntegratedStudentProgram 3509 CategoryG 3510Groups3511 WeatherConditionsRefertotheinformationonweatherinChapter4-53512 RecommendationsforEveryone. Someweatherconditionscanbehazardousforskydivers3513 buttherearemanypracticalmethodsofobservingweatherandobtainingforecaststhatcanhelpyouavoidthesehazards. Inthiscategory3514 youwillperformallspottingprocedureswithassistanceinroutineweatherconditions. 90USPASKYDIVER3515SINFORMATIONMANUAL 35162026 3517 USPA. ORG1-GIntegratedStudentProgram 3518 CategoryG 3519Groups3520 CategoryGDiveFlowsREDindicatesAdvancementCriteria 3521indicatesnewskills 35221FORWARDMOVEMENTTODOCK 3523 SPOT 3524withminimalassistance3525 3526 REAR-FLOATEXIT3527 3528insidestrut3529 3530 Coachdoesthecount 3531 Facedirectionofflight 3532 Dock - Coachbacksup5to10feet 3533 FORWARDMVTTODOCK3534 3535 COA 3536 3537repeatuntilbreakoff3538 3539 53540 5003541 BREAKOFFSEQUENCE3542 3543 PULLBY43544 0003545 3546 CANOPYCHECK - APT 3547 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 3548 ADJUSTGLIDEPATH3549 3550 FLYPATTERN 3551 FLAREandPLFifneeded 35522LEVELS 3553UP 3554 DOWN3555 3556 SPOT 3557withminimalassistance3558 3559 FRONT-FLOATEXIT3560 3561outsidestrut3562 3563 Studentdoesthecount 3564 Facedirectionofflight 3565 Dock - Coachbacksup5to10feet 3566 DOWNTOMATCHLEVEL3567 35685ft3569 3570 COA 3571 UPTOMATCHLEVEL3572 35735ft3574 3575 COA 3576 3577repeatuntilbreakoff3578 3579 53580 5003581 BREAKOFFSEQUENCE 3582 PULLBY43583 0003584 3585 CANOPYCHECK - APT 3586 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 3587 TURNREVERSALS3588 3589 FLYPATTERN 3590 FLAREandPLFifneeded 35913LEVELTHENDOCK 3592 SPOT 3593withminimalassistance3594 3595 CHOICEOFEXIT 3596 Studentdoesthecount 3597 Facedirectionofflight 3598 Dock - Coachbacksup5to10feet 3599 DOWNTOLEVELandDOCK 3600 COA 3601 Dock - Coachbacksup5to10feet 3602 UPTOLEVELandDOCK 3603 COA 3604repeatuntilbreakoff3605 3606 53607 5003608 BREAKOFFSEQUENCE 3609 PULLBY43610 0003611 3612 CANOPYCHECK - APT 3613 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 3614 CANOPYDRILLSasneeded 3615 FLYPATTERN 3616 FLAREandPLFifneededUSPASKYDIVER3617SINFORMATIONMANUAL 36182026 3619 USPA. ORG911-GIntegratedStudentProgram 3620 CategoryG 3621Groups3622 CANOPYDRILL 362313624 AdjustingGlidePath 3625 Checkaltitude3626 positionandtraffic 3627 Findprojectedlandingpoint 3628PLP3629 forfullflight 3630 Goto136314brakesandfindPLPfor136324brakes 3633 ComparefullflightPLPwith136344brakesPLP 3635 Whileholdingin136364brakes3637 checkaltitude3638 position3639 andtraffic 3640 Goto136412brakesandfindPLPfor136422brakes 3643 Compare136444brakesPLPwith136452brakesPLP 3646 Whileholdingin136472brakes3648 checkaltitude3649 position3650 andtraffic 3651 Ifaltitudepermits3652 goto336534brakesandfindPLPfor336544brakes 3655 Compare136562brakesPLPwith336574brakesPLP 3658 Slowlyreturntofullflight 3659 Checkaltitude3660 position3661 andtraffic 3662 Flyplannedpatternandflare 3663 MeasureyourlandingdistancefromtheplannedtargetCANOPYDRILL 366423665 TurnReversalwithMaxRateofTurn 3666CEP3667 3668 Checkaltitude3669 position3670 andtrafficinbothdirections 3671 Makeaquickbutbalanced90-degreeturn 3672 Reversethetogglepositionaggressivelyandmakeabalanced180-degreeturn 3673 Checkaltitude3674 position3675 andtrafficinbothdirections 3676 Repeattonolowerthan23677 500feet3678 incaseoflinetwist 3679 Flyplannedpatternandflare 3680 MeasureyourlandingdistancefromaplannedtargetTAKETHEQUIZ3681 uspa. org3682quiz3683g92USPASKYDIVER3684SINFORMATIONMANUAL 36852026 3686 USPA. ORG1-HIntegratedStudentProgram 3687 CategoryH 3688Hone3689 CategoryH 3690Hone3691 InCategoryH3692 youmustHonepreviouslylearnedskillstohighermeasurablestandards3693 suchasdivinginfreefallbyblendingforwardwithdown3694 andneutralizingaturnundercanopybyusingalow-turnrecoverytechnique3695 CategoryataGlanceAdvancementCriteriaPre-Jump 3696 Providethegroundwindsandwindsaloftfortheday 3697 Planthespotaccountingforexitseparation3698 winddrift3699 andopeningpoint 3700 Planyourflighttotheholdingareaandthelandingpattern3701 choosingyourtargetforlanding 3702 Trainforthelow-turnrecoverydrill3703 acanopy-flightEPAcademics 3704 ReadtheAcademicssectionforthiscategory 3705 Passthecategoryquizat1003706 3707 Trainforexitandfreefall 3708 Reviewflotation-gearadviceandEPsforwaterlandings 3709 Discussequipmentmaintenanceyoucanperform 3710 Replaceamainclosingloop 3711 Assembleathree-ring-releasesystemCanopyDebrief 3712 Spotwithoutassistance 3713 Above23714 000feet3715 performalow-turnrecoverydrill 37161st 3717 3718 Above23719 000feet3720 performalow-turnrecoverydrill 37212nd 3722 3723 Landwithin65feet 372420meters3725 ofyourplannedtargetwithoutassistance 37261st 3727 3728 Landwithin65feet 372920meters3730 ofyourplannedtargetwithoutassistance 37312nd 3732 3733 Landwithin65feet 373420meters3735 ofyourplannedtargetwithoutassistance 37363rd 3737 FreefallDebrief 3738 Divetodockusingastairstepapproach3739 100feettoyourcoach3740instructor 37411st 3742 3743 Divetodockusingastairstepapproach3744 100feettoyourcoach3745instructor 37462nd 3747 3748 Breakoffatyourassignedaltitudewithoutbeingprompted 3749 Track100feetwithina10-degreeheadingtolerance2jumpsBREAKOFFALTITUDE53750 500feetDEPLOYMENTBY43751 000feetUSPASKYDIVER3752SINFORMATIONMANUAL 37532026 3754 USPA. ORG931-HIntegratedStudentProgram 3755 CategoryH 3756Hone3757 AcademicsA. ExitandFreefallDivingExitAdivingexitiswhereyoulaunchoutofanaircraftwithoutclimbingoutandthenachieveastableentryintotherelativewind. Setupinthedoorwithyourhipsfacingtherelativewindasmuchaspossible. Launchbyplacingyourhipsandchestintotherelativewindinaneutralbodyposition3758 orientedside-to-earth3759 lookingatthewingtip. Duringtheflyaway3760 turnyourheadlefttolookforyourcoach3761 whoexitedinthefloaterposition. DivetoDockwithStairstepApproachInlargergroups3762 somejumperswilllaunchtogetherorfromafloatingpositionoutsidetheaircraft3763 butotherswillneedtodiveoutoftheplanefrominside. Thedeltadiveisusedtoproduceforwardanddownwardmovementtoclosethedistancewhendivingtoagroupinfreefall. Todivetoagroup3764 maintainyourarch3765 extendyourlegsfullyandsweepyourarmsbackandupslightly. Thediversleaveslightlyafterthefloatersanddivedowntotheotherjumperstodock. Becausediversoftenmustcoverlongdis- tances3766 theyuseatechniquetosafelydivetoaformationthathelpsthemmanagetheirspeedanddescent. Thisiscalledthestairstepapproach. 94USPASKYDIVER3767SINFORMATIONMANUAL 37682026 3769 USPA. ORG1-HIntegratedStudentProgram 3770 CategoryH 3771Hone3772 Inthiscategory3773 youwillusethestairstepapproachtopracticedivingtodockwithyourcoach. Afteryouexitbutbeforestartingtodive3774 holdtheneutralbodypositionfortwotothreesecondswhileslowlyturningtowardyourcoach. Usethestart-coast-stopconceptasyouhavebefore3775 butthistimeusingstartandcoastrepeatedlywhilediving3776 withastopattheend. Tostart3777 smoothlyextendbothlegsfullywithyourtoespointedtoinitiateforwardmotion3778 steeringtomaintainheading. Archmoreandsweepyourarmsback. Yourhandsshouldbeaboveyourhips. Tocoast3779 returntoneutralandassessyourhorizon- talandverticaldistancefromyourcoach. Startagain3780 adjustingyourpitchbasedonthehorizontalandverticaldistancetoyourcoach. Tocreateasteeperpitchangleinyourdive3781 archmoreandsweepyourarmsupfartherbehindyourhips. Tocreateashallowerpitchangleinyourdive3782 flattenyourarchandmoveyourarmsslightlydowntowardyourhips. Afterafewseconds3783 returntocoastandassessyourposition. Repeatasnecessary3784 maintainingaltitudeaware- ness. Tostop3785 extendbotharmsforward3786 flattenyourarch3787 anddropyourkneesslightly3788 approximatingthecombinationofthebodypositionsforbackandupmovement. Aimtostopyourdiveonlevelwithandapprox- imately20feetawayfromyourcoach3789 justoutsidethefinal-approachzone 3790FAZ3791. TheFAZisabufferareathatgivesyouroomforerrorincaseyourapproachistoofast3792 shallow3793 orsteep. BeforeenteringtheFAZyouneedtobelevelwithyourcoach3794 thenmoveforwardtodock. Anytimeyouapproachlargergroups3795 usetheFAZtohelpyouavoidcollisionswithotherjumpersapproachingthesameformation. Remainclearoftheareaimmediatelybelowandaboveanygroup. Watchfortrafficanddiveinastraightline. Ifyouhavebuiltuptoomuchspeedinyourapproach3796 youwillneedtoinitiateyourstophigherandmoreaggressively. Ifyougopastthelevelofyourcoach3797 usethepositionforupmovementwhileoutsidetheFAZtomatchthelevelofyourcoachandthenmoveforwardtodock. IfyoustopinapositionclosetotheFAZ3798 buthigherthanyourcoach3799 usethepositionfordownmovementtomatchthelevelofyourcoach. Oncelevel3800 entertheFAZandmoveforwardtodock. ImprovingYourBreakoffandTrackAfteryouearnyourAlicenseandbegintojumpwithlargergroups3801 planyourbreakoffaltitudeconservatively. Theminimumbreakoffaltitudeforgroupsoffiveorfewershouldbeatleast13802 500feethigherthanthehighestplanneddeploymentaltitudeinthegroup. Forgroupsofsixormore3803 minimumbreakoffaltitudeshouldbeatleast23804 000feethigherthanthehighestplanneddeploymentaltitudeinthegroup. 3805 FINAL-APPROACHZONE 3806FAZ38073808 isabufferareaapproximately20feetawayfromthegrouptowardwhichyouarediving. USPASKYDIVER3809SINFORMATIONMANUAL 38102026 3811 USPA. ORG951-HIntegratedStudentProgram 3812 CategoryH 3813Hone3814 Duringyourbreakoffsequence3815 scanforandsteerclearofjumpersaheadofandbelowyou. Looksidewaysandaboveforotherjumpersintheimmediateareaduringwave-offanddeploymentsoyoucansteerclearundercanopyassoonasyouopen. B. CanopyCEP3816Low-TurnRecoveryThelow-turn-recoverytechniqueisacano- py-flightemergencyprocedure. Practicingtheskillwillbuildmusclememory3817 allowingyoutoquicklyneutralizeaturn. Uselow-turnrecoveryanytimeyouturntoolowtothegroundanddonothaveenoughaltitudetoachievealevelwingwithoutimmediateinput. Alow-turnrecoveryrequiresneutralizingthisturn. Topracticelow-turnrecovery3818 firstcheckyourcanopy3819 altitude3820 positionandtraffic. Fromfullflight3821 pullonetoggledowntoatleastquarterbrakestoinitiatea90-degreeturn. Toneutral- izetheturn3822 pullthetogglethatisstillinfull-flightpositiontomatchthelowertoggle3823 resultinginbothtogglesinabrakedposition. Holdthetoggleseven3824 thencontinuepushingthemdownevenlyandforcefullyforabrakedflare. Anticipatethatyoumayneedmoreinputthanyouexpecttoarrestthecanopydescent. Slowlyreturntofullflightforadditionalpractice. Inareallow-turnemergency3825 immediatelyneutralizetheturn3826 holdthetogglesevenlyinbrakes3827 finishwithabrakedflare3828 andPLF. RefertoSIM4-1FformoreadvancedtechniquesforthisCEP. AccuracyContinuetoimproveyouraccuracyskillsbyusingyournotesinyourlogbookfrompre- viousjumpsandthefundamentaltechniquescoveredinCategoryE. Onfinalapproach3829 compareyourprojectedlandingpointtoyourintendedtarget. Ifyoupredictyouwilllandshortofyourtarget3830 flyinginfullflightprovidesthebestforwardspeedtoreachyourtarget. Ifyoupredictyouwilllandpastyourtarget3831 makesuretheareainfrontofyouisclearofobstacles. Ifyoupredictyoumighthitanobstacleandarestillabove150feet3832 gentlyturnnomorethan30degreestowardacleararea. Ifyouarebelow150feet3833 useahalf-brakedturntoavoidtheobstacle3834 followedbyabrakedflare. Performtheremainingunassistedlandingswithin65feet 383520meters3836 oftheplannedtargettomeettheUSPAA-Licenserequirements 3837fivetotalrequired3838. 3839 NEUTRALIZINGATURNisdifferentthanjuststoppingaturn. Insteadofjustraisingatoggletostopaturn3840 youwillpulldownthetogglestillinfullflightsobothtogglesareinabrakedposition. Thismaneuvernotonlystopstheturn3841 butitalsoslowsthedescentandforwardspeed. 96USPASKYDIVER3842SINFORMATIONMANUAL 38432026 3844 USPA. ORG1-HIntegratedStudentProgram 3845 CategoryH 3846Hone3847 C. EmergencyProcedureReviewExplaintheprocedureforanemergencywaterlandingtoyourcoachorinstruc- tor. Includewhenitisappropriatetohaveflotationdevices. LookupUSPArec- ommendationsonproceduresforanunintentionalwaterlandinginChapter5-43848 Discipline-SpecificRecommendations. Ifyouhavelinetwistsandarespinninganddiving3849 don3850tdelay3851 cutaway. Withouttheabilitytosteerduetolinetwists3852 aspinninganddivingmainparachutemalfunctioncancauseyoutolosealtitudeveryquicklyandrequiresarapidresponse. Forthisreason3853 checkyouraltitudetoconfirmyouareabovethe13854 000-footcutawayharddeckandinitiateemergencyproceduresimmediately. D. EquipmentOwnerMaintenanceoftheThree-RingReleaseSystemYoushoulddisassemblethethree-ringsystemeverymonthtocleanthecableandexer- cisethematerialbetweentheringstopreventtheriserformingamemoryofitsshape. Cleanthecableswithsiliconesprayoraccordingtothemanufacturer3855sinstructionstoremovethesludge-likecoatingthatdevelopsonmostthree-ringreleasecablesandcausesthemtobind3856 increasingtherequiredpullforce. LineStowsMakesureyourrubberbandsareingoodshapeandholdyourlinestowssecurely. Replacestretched3857 worn3858 orbrokenrubberbands. MainClosingLoopIfyourclosingloopiswornanddoesnotappeartobenearlyperfect3859 itwarrantsreplacement. Theloopmusthaveenoughtensiontokeepthecontainerclosedinfreef- all. Alooseclosingloopcouldresultinaprematuredeployment. Freeflyingmaneuversincreasetheimportanceofclosing-systemsecurity. Adjusttheclosing-looptensionbymovingtheoverhandknotorreplacingtheloopwiththeknottiedinthecorrectplace. Useonlyclosing-loopmaterialapprovedbytheharness-and-containermanufacturer. ClothingandAccessoriesCheckyourjumpsuitorclothestoensuretheyallowaccesstoyourmain3860 cutaway3861 andreservehandles. Youshouldtuckinshirttails3862 jackets3863 andsweatshirtsandzipyourpocketsclosed. Yourclothingshouldprovideprotectionduringlandingandprovideyouwiththecorrectfallratebasedonyourphysicalsize. Tighterfittingclothingwillincreaseyourfallrate3864 whilebaggierclothingwillslowit. E. StandardOperatingProceduresAllskydiverswearingaroundmainorreservecanopyandallsolostudentsmustwearflotationgearwhentheintendedexit3865 opening3866 orlandingpointiswithinonemileofanopenbodyofwater 3867anopenbodyofwaterisdefinedasoneinwhichaskydivercoulddrown3868. 3869Chapter2-1. M3870 USPASKYDIVER3871SINFORMATIONMANUAL 38722026 3873 USPA. ORG971-HIntegratedStudentProgram 3874 CategoryH 3875Hone3876 LookupUSPArecommendationsontrainingfollowingperiodsofinactivityinChapter4-2. Studentshavedifferentcurrency-trainingrecommendationsthanlicensedskydivers. StudyforyourA-licenseexam. Aircraft-Radio-UseRequirementsJumpaircraftmusthaveanoperatingradio3877 andthepilotmustbeincontactwithairtrafficcontrolpriortojumping 3878FAR105. 133879. NotificationBeforeaJumpAjumperorthepilotmustnotifytheappropriateairtrafficcontrolfacilityatleastonehourbutnomorethan24hourspriortojumping. Somedropzoneshaveawrittennotificationrenewedannuallyforthatlocationonly 3880FAR105. 25andAC-105-2E3881. AircraftApprovedforFlightwithDoorRemovedSomeaircraftareunsafeforflightwiththedooropenorremoved. AircraftapprovedforflightwiththedoorremovedmayrequireadditionalmodificationsandusuallyrequireadditionalFAAfieldapproval. Othermodificationstoajumpaircraft3882 suchasin-flightdoors3883 handholds3884 orsteps3885 requireadditionalfieldapprovalorasupplementarytypecertificate. 98USPASKYDIVER3886SINFORMATIONMANUAL 38872026 3888 USPA. ORG1-HIntegratedStudentProgram 3889 CategoryH 3890Hone3891 CategoryHDiveFlowsREDindicatesAdvancementCriteria 3892 indicatesnewskillsDIVETODOCK 38932jumps3894 divingadistanceof100feet3895 3896 SPOT 3897withoutassistance3898 3899 DIVINGEXIT3900 3901 TURNTOCOACH 3902 DIVETODOCK3903 3904 UsestairstepapproachandFAZ3905 3906 3907repeatiftimeaftercoachgetsintoposition3908 3909 53910 5003911 BREAKOFFSEQUENCE 3912 PULLBY43913 0003914 3915 CANOPYCHECK - APT 3916 LOCATEHOLDINGAREA 3917 LOW-TURN-RECOVERYPRACTICE3918 3919 FLYPATTERN 3920 FLAREandPLFifneededCANOPYDRILL3921 Low-Turn-RecoveryPractice 3922CEP3923 3924 Checkaltitude3925 position3926 andtraffic 3927 Fromfullflight3928 pullonetoggledowntoatleastquarterbrakestoinitiatea90-degreeturn 3929 Neutralizetheturnbypullingdownthetogglestillinfull-flightpositiontomatchthelowertoggle3930 resultinginbothtogglesinabrakedposition 3931 Holdthetoggleseven3932 thencontinuepushingthemdownevenlybutforcefullyforabrakedflare 3933 Anticipateneedingmoreinputthatyouexpecttoarrestthecanopydescent 3934 Slowlyreturntofullflightforadditionalpracticeifaltitudepermits 3935 Repeatnolowerthan23936 000feet 3937 Flyyourplannedpatternandflare 3938 MeasureyourlandingdistancefromaplannedtargetTAKETHEQUIZ3939 uspa. org3940quiz3941hUSPASKYDIVER3942SINFORMATIONMANUAL 39432026 3944 USPA. ORG991-HIntegratedStudentProgram 3945 CategoryH 3946Hone3947 100USPASKYDIVER3948SINFORMATIONMANUAL 39492026 3950 USPA. ORG1IntegratedStudentProgram 3951 ApplyingforYourALicenseApplyingforYourALicenseBeforeyouapplyforyourlicense3952 youalsowill3953 3954 PasstheA-licenseoralexamat1003955 3956 PasstheA-licensewrittenexamat753957 3958 PasstheA-licensepracticalexam 3959checkdive3960 withaUSPAInstructor 3961 BeintroducedtoUSPASIMandGovernanceManualSection1-6 3962 Attainatotalof25skydivesTheexaminingUSPAInstructorwillconducta40-questionwrittenUSPAA-licenseexam 3963availableonline3964. Theapplicantmustscoreatleast753965 onthiswrittenexam. TheexaminingUSPAInstructorwillalsoconductanoralquizofatleast20questionstakenfromtheUSPAIntegratedStudentProgramsyllabus3966 withemphasisonthefol- lowing3967 3968 cloud-clearanceandvisibilityrequirements 3969 equipmentoperationandmaintenance 3970 wingloadinganditseffects 3971 closingloop 3972 Velcroandtuckflaps 3973 packingandauthorizationtopack 3974 canopyflight 3975 trafficpatternsandcollisionavoidance 3976 brakedturnsandobstacleavoidance 3977 low-turnavoidanceandrecovery 3978 downwindlandingprocedures 3979 obstacle-landing-emergency-and-recoveryprocedures 3980 aircraftprocedures 3981 duringjumprunandexittoobservebalancelimits 3982 distancebetweengroupstomaintainseparation 3983 aircraftemergencyprocedures 3984 groupbreakoffrecommendations 3985 parachuteemergencyprocedures 3986 deploymentmalfunctions 3987 cutawaydecide-and-actaltitude 3988 two-canopies-deployedscenarios 3989 accountabilityforFARcomplianceTheapplicantmustscore1003990 onthisoralexam. Ifthestudentfailstoanswerallquestionsintheoralquizcorrectly3991 theexaminingUSPAInstructorwillconductorarrangeappropriatereviewtraininguntilpassing. Theexamininginstructorwillalsoconductapracticalexambymakingaskydive 3992alsoreferredtoasthe 3993A-licensecheckdive39943995 withtheapplicanttoverifypracticalcapabili- tiesinthefollowingareas3996 USPASKYDIVER3997SINFORMATIONMANUAL 39982026 3999 USPA. ORG1011IntegratedStudentProgram 4000 ApplyingforYourALicense 4001 choosingthespotandselectingandguidingthepilottothecorrectexitandopeningpointinroutineconditions 4002 pre-jumpequipmentchecksforselfandothers 4003 planninganeffectivegroupbreakoff 4004 right360-degreeturn4005 left360-degreeturn4006 andabackloop 4007backlooptobecompletedwithin60degreesoftheoriginalheading4008 4009 dockingfrom20feet 4010evaluatorfliesintoposition4011 4012 breakoff-altituderecognitionandtrackingforaminimumof100feetwithin10degreesofheading 4013 signalbeforedeploymentandoverallawarenessduringandafterdeployment 4014 planningandflyingalogicallandingpatternthatpromotesasmoothtrafficflowandavoidsotherjumpersTheapplicantmustscoresatisfactorilyonthispracticalexam. Ifthestudentfailstodemonstratepracticalcapabilitiesinanyarea4015 theexaminingUSPAInstructorwillconductorarrangeappropriatereviewtrainingandre-jumpuntilpassing. A-LicenseCheckDive 4016 Stableexit 4017 3604018 RightTurnSCS 4019 3604020 LeftTurnSCS 4021 Backloop 4022 ForwardMovementtoDock 4023 54024 5004025 BreakoffSequence 4026 34027 5004028 WaveandPull 4029 CanopyCheck - APT 4030 LandingPatternThisdivemustbeperformedwithaUSPAInstructor. 102USPASKYDIVER4031SINFORMATIONMANUAL 40322026 4033 USPA. ORGChapter24034 RequirementsandRegulationsUSPAMembersmustfollowthefundamentalscontainedintwointerrelateddocu- ments4035theUSPABasicSafetyRequirements 4036BSRs4037 andtheFederalAviationRegula- tions 4038FARs4039 pertinenttoskydiving. TheBasicSafetyRequirementshavebeenestablishedasthecornerstoneofaself-po- licingprincipleandrepresenttheindustrystandardgenerallyagreeduponasnecessaryforanadequatelevelofsafety. ResearchcanbeconductedtodevelopanddocumentnewmethodsandprocedureswithintheBSRsand4040 whennecessary4041 underwaiverstotheBSRs4042 establishajustifiablebasistomodifythesestandards. TheFederalAviationAdministration 4043FAA4044 oftheU. S. DepartmentofTransportationhastheresponsibilityforregulatingairspaceusageintheUnitedStates. Concerningskydivingactivities4045 theFAAfulfillsthisresponsibilitybyspecificallyregulatingcertainaspectsofskydivingthroughtheFederalAviationRegulationsandbyrelyingupontheguidelinesandrecommendationspublishedbyUSPA. OverviewoftheBSRsA. HowtheBSRsAffectSafetyTheBSRspromotepracticesaimedateliminatingincidentsinskydivingand4046 bydoingso4047 makeskydivingsaferandmoreenjoyable. USPAestablishestheBSRsbyevaluatingincidentsandidentifyingtheirrootcauses. Safetyisaccomplishedbyreducingtheriskfactors4048 whichrequireseveryoneinvolvedinskydivingto4049 4050 acquireknowledgeandmakeacontinuingefforttoincreaseandimprovethatknowledge 4051 practiceandprepareforboththeexpectedandtheunexpected 4052 evaluatetheriskfactors 4053 accuratelyevaluatepersonalcapabilitiesandlimitations 4054 stayalertandawareofsurroundings 4055 keepoptionsopen 4056 exercisegoodjudgmentUSPASKYDIVER4057SINFORMATIONMANUAL 40582026 4059 USPA. ORG1032RequirementsandRegulations 4060 WaiversandChangestotheBSRsFailuretofollowtheBSRsmaynotalwaysresultinanincident4061 butmanyincidentsaretheresultofnotfollowingtheserisk-reductionprocedures. B. WaiversandChangestotheBSRsIncludedinthischapterisasectiontitled 4062WaiverstotheBasicSafetyRequirements4063 4064 whichdescribesproceduresforapprovinganddocumentingexceptionstotheBSRs. Waiversprovidefortheresponsibledevelopmentofnewtechniquesandmethods. 4065 TheBSRsaredesignedtoestablishsafetystandardsforcommonsituations4066 however4067 localcircumstancesmayallowforgreatertoleranceinsomecases. 4068 ThepurposeforfilingawaiveristodocumentthattheparticularBSRhasbeenevaluatedintheindividualcaseandthattheprescribeddeviationandconditionsdonotrepresentanunacceptablecompromiseofsafety. 4069 EachBSRiscategorizedforthelevelofauthoritynecessaryfortheapprovalofthewaiver. EachBSRrequiresfullboardapprovalofawaiver4070 exceptforthosedesignatedwithan 4071S4072 4073S4074TAorExaminer40754076 oran 4077E4078 4079ExecutiveCommittee4080. Fromtimetotime4081 theUSPABoardofDirectorschangestheBSRsasequipmentandpracticesdevelopandevolve. 2-14082 BasicSafetyRequirementsNote4083 EveryBSRrequiresfullboardapprovalifawaiverisrequested4084 unlesstheBSRhasamarginalnotationof 4085S4086 or 4087E40884089 whichidentifiesitswaiverabilitybyothersasindicated. A. Applicability1. Theseproceduresareapplicableworldwide4090 applytoalljumpsexceptthosemadeundermilitaryorders4091 andthosetrainingpersonnelundermilitaryorders4092 andthosemadebecauseofin-flightemergencies. However4093 USPA-licensedskydiverswhenjumpingoutsideoftheUnitedStates4094 itsterritories4095 andpossessions4096 mustcomplywiththeUSPABasicSafetyRequirementsortherulesandregulationsofthecountrywherethejumpisbeingmade4097 butmustcomplywiththeUSPABSRswheninstruct- ingstudentskydiversunlesstheinstructorsimultaneouslyholdstheappropriateinstructionalratingissuedbythecountrywherethejumpiscompleted4098 inwhichcasetheymustfollowtheUSPABSRsortheymustfollowtherulesapplicabletothatratingasdefinedbytheissuingbodyofthatrating. 2. A 4099skydive4100 isdefinedasthedescentofapersontothesurfacefromanaircraftinflightwhenheorsheusesorintendstouseaparachuteduringallorpartofthatdescent. 3. AllpersonsparticipatinginskydivingshouldbefamiliarwiththeSkydiver4101sInfor- mationManualandallfederal4102 state4103 andlocalregulationsandrulespertainingtoskydiving. B. CompliancewithFederalRegulations1. ForskydivesmadewithintheU. S. anditsterritoriesandpossessions4104 noskydivemaybemadeinviolationofFederalAviationAdministration 4105FAA4106 regulations. 2. FAAregulationsincludetheuseofrestraintsystemsintheaircraftbyallskydiversduringmovementonthesurface4107 takeoff4108 andlanding. 4109FAR91. 1074110 104USPASKYDIVER4111SINFORMATIONMANUAL 41122026 4113 USPA. ORG2RequirementsandRegulations 4114 MedicalRequirementsC. MedicalRequirements1. Allpersonsengaginginskydivingmustcomplywithoneofthefollowing4115 a. PossessaUSPARecognizedMedicalCertificate 4116URMC4117 asfollows4118 411914120 FAAThird-ClassMedical 412124122 DOTMedical 4123FormMCSA-58764124 412534126 MilitaryMedicalrequiredbytheirpositionordutystatusbytheirmilitarycommandauthorityb. Carryacertificateofphysicalandmentalfitnessforskydivingfromaregisteredphysician. c. AgreewiththeUSPArecommendedmedicalstatementinSection4-3. 2. AnyskydiveractingastandemparachutistincommandmustpossessacurrentURMC4127 a. ExceptIfactingastandemparachutistincommandoutsidetheUnitedStates4128 itsterritoriesorpossessions4129 acurrentmedicalcertificaterecognizedbythecivilaviationauthorityofthecountrywheretheywillbeexercisingtheirtandemratingprivilegesmaybesubstituted. b. AndatandemparachutistincommandwithamedicalconditionthatwouldnotallowtheuseorissuanceoftheirURMCmaynotactasatandemparachutistincommand. 3. AnyforeignnationalintheUnitedStates4130 itsterritoriesorpossessionsunderthedirectsupervisionofaTandemExaminerfortrainingorcurrencyrequirementsmustpossessaURMCoracurrentmedicalcertificaterecognizedbythecivilaviationauthorityofthecountrywheretheywillbeexercisingtheirtandemratingprivileges. D. AgeRequirements1. ForskydivesmadewithintheU. S. anditsterritoriesandpossessions4131 skydiversaretobeatleasttheagetosignalegalwaiverofliabilitycontractinthejurisdictionwheretheskydiveistobemade4132 or4133 ofanageinajurisdictionthatlegallyallowsaparent4134 orlegalguardian4135 tosignalegallybindingwaiverofliabilitycontractontheirbehalf4136 andsuchcontractissignedbytheparentorlegalguardianontheirbehalf. 4137E4138 duringinterim4139 2. ForskydivesmadeoutsidetheU. S. anditsterritoriesandpossessions4140 theminimumageisspecifiedbythecountry4141s 4142oritsnationalairsportcontrol4143s4144 requirements. Suchskydiverswhoareunder16yearsofagewillnotbeissuedaUSPAlicense. 3. Awaiverfortandemjumpsmaybeissuedtoterminallyillpersonsundertheageof18withmanufacturerapproval. TheorganizerofsuchjumpsmustsubmitaUSPAWaiverRequestformtothedirectorofsafetyandtrainingandthechairofthesafetyandtrainingcommitteeforapprovalpriortosuchjumps. E. MembershipUSPAmembershipisrequiredofanyskydiverclearedforself-supervisionataUSPAGroupMemberdropzone4145 exceptfornon-residentforeignnationalswhoaremembersoftheirownnationalaeroclubs. USPASKYDIVER4146SINFORMATIONMANUAL 41472026 4148 USPA. ORG1052RequirementsandRegulations 4149 AlcoholandDrugsReminder4150 Allstudents 4151excepttandemstudents4152 whoarenotcurrentregularortempo- rarymembersofUSPAarenotcoveredbyUSPAthird-partyliabilityinsurance4153 regard- lessoftheirtrainingprogramstatus. F. AlcoholandDrugs1. Nopersonmaymakeaparachutejump4154 orattempttomakeajump4155 ifthatpersonisorappearstobeundertheinfluenceofeither4156 a. alcohol. b. anydrugthataffectsthatperson4157sfacultiesinanywaycontrarytosafety. 2. Nopersonmaymakeaparachutejump4158 orattempttomakeajump4159 within8hoursaftertheconsumptionofanyalcoholicbeverage. G. StudentSkydiversNote4160 AllreferencestoUSPAinstructionalratingholdersapplytohigherratingholdersinthattrainingdiscipline. 1. General 4161E4162 a. Allstudenttrainingprogramsmustbeconductedunderthesupervisionasre- quiredbyanappropriatelyratedUSPAInstructoruntilthestudentisissuedaUSPAAlicense. b. Apersonconducting4163 training4164 orsupervisingstudentjumpsmustholdaUSPAinstructionalratingaccordingtotherequirementsthatfollow. c. Onanystudentjump4165 thesupervisinginstructororbothinstructorsifatwo-in- structorjump4166 mustsubmitacompletedincidentreportdescribingthecircum- stancesleadingtotheincident. ThereportmustbesubmittedtoUSPAwithin48hoursifanyAADwasactivatedorifanyinjurywassustainedrequiringon-sitemedicalattentionconsistingofmorethanlocalfirstaidonthejump. Nodisci- plinaryactionwillresultfromthisself-reportoneitheractionandallreportswillbede-identified. d. Instructionalratingholdersmustgiveeachoftheirstudentsacompletegearcheckbeforeboardingtheaircraftandverifythattheirstudent4167sgearisinproperjumpingconfiguration. 2. First-jumpcourse 4168E4169 a. Allfirst-jumpnon-method-specifictrainingmustbeconductedbyaUSPAIn- structororaUSPACoachunderthesupervisionofaUSPAInstructor. b. Allmethod-specifictrainingmustbeconductedbyaUSPAInstructorratedinthemethodforwhichthestudentisbeingtrained. 3. Allstudentsmustreceivetraininginthefollowingareas4170 sufficienttojumpsafely 4171E41724173 a. equipmentb. aircraftandexitproceduresc. freefallprocedures 4174exceptIADandstatic-linejumps4175 d. deploymentproceduresandparachuteemergenciese. canopyflightproceduresf. landingproceduresandemergencies106USPASKYDIVER4176SINFORMATIONMANUAL 41772026 4178 USPA. ORG2RequirementsandRegulations 4179 StudentSkydivers4. Advancementcriteriaa. IADandstaticline 4180E4181 418214183 AlljumpsmustbeconductedbyaUSPAInstructorinthatstudent4184strainingmethod. 418524186 Beforebeingclearedforfreefall4187 allstudentsmustperformthreesucces- sivejumpswithpracticedeploymentswhiledemonstratingtheabilitytomaintainstabilityandcontrolfromexittoopening. 418834189 Allstudentsmustbeunderthedirectsupervisionofanappropriatelyratedinstructoruntilcompletingonesuccessfulclear-and-pull. 419044191 Followingasuccessfulclear-and-pull4192 eachstudentmustbesupervisedintheaircraftandinfreefallbyaUSPACoachorInstructoruntildemon- stratingstabilityandheadingcontrolpriortoandwithinfivesecondsafterinitiatingtwointentionaldisorientingmaneuversinvolvingaback-to-earthpresentation. 419354194 Allgroundtrainingmustbeconductedbyaninstructorinthatstudent4195strainingmethod4196 untildemonstratingstabilityandheadingcontrolpriortoandwithinfivesecondsafterinitiatingtwointentionaldisorientingmaneu- versinvolvingaback-to-earthpresentation. b. Harness-holdprogram 419714198 AllstudentsmustjumpwithtwoUSPAAFFratingholdersuntildemon- stratingtheabilitytoreliablydeployinthebelly-to-earthorientationatthecorrectaltitudewithoutassistance4199 except4200 iStudentswhohavebeentrainedinawindtunnelmayjumpwithoneAFFratingholderafterdemonstratingthefollowinginthewindtunnel4201 4202 basicstability 4203neutralbodyposition4204 4205 headingcontrol 4206 controlledforwardandbackwardmotion 4207 controlledturns 4208 properresponsetohandsignals 4209 simulatedaltimeterchecksandtimeawareness 4210 wave-offs 4211 simulatedmainparachuteactivationiiThewindtunneltrainingandtunnelflightsessionsmustbeconductedbyanAFFratingholder4212 oratunnelinstructorwhoisunderthedirectsupervisionofanAFFratingholder. Alltrainingmustbedocumented. 421324214 AllstudentsmustjumpwithoneUSPAAFFratingholder4215 exitsafely4216 main- tainstability4217 anddeployattheplannedaltitudewithoutassistancepriortoattemptingdisorientingmaneuvers. 421834219 AllstudentsmustjumpunderthedirectsupervisionofanappropriatelyratedUSPAInstructoruntildemonstratingstabilityandheadingcontrolpriortoandwithinfivesecondsafterinitiatingtwointentionaldisorientingmaneuversinvolvingaback-to-earthpresentation. c. Tandemjumps 4220E4221 USPASKYDIVER4222SINFORMATIONMANUAL 42232026 4224 USPA. ORG1072RequirementsandRegulations 4225 StudentSkydivers 422614227 AnyUSPAmemberconductingatandemjumpmusthavesuccessfullycom- pletedatandemcourseconductedbythemanufacturerofthetandemparachutesystemusedintheparachuteoperation4228 beencertifiedbytheappropriateparachutemanufacturerortandemcourseproviderasbeingproperlytrainedontheuseofthespecifictandemparachutesystemtobeused4229 andmustholdacurrentUSPATandemrating. 423024231 Forprogressivetrainingrequirementsfollowingtandemjumps4232 referto 4233Crossovertraining. 4234 423534236 Intentionalback-to-earthorverticalorientationsthatcausetandemfreefallspeedsexceedingthatofdroguefallareprohibited. 423744238 Tandemequipmentinstructionmustbeconductedbyanindividualap- provedbythetandemequipmentmanufacturerofthatsystem. 423954240 Allstudenttandemskydivesmustbeconductedinaccordancewiththespecificmanufacturer4241sagerequirementsforthetandemsystemusedforthatjump. 424264243 Useofanyextendableorfixedpolecameramounts4244 attachedorhandheldbythetandemratingholderorstudent4245 isprohibited. 424674247 Anypersonactingasparachutistincommandonatandemskydiveisre- quiredtoconductsystem-handleschecksasdefinedbythemanufacturerofthespecifiedtandemequipmentbeingusedimmediatelyafterdeployingthedrogue. 424884249 Anypersonmakingatandemskydivemaynotperformaturnofmorethan90degreesbelow500feetAGL. 425094251 Tandemratingholdersmustholdhandcamendorsementorhaveatleast200tandemskydivesbeforeusing4252 holdingorattachinganycameradevicetothemselvesortheirstudent. 4253104254 Anypersonactingastheparachutistincommandonatandemskydivemustmeetthejumpcurrencydefinedbythemanufacturerofthespecif- ictandemequipmentbeingused. Iftheyfailtomeetthatrequirement4255 theymustcompleteadditionalcurrencyrequirements4256 whichmayincludejumps4257 training4258 andasupervisioncomponent4259 asrequiredbythemanu- facturer4260 beforetakinganunlicensedjumper. 4261114262 TandemPICsmusthavethelowerlateralstrapsreconnectedtothecon- tainer4263 attheoriginalfreefallposition4264 beforelanding. 5. Crossovertraining 4265E4266 a. Studentsmaytransferafterthefirstorsubsequentjumpstoanothertrainingmethodafterdemonstratingsufficientknowledgeandskillintheareasofequip- ment4267 aircraft4268 exits4269 freefallmaneuvers4270 deployment4271 emergencyprocedures4272 canopycontrol4273 andrulesandrecommendationstoenterintothatprogramatacomparablelevelofproficiencyandtraining. b. Studentspreviouslytrainedinatandemprogrammaycontinueinaharness-holdprogramormustdemonstrateasoloexitandpracticedeploymentwithstabilityintheIADorstatic-lineprogrampriortoadvancingtofreefall. c. Studentswhohavecompletedatleasttwotandemjumpsanddemonstratedtheabilitytoreliablypullthedroguereleaseatthecorrectaltitude4274 maintainheadingandastablebodyposition4275 withoutrequiringanycontroloraltitudeprompts108USPASKYDIVER4276SINFORMATIONMANUAL 42772026 4278 USPA. ORG2RequirementsandRegulations 4279 Windsfromthetandeminstructor4280 mayprogresstosingle-instructorAFFjumpsaftercompletionofsologroundtraining. d. Studentspreviouslytrainedinaharness-holdprogrammusthaveexitedstablewithoutassistanceorperformedastableIADorstatic-linejumpwithapracticedeploymentsupervisedbyaUSPAIADorStatic-LineInstructorpriortoperform- ingfreefalljumpswithanynon-AFF-ratedUSPAInstructor. e. StudentspreviouslytrainedinCategoriesA-CinSL4281 IADandtandempro - gramsmayjumpwithoneAFFinstructorafterdemonstratingtheAFFwind-tunnelrequirements. 6. Studentstrainingforgroupfreefalla. StudentfreefalltrainingforgroupfreefalljumpsmustbeconductedbyeitheraUSPACoachoraD-licenseholderapprovedtomakecoachjumpsbytheirS4282TA4283 underthesupervisionofaUSPAInstructor4284 and4285 b. Themaximumnumberofparticipantsinanyskydivethatincludesastudentonsoloequipmentisfour. Studentsmustnotformthemajorityofthegroup4286 mustbeclearedforself-supervisionandhavesuccessfullydemonstratedtheskillsofISPCategoryG. AllotherparticipantsmustbecurrentUSPAinstructionalratingholders. 7. Instructionofforeignstudents 4287E4288 a. Foreignnon-residentinstructionalratingholdersappropriatelyandcurrentlyratedbytheirnationalaeroclubmaytrainstudentsfromthatnationintheU. S. 4289 providedtheinstructionisconductedinaccordancewiththeUSPABasicSafetyRequirements. b. AppropriatelyandcurrentlyratedUSPAinstructionalratingholdersmayassistinthistraining. 8. NoskydiverwillsimultaneouslyperformthedutiesofaUSPAinstructionalratingholderandpilot-in-commandofanaircraftinflight. 9. Allstudentjumps4290 includingtandems4291 mustbecompletedbetweenofficialsunriseandsunset. H. WindsMaximumgroundwinds1. Forallsolostudents 4292S4293 a. 14mphforram-aircanopiesb. 10mphforroundreserves2. ForlicensedskydiversareunlimitedI. MinimumOpeningAltitudesMinimumcontaineropeningaltitudesabovethegroundforskydiversare4294 1. Tandemjumps4295 54296 000feetAGL 4297E4298 2. AllstudentsandA-licenseholders4299 34300 000feetAGL 4301E4302 3. B-licenseholders4303 24304 500feetAGL 4305E4306 4. C- andD-licenseholders4307 24308 500feetAGL 4309S4310 4311waiverabletonolowerthan24312 000feetAGL4313 USPASKYDIVER4314SINFORMATIONMANUAL 43152026 4316 USPA. ORG1092RequirementsandRegulations 4317 DropZoneRequirementsJ. DropZoneRequirements1. Areasusedforskydivingshouldbeunobstructed4318 withthefollowingminimumradialdistancestothenearesthazard4319 a. solostudentsandA-licenseholders4320 330feetb. B- andC-licenseholdersandalltandemskydives4321 165feetc. D-licenseholders4322 40feetd. Or4323 landingareasthatdonotmeettheminimumradialdistancetothenearesthazardrequirement4324 asdescribedabove4325 maybeapprovedbytheRegionalDi- rectorandtheDirectorofSafetyandTraining. Theseareasmaybenon-circularandsimilarinsquarefootagetothosedescribedabove. 2. Hazardsaredefinedastelephoneandpowerlines4326 towers4327 buildings4328 bodiesofwater4329 highways4330 vehicles4331 andclustersoftreescoveringmorethan324332 292squarefeet. However4333 clustersoftreesmustnotbegreaterthan104334 ofthedesignatedlandingarea. 3. Mannedground-to-aircommunications 4335e. g. 4336 radios4337 panels4338 smoke4339 lights4340 aretobepresentonthedropzoneduringskydivingoperations. K. Pre-JumpRequirementsTheappropriatealtitudeandsurfacewindsaretobedeterminedpriortoconductinganyskydive. L. ExtraordinarySkydives1. Night4341 water4342 anddemonstrationjumpsaretobeperformedonlywiththeadviceoftheappropriateUSPAS4343TA4344 Examiner4345 orRegionalDirector. 2. Pre-plannedbreakawayjumpsaretobemadeonlybyclassC- andD-licenseholdersusingFAATSO4346edequipment. 4347E4348 3. DemonstrationjumpsintoLevel2areasrequireaDlicensewithaUSPAPRORatingforalljumpers4349 includingbothtandemjumpparticipants. 4350E4351 4. Contactcanopyformationactivityisprohibitedontandemjumps. 4352E4353 5. Tandemjumpsintostadiumsareprohibited. 4354E4355 6. Anypersonperformingawingsuitjumpmusthaveatleast200skydivesandholdacurrentskydivinglicense. 4356E4357 7. Freefallwithin500feetverticallyorhorizontallyofanystudentunderparachute4358 includingtandemstudents4359 isprohibited. 4360Thisrequirementexcludesscenarioswhere4361 duringatrainingjump4362astudent4363sinstructor4364s4365 andvideographermaybewithinthisdistance. 4366 Freefallwithin500feetverticallyorhorizontallyofanylicensedskydiverundercanopyrequirespriorplanningandagreementbetweenthecanopypilotandtheskydiverinfreefall. M. ParachuteEquipment1. FAAregulations 4367FAR105. 194368 requirethatwhenperformingnightjumps4369 eachsky- divermustdisplayalightthatisvisibleforatleastthreestatutemilesfromthetimethejumperisunderanopenparachuteuntillanding. 2. Allstudentsaretobeequippedwiththefollowingequipmentuntiltheyhaveob- tainedaUSPAAlicense4370 a. arigidhelmet 4371excepttandemstudents4372 110USPASKYDIVER4373SINFORMATIONMANUAL 43742026 4375 USPA. ORG2RequirementsandRegulations 4376 SpecialAltitudeEquipmentandSupplementaryOxygenb. apiggybackharness-and-containersystemthatincludesasingle-pointriserreleaseandareservestaticlinec. avisuallyaccessiblealtimeter 4377excepttandemstudents4378 d. afunctionalautomaticactivationdevicethatmeetsthemanufacturer4379srecom- mendedserviceschedulee. aram-airmaincanopysuitableforstudentusef. asteerablereservecanopyappropriatetothestudent4380sweightg. forfreefall4381 aripcord-activated4382 spring-loaded4383 pilot-chute-equippedmainpara- chuteorabottom- of-container 4384BOC4385 throw-outpilotchute3. Studentsmustreceiveadditionalgroundinstructioninemergencyproceduresanddeployment-specificinformationbeforejumpinganyunfamiliarsystem. 4. Allinstructionalratingholdersmusthaveavisiblyaccessiblealtimeterwhencon- ductingstudentjumps. 5. Allskydiverswearingaroundmainorreservecanopyandallsolostudentsmustwearflotationgearwhentheintendedexit4386 opening4387 orlandingpointiswithinonemileofanopenbodyofwater 4388anopenbodyofwaterisdefinedasoneinwhichaskydivercoulddrown4389. 4390S4391 N. SpecialAltitudeEquipmentandSupplementaryOxygenSupplementaryoxygenavailableontheaircraftismandatoryonskydivesmadefromhigherthan154392 000feet 4393MSL4394. 2-24395 WaiverstotheBasicSafetyRequirementsA. WhyBSRsMayNeedtobeWaivedTheBasicSafetyRequirementsrepresentcommonlyacceptedstandardsnecessarytopromotesafetyinaverageconditions. Sincethesestandardsmaybeanunnecessaryburdeninsomeindividualcircumstances4396 USPAprovidesprocedurestodocumentexceptions4397 knownaswaiverstotheBSRs. Thesewaiversalsoprovidefortheresponsi- bleresearchanddevelopmentofimprovedtechniquesandmethods. B. ClassificationofWaiversWaiverstotheBasicSafetyRequirementsarefiledatthreelevels4398 1. theUSPAS4399TAorUSPAExaminer2. theExecutiveCommitteeofUSPA3. fullBoardofDirectorsofUSPANeitherUSPAHeadquartersnoranyotherpersonorgroupofpersonsexceptthoseherestatedhastheauthorizationtofileawaivertoanyBSR. EachBSRiswaiverableonlybythefullboard4400 exceptforthoseBSRsdesignatedasbeingwaiverableby4401 4402 S4403TAorExamineronly 4404S4405 4406 ExecutiveCommitteeoftheUSPABoardonly 4407E4408 USPASKYDIVER4409SINFORMATIONMANUAL 44102026 4411 USPA. ORG1112RequirementsandRegulations 4412 ProceduresforFilingWaiversC. ProceduresforFilingWaiversWaiversaretobefiledonlywhentheperson4413s4414 filingthewaiverisassuredthattherewillbenocompromiseofsafety. Theperson4415s4416 filingthewaivershouldmakeperiodicinspectionstoensurethatsafetyisnotbeingcompromisedandtodeterminewhetherthewaivershouldberescinded. InthecaseofwaiversbytheExecutiveCommittee4417 theRegionalDirectorwillperformtheseinspectionsandmakerecommendationstotheBoard. AnywaiverfiledbyanS4418TAorExaminerexceptforthedeploymentaltitudeexceptionin2-1I. 4. willbeinwritingonthewaiverformavailablefordownloadatuspa. org4419 downloads. AcopyofthewaiverwillbesenttoboththeUSPARegionalDirectorandUSPAHeadquarters. TheS4420TAmaywaivetheminimumdeploymentaltitudeforC- andD-licenseholdersfrom24421 500feetdownto24422 000feetforajumporaseriesofjumps4423 ifnecessary. Thedeployment-altitudewaiverdoesnotrequireanywrittennotificationtoUSPAHeadquartersortheRegionalDirector4424 however4425 theS4426TAshouldmakeanoteofthewaiverfortheirownrecords. AnywaiversfiledbyS4427TAsorExaminersmustspecifyalocationandprovideacopytoUSPAHeadquartersandthelocation4428sUSPARegionalDirector. S4429TAwaiverscanbefiledonlineatuspa. org4430stawaivers. Thewaiverwillremaininplacepermanentlyunlessthedropzonechangesownershiporlocation4431 ortheS4432TAorRegionalDirectorrescindsthewaiver. S4433TAsarenottofilewaiversforskydivingactivitiesoutsidetheirassignedarea. IfthereisaconflictbetweenanS4434TAandanExaminerastowhetherawaivershouldbefiled4435 thedecisionoftheS4436TAwillbefinal. TheExecutiveCommitteeorfullUSPABoardofDirectorswillnotapproveawaiverwithoutconsultingandnotifyingthelocalS4437TAorUSPARegionalDirector. D. FilingofWaiversPersonswillpermanentlymaintainarecordofanywaivertheyfile. TheS4438TAandRegionalDirectorwillmaintainpermanentrecordsofallwaiversfiledforskydivingactivitieswithintheirarea. Therecordswillbekeptinsuchamannerastoindicatethosewaiverscurrentlyineffectandthosethathavebeenrescinded. USPAHeadquar- terswillmaintainapermanentrecordofallwaivers. 2-34439 FederalAviationRegulationsTheFAA4440smainresponsibilityistoprovideforthesafetyofairtraffic4441 aswellaspersonsandpropertyontheground. TheFAAdoesthisbycertificatingpilots4442 mechanics4443 airtrafficcontrollersandparachuteriggersandbyrequiringapprovaldataforaircraftandparachutes. Theagencyhastheauthoritytoimposefinesandsuspendorrevokecertif- icatesithasissued. Inthecaseofaskydivingviolation4444 theFAAcanfinethepilot4445 rigger4446 andthejumpers4447 aswellassuspendorrevokethecertificatesofpilotsandriggers. TheFAAreliesuponself-policingfromwithintheskydivingcommunityformosttrainingandoperationalrequirements. 112USPASKYDIVER4448SINFORMATIONMANUAL 44492026 4450 USPA. ORG2RequirementsandRegulationsImportantReferenceNumbers 4451 FARPart61 4452excerpts44534454 pilotcertification 4455 FARPart65 4456excerpts44574458 parachuteriggers 4459 FAR91 4460excerpts44614462 generalflightrulespertainingtoskydivingoperations 4463 FARPart105 4464all44654466 skydiving 4467 FARPart119 4468excerpts44694470 limitsofjumpflights 4471 AC90-664472 multi-usersatuncontrolledairports 4473 AC105-2E4474 sportparachuting 4475 FAAAirTrafficBulletins4476 informationforairtrafficcontrollersPART614477Certification4478 Pilots4479 FlightInstructors4480 andGroundInstructorsFoundinSUBCHAPTERD4481AIRMENImportantsectionstonote4482 Sec. 61. 14483 ApplicabilityanddefinitionsSec. 61. 34484 Requirementforcertificates4485 ratings4486 andauthorizationsSec. 61. 234487 Medicalcertificates4488 RequirementanddurationSec. 61. 514489 PilotlogbooksSec. 61. 564490 FlightreviewSec. 61. 574491 Recentflightexperience4492 PilotincommandSec. 61. 1334493 CommercialpilotprivilegesandlimitationsPART654494Certification4495 AirmenOtherThanFlightCrewmembersFoundinSUBCHAPTERD4496AIRMENImportantsectionstonote4497 Sec. 65. 14498 ApplicabilitySec. 65. 114499 ApplicationandissueSec. 65. 124500 OffensesinvolvingalcoholordrugsSec. 65. 154501 DurationofcertificatesSec. 65. 164502 Changeofname4503 ReplacementoflostordestroyedcertificateSec. 65. 174504 Tests4505 GeneralprocedureSec. 65. 184506 Writtentests4507 CheatingorotherunauthorizedconductSec. 65. 194508 RetestingafterfailureSec. 65. 204509 Applications4510 certificates4511 logbooks4512 reports4513 andrecords4514 Falsification4515 reproduction4516 oralterationSec. 65. 214517 ChangeofaddressSec. 65. 1114518 CertificaterequiredSec. 65. 1134519 Eligibilityrequirements4520 Generaluspa. org4521far452261uspa. org4523far452465USPASKYDIVER4525SINFORMATIONMANUAL 45262026 4527 USPA. ORG1132RequirementsandRegulationsSec. 65. 1154528 Seniorparachuteriggercertificate4529 Experience4530 knowledge4531 andskillrequirementsSec. 65. 1174532 Militaryriggersorformermilitaryriggers4533 SpecialcertificationruleSec. 65. 1194534 Masterparachuteriggercertificate4535 Experience4536 knowledge4537 andskillrequirementsSec. 65. 1214538 TyperatingsSec. 65. 1234539 Additionaltyperatings4540 RequirementsSec. 65. 1254541 Certificates4542 Privileges 4543uspa. org4544far45456545461254547 Sec. 65. 1274548 FacilitiesandequipmentSec. 65. 1294549 Performancestandards 4550uspa. org4551far45526545531294554 Sec. 65. 1314555 RecordsSec. 65. 1334556 SealPART914557GeneralOperatingandFlightRulesFoundinSUBCHAPTERF4558AirTrafficandGeneralOperatingRulesImportantsectionstonote4559 Sec. 91. 14560 ApplicabilitySec. 91. 34561 Responsibilityandauthorityofthepilotincommand 4562uspa. org4563far456491456534566 Sec. 91. 54567 PilotincommandofaircraftrequiringmorethanonerequiredpilotSec. 91. 74568 CivilaircraftairworthinessSec. 91. 114569 ProhibitiononinterferencewithcrewmembersSec. 91. 134570 CarelessorrecklessoperationSec. 91. 154571 Droppingobjects 4572uspa. org4573far4574914575154576 Sec. 91. 174577 Alcoholordrugs 4578uspa. org4579far4580914581174582 Sec. 91. 194583 Carriageofnarcoticdrugs4584 marihuana4585 anddepressantorstimulantdrugsorsubstancesSec. 91. 1014586 ApplicabilitySec. 91. 1034587 PreflightactionSec. 91. 1074588 Useofsafetybelts4589 shoulderharnesses4590 andchildrestraintsystems 4591uspa. org4592far45939145941074595 Sec. 91. 1114596 OperatingnearotheraircraftSec. 91. 1134597 Right-of-wayrules4598 ExceptwateroperationsSec. 91. 1194599 Minimumsafealtitudes4600 GeneralSec. 91. 1264601 OperatingonorinthevicinityofanairportinClassGairspaceSec. 91. 1274602 OperatingonorinthevicinityofanairportinClassEairspaceSec. 91. 1514603 FuelrequirementsforflightinVFRconditions 4604uspa. org4605far46069146071514608 Sec. 91. 1554609 BasicVFRweatherminimums 4610uspa. org4611far46129146131554614 Sec. 91. 2114615 Supplementaloxygen 4616uspa. org4617far46189146192114620 uspa. org4621far462291114USPASKYDIVER4623SINFORMATIONMANUAL 46242026 4625 USPA. ORG2RequirementsandRegulationsSec. 91. 2154626 ATCtransponderandaltitudereportingequipmentanduse. Sec. 91. 2234627 TerrainawarenessandwarningsystemSec. 91. 2254628 AutomaticDependentSurveillance-Broadcast 4629ADS-B4630 OutequipmentanduseSec. 91. 3074631 ParachutesandparachutingSec. 91. 4034632 GeneralSec. 91. 4094633 Inspections 4634uspa. org4635far46369146374094638 PART1054639ParachuteOperationsFoundinSUBCHAPTERF4640AirTrafficandGeneralOperatingRulesImportantsectionstonote4641 Sec. 105. 14642 ApplicabilitySec. 105. 34643 Definitions 4644uspa. org4645far4646105464734648 Sec. 105. 54649 GeneralSec. 105. 74650 Useofalcoholanddrugs 4651uspa. org4652far4653105465474655 Sec. 105. 94656 InspectionsSec. 105. 134657 Radioequipmentanduserequirements 4658uspa. org4659far46601054661134662 Sec. 105. 154663 Informationrequiredandnoticeofcancellationorpostponementofaparachuteoperation 4664uspa. org4665far46661054667154668 Sec. 105. 174669 Flightvisibilityandclearancefromcloudrequirements 4670uspa. org4671far46721054673174674 Sec. 105. 194675 Parachuteoperationsbetweensunsetandsunrise 4676uspa. org4677far46781054679194680 Sec. 105. 214681 Parachuteoperationsoverorintoacongestedareaoranopen-airassemblyofpersons 4682uspa. org4683far46841054685214686 Sec. 105. 234687 Parachuteoperationsoverorontoairports 4688uspa. org4689far46901054691234692 Sec. 105. 254693 Parachuteoperationsindesignatedairspace 4694uspa. org4695far46961054697254698 Sec. 105. 414699 ApplicabilitySec. 105. 434700 Useofsingle-harness4701 dual-parachutesystems 4702uspa. org4703far47041054705434706 Sec. 105. 454707 Useoftandemparachutesystems 4708uspa. org4709far47101054711454712 Sec. 105. 474713 Useofstaticlines 4714uspa. org4715far47161054717474718 Sec. 105. 494719 ForeignparachutistsandequipmentPART1194720Certification4721 AirCarriersandCommercialOperatorsFoundinSUBCHAPTERG4722AirCarriersandOperatorsforCom- pensationorHire4723 CertificationandOperationsuspa. org4724far4725105uspa. org4726far4727119USPASKYDIVER4728SINFORMATIONMANUAL 47292026 4730 USPA. ORG1152RequirementsandRegulations2-44731 OtherFAAGuidanceAdvisoryCircularsAC90-66B4732 RecommendedStandardTrafficPatternsandPracticesforAeronauticalOperationsatAirportswithoutOperatingControlTowersAC105-2E4733 SportParachutingContainsinformationaboutTSOforparachutes4734 deploy- ment-assisteddevicesforstaticline4735 parachuteopera- tionsontoandoverairports4736 aircraftinspections4737 jumppilotresponsibilities4738 exhibitionjumping4739 parachutepacking4740 repairsandalterations4741 doorremoval4742 andfieldapprovalprocess. SeatsandRestraintSystemsAirTrafficBulletinsuspa. org4743far4744AC90-66Buspa. org4745far4746AC105-2Euspa. org4747far4748seatbeltsuspa. org4749far4750ATB116USPASKYDIVER4751SINFORMATIONMANUAL 47522026 4753 USPA. ORGSkydiverscanqualifyforandreceiveavarietyoflicensesandratingsaccordingtotheirexperience4754 skill4755 andknowledgelevel. USPALicensesaredocumentsofproficiency4756 dividedintofourclassesfromthelowesttohighestlevels4757 A4758 B4759 C4760 andD. USPARatingsarecredentialsearnedthroughexperienceandexpertiseinoneofthreeareas4761 studentinstruction4762 professionaldemonstrationjumping4763 andcompetitionjudging. FormoredetailsontheUSPAinstructionalratings4764 seetheUSPAInstructionalRatingManual 4765IRM4766. FortheUSPAPROExhibitionrating4767 seeSIMChapter64768 4769ExhibitionJumpingandPRORating. 4770 Forinformationoncompetitionjudging4771 seetheUSPASkydiv- er4772sCompetitionManual 4773SCM4774. USPAalsopresentsAwardstomembersinrecognitionoftheiraccomplishmentsinskydiving. USPAestablishedtheseawardsprograms4775 representingsignificantachieve- ment4776 toprovidegoalsandpromoterecognitioninavarietyoffields. TheFederalAviationAdministration 4777FAA47784779 notUSPA4780 issuescertificatesforriggers4781 pilots4782 andaircraftmechanics. FormoreinformationonFAAcredentials4783 refertotheFAAwebsiteatfaa. gov. 3-14784 LicensesUSPAintendsforitslicenserequirementstoencourageskydiverstodevelopknowl- edgeandskillsastheygainexperience. AllF4785d4786rationA4787ronautiqueInternationale 4788FAI4789 akatheWorldAirSportsFederation4790-membercountriesrecognizeUSPAlicenses4791 whichserveasofficialdocumentationthattheholderhasattainedthestatedexperi- enceandskills. Licensesarevaluableinstructionaltools4792 servingbothasgoalsandasguidelinesforacquiringtheskillsandknowledgenecessaryforareasonablelevelofsafetyandenjoyment. USPALicenseAuthorityTheNationalAeronauticAssociationandtheF4793d4794rationA4795ronautiqueInternationaleauthorizetheUnitedStatesParachuteAssociationtoissueinternationallyrecognizedParachutistCertificatesofProficiency. USPAissuestheseasA4796 B4797 C4798 andDlicenses4799 rankedaccordingtolevelofaccomplishment4800 basedondemonstratedskill4801 knowledge4802 andexperience. Chapter34803 Licenses4804 Ratings4805 andAwardsUSPASKYDIVER4806SINFORMATIONMANUAL 48072026 4808 USPA. ORG1173Licenses4809 Ratings4810 andAwardsValidityofLicensesandRatingsUSPAlicensesandratingsarevalidonlywhiletheholderisacurrentUSPAmember. USPAlicensesarevalidinallFAI-membercountriesand4811 whilevalid4812 entitletheholdertoparticipateinopenskydivingeventsorganizedinFAI-membercountries. USPAissueslicensesonlytoUSPAmemberswhomeettheconditionssetforthforthatlicense. Applicantsmayusestudent-trainingandmilitary-trainingjumpstowardtotaljumprequirementsforlicensesandratingsiftheappropriateUSPAofficialverifiesthem. USPAdefines 4813totalfreefalltime4814 toincludebothfreefallanddroguefalltime. Therequirednumberofjumpsforlicensesandratingscanincludestatic-lineandIADjumps. USPAmaysuspend4815 revoke4816 orrefusetoissuealicenseorratingactingincompliancewithexistingUSPABoarddirectives. LoggingJumpsforLicensesandRatingsApplicantsmustmakeskydivesofferedasevidenceofqualificationinaccordancewithUSPArequirementsineffectatthetimeofthejump. Thisevidencemustbelegiblyrecordedinchronologicalorderinanappropriatelogthatcontainsthefollowinginformation4817 4818 jumpnumber 4819 date 4820 location 4821 exitaltitude 4822 freefalllength 4823time4824 4825 typeofjump 4826formationskydiving4827 freeflying4828 canopyformation4829 etc. 4830 4831 landingdistancefromthetarget 4832 equipmentused 4833 verifyingsignaturetoincludealegibleUSPAmembershipnumber4834 skydivinglicensenumber4835 orpilotcertificatenumberAwitnessofthejump4836whomaybeanotherlicensedskydiver4837 pilot4838 orUSPAInstructor4839 Examiner4840 S4841TA4842 orboardmember4843mustsignoffonjumpssubmittedtomeetthenumber-of-jumpsrequirementsforUSPAlicensesandratings. AUSPACoach4844 Instructor4845 Examiner4846 S4847TA4848 orboardmembermustsignthelogbookentryforjumpstomeetskillrequirementsforUSPAlicensesandratings4849 skillrequire- mentsincludeallrequirements 4850forexample4851 accuracylandings4852 formations4853 D-licenseskillrequirements4854 exceptthosetoexclusivelymeetthenumber-of-jumpsrequire- ments. AUSPAInstructor4855 Examiner4856 S4857TA4858 orboardmembermustverifylogbookentriestomeettherequirementsforA4859 B4860 andClicenses. AUSPAS4861TA4862 orboardmembermustverifylogbookentriestomeettherequirementsforDlicenses. AUSPAExaminermustsignoffonspecialrequirementsandadditionalqualifyingitemssuchasfirst-jumpcourses4863 airevaluations4864 groundevaluations4865 andteachingrequirementsneededforexaminerratings. 118USPASKYDIVER4866SINFORMATIONMANUAL 48672026 4868 USPA. ORG3Licenses4869 Ratings4870 andAwardsApplicantswhousedigitaldevicesinsteadoftraditionalpaperlogbookstorecordjumpsmustensurethatthedigitaldevicecontainstherequiredinformation4871 includingasignatureverificationfromalicensedskydiver4872 thepilot4873 oraUSPANationalorFAIJudgewhowitnessedtheskydive. Eachinstructor4874 S4875TA4876 examiner4877 orboardmemberwhoverifieslicenserequirementsforaUSPAlicensemustreviewandverifythejumpsloggedinadigitaldevice. Skydiverspursuinglicensesandratingsmustclearlylogtheirfirst500jumpssoofficialscaneasilyverifythem. LoggingFreefallTimeThefollowingtableprovidestheestimatedfreefalltimefromagivenaltitude. Manyfactorsaffecttheactualterminalvelocityinfreefall4878 includingthetotalweightofthejumper 4879includingequipment48804881 thesurface-area-to-weightratio4882 jumpsuit4883 altitude4884 andskydivingdiscipline. Youshouldlogeveryjumpmade4885 includingtheamountoffreefalltimeexperiencedinactualtime. Freefall-TimeTableLengthofFreefall 4886feet4887 Timeat120mph 4888seconds4889 Timeat160mph 4890seconds4891 Timeat50mph 4892seconds4893 5002. 842. 136. 8214894 0005. 684. 2613. 6414895 5008. 526. 4020. 4524896 00011. 368. 5327. 2724897 50014. 2010. 6734. 0934898 00017. 0512. 8040. 9134899 50019. 8914. 9447. 7344900 00022. 7317. 0754. 5544901 50025. 5719. 2161. 3654902 00028. 4121. 3468. 1854903 50031. 2523. 4875. 0064904 00034. 0925. 6181. 8264905 50036. 9327. 7588. 6474906 00039. 7729. 8895. 4574907 50042. 6132. 02102. 2784908 00045. 4534. 15109. 0984909 50048. 3036. 29115. 9194910 00051. 1438. 42122. 7394911 50053. 9840. 56129. 55104912 00056. 8242. 69136. 36104913 50059. 6644. 83143. 18114914 00062. 5046. 96150. 00114915 50065. 3449. 10156. 82124916 00068. 1851. 23163. 64124917 50071. 0253. 37170. 45134918 00073. 8655. 50177. 27USPASKYDIVER4919SINFORMATIONMANUAL 49202026 4921 USPA. ORG1193Licenses4922 Ratings4923 andAwardsLengthofFreefall 4924feet4925 Timeat120mph 4926seconds4927 Timeat160mph 4928seconds4929 Timeat50mph 4930seconds4931 134932 50076. 7057. 64184. 09144933 00079. 5559. 77190. 91144934 50082. 3961. 91197. 73154935 00085. 2364. 04204. 55154936 50088. 0766. 18211. 36LicenseExamsTheA-LicenseWritten4937 Oral4938 andPracticalExamsTheexaminingUSPAInstructorwillsupervisea40-questionwrittenUSPAA-LicenseExam 4939availableonline4940. Theapplicantmustscoreatleast754941 onthiswrittenexam. Seethenextsectionformoredetailsonwrittenexamsforalllicenses. TheexaminingUSPAInstructorwillalsoconductanoralquizofatleast20ques- tionstakenfromtheUSPAIntegratedStudentProgramsyllabus4942 withemphasisonthefollowing4943 4944 cloud-clearanceandvisibilityrequirements 4945 equipmentoperationandmaintenance 4946 wingloadinganditseffects 4947 closingloop 4948 touchfastener 4949akaVelcro4950 andtuckflaps 4951 packingandauthorizationtopack 4952 canopyflight 4953 trafficpatternsandcollisionavoidance 4954 brakedturnsandobstacleavoidance 4955 low-turnavoidanceandrecovery 4956 downwindlandingprocedures 4957 obstaclelandingemergencyandrecoveryprocedures 4958 aircraftprocedures 4959 duringjumprunandexittoobservebalancelimits 4960 distancebetweengroupstomaintainseparation 4961 aircraft-emergencyprocedures 4962 groupbreakoffrecommendations 4963 parachute-emergencyprocedures 4964 deploymentmalfunctions 4965 cutawaydecide-and-actaltitude 4966 two-canopies-deployedscenarios 4967 accountabilityforFARcomplianceTheapplicantmustscore1004968 onthisoralexam. Ifthestudentfailstoanswerallquestionsintheoralquizcorrectly4969 theexamininginstructorwillconductorarrangeappropriatereviewtraininguntilpassing. 120USPASKYDIVER4970SINFORMATIONMANUAL 49712026 4972 USPA. ORG3Licenses4973 Ratings4974 andAwardsTheexamininginstructorwillalsoconductapracticalexambymakingaskydive 4975alsoreferredtoasthe 4976A-licensecheckdive49774978 withtheapplicanttoverifypracticalcapabili- tiesinthefollowingareas4979 4980 choosingthespotandselectingandguidingthepilottothecorrectexitandopeningpointinroutineconditions 4981 pre-jumpequipmentchecksforselfandothers 4982 planninganeffectivegroupbreakoff 4983 right360-degreeturn4984 left360-degreeturn4985 andabackloop 4986backlooptobecompletedwithin60degreesoftheoriginalheading4987 4988 dockingfrom20feet 4989evaluatorfliesintoposition4990 4991 breakoffaltituderecognitionandtrackingforaminimumof100feet 4992 signalbeforedeploymentandoverallawarenessduringandafterdeployment 4993 planningandflyingalogicallandingpatternthatpromotesasmoothtrafficflowandavoidsotherjumpers 4994 packingandpreparingequipmentforthenextjumpTheapplicantmustscoresatisfactorilyonthispracticalexam. Ifthestudentfailstodemonstratepracticalcapabilitiesinanyarea4995 theexamininginstructorwillconductorarrangeappropriatereviewtrainingandre-jumpsuntilthestudentpasses. A-4996 B-4997 C-4998 andD-LicenseWrittenExamsAnappropriateexaminingofficialmustsuperviselicenseexams. Applicantsmaynotusereferencesorotherassistanceduringtheexamandmustpasswithascoreof754999 ormore. Theofficialwillrecordanypassingscoreonthelicenseapplicationandintheapplicant5000slogbook. Whengivingwrittenexamsonpaper5001 theexaminingofficialgivesthelicenseapplicantablankanswersheetandthequestionstotheexam. Afterthetest5002 theexaminingoffi- cialcollectsthematerialsandgradestheexam. Anapplicantwhodoesnotpasswillbeeligibletoretakethisexamaftersevendays. ForwrittenexamstakenusingUSPA5003sonlinelicense-testingprogram5004 applicantswhodonotpassmayimmediatelyretestusingthesamemethodforatotalofthreeattemptsperday. Toqualifyforahigherlicense5005 theapplicantmustpossessaUSPAlicense5006 meetallqual- ificationsforlowerlicenses5007 andhavepassedalllower-classlicenseexams. LicenseApplicationsStudentscanapplyfortheirALicenseusingacompletedA-LicenseProgressionCardeitheronlineorpaper. Iftheyusetheonlineprogressioncard5008 theycanpurchaseandreceivetheirALicenseinstantly. AproperlycompletedpaperprogressioncardservesasavalidALicenseforupto60daysfromthedateonwhichitwassignedbythecertifyinginstructor. However5009 thestudentshouldsendthepaperapplicationandtheassociatedfeetoUSPAHeadquarterswithin60days. USPASKYDIVER5010SINFORMATIONMANUAL 50112026 5012 USPA. ORG1213Licenses5013 Ratings5014 andAwardsApplicantsforalllicenselevelsmustsubmittheappropriatefeeandthecompletedapplicationtoUSPAthroughanyofthefollowingmethods5015 5016 Haverequirementsverifiedonlineandpurchasethelicenseonline. 5017 Scanandemailacopyofthecardtomembership5018uspa. organdcallUSPAHeadquarterswithcreditcardpayment. 5019 Copybothsidesofthecompletedlicenseapplicationandmailitwithpayment. 5020 FaxbothsidesofthecompletedlicenseapplicationtoUSPAandcallUSPAHeadquarterswithcreditcardpayment. OnceUSPAissuesalicense5021 itwillupdatetheapplicant5022smembershipcardtoincludethenewlicensenumber5023 whichParachutistmagazinewillpublishifthememberoptsintosharingthroughtheirprivacysettingsintheiruspa. orgprofile. USPAwillmailanewphysicalmembershipcardifthememberoptsintothatmailingpreference. ForpaperlicenseapplicationsforB5024 C5025 andDlicenses5026 theverifyingofficialsigningthelicenseapplicationshouldcheckthateachoftheseitemshasbeencompleted5027 5028 applicant5029spersonalinformation 5030 experienceverification 5031numberofjumpsandfreefalltime5032 ifapplicable5033 5034 skillverificationTheofficialverifieseitherthatthejumpnumber5035 date5036 orscoreforeachrequirementiscorrectandcanbefoundintheapplicant5037slogbook5038 or5039 ifapplicable5040 theapplicantincludedtheirappropriatelicensenumberwiththeapplication. Forexperienceverifi- cation5041 thecertifyingofficialshouldverifythatthenumberofjumpsandtotalfreefalltimearecorrectandmeetthelistedrequirementsforthelicensesought. Forskillver- ification5042 acurrentUSPAInstructor5043 S5044TA5045 Examiner5046 orboardmembermustinitialthejumpnumbers5047 scores5048 ordate5049s5050 ofcompletion. Youmaynotsignforyourownlicenseapplicationorinitialanyoftheverificationblocksofyourownlicenseapplication. Anappropriateofficial 5051aslistedinthischapter5052 mustsignpaperapplicationsforalllicensesbeforetheapplicationisforwardedtoUSPAHeadquarters. InstructorsmayverifyA5053 B5054 andClicenses. USPAS5055TAs5056 Examiners5057 andboardmembersmayverifyanylicenseapplication. EveryUSPAB-licenseapplicationmustalsoincludeacompletedcopyoftheB-LicenseCanopyProficiencyCardsignedbyacurrentUSPAS5058TA5059 Examiner5060 orboardmember. TheS5061TAmustensurethatthepersonwhoconductsthetrainingisqualified. Insomesituations5062 thebestcandidatetoteachthismaterialmaynotholdanyUSPAratingsbutmayhaveextensiveknowledgeaboutcanopycontrolandlandings. Thesignatureoftheappropriateofficialontheproficiencycardverifiesthatthecandidatehassatisfactorilycompletedthetraining. USPAwillchargeaseparatelicensefeeforeachlicensenumberissued. 122USPASKYDIVER5063SINFORMATIONMANUAL 50642026 5065 USPA. ORG3Licenses5066 Ratings5067 andAwardsLicensePrivilegesandRequirementsALicensePersonsholdingaUSPAALicensemayjumpwithoutsupervision5068 packtheirownmainparachute5069 engageinformationskydives5070 trainforandperformlandingsinwater5071 andmusthave5072 5073 completed25freefalljumps 5074 completedallrequirementslistedontheUSPAA-LicenseProgressionCard 5075 passedtheUSPA-developedwritten5076 oral5077 andpracticalUSPAA-LicenseExamsconductedbyacurrentUSPAInstructor5078 S5079TA5080 Examiner5081 JudgeorboardmemberBLicensePersonsholdingaUSPABLicensemayexerciseallprivilegesofanA-licenseholderandperformnightjumps5082 areeligiblefortheUSPACoachRatingaftermaking100jumps5083 andmusthave5084 5085 metallcurrentrequirementsfororholdaUSPAALicense 5086 completed50jumpsincluding5087 5088 accumulatedatleast30minutesofcontrolledfreefalltime 5089 landedwithin33feet 509010meters5091 oftargetcenteron10jumps 5092 successfulcompletionoftheplannedformation5093s5094 on10formationskydives5095 or10formationfreeflyskydives5096 atleastfiveofwhich5097 ineitherdiscipline5098 mustinvolveatleastthreeparticipants 5099 documentationoflivewater-landingtrainingwithfullequipmentinaccordancewiththeproceduresintheSkydiver5100sInformationManual 5101 completealltherequirementslistedontheB-LicenseCanopyProficiencyCardavailableatuspa. org5102downloads 5103 passedthewrittenUSPAB-LicenseExamconductedbyacurrentUSPAInstructor5104 S5105TA5106 Examiner5107 JudgeorboardmemberCLicensePersonsholdingaUSPAClicensemayexerciseallprivilegesofaB-licenseholder5108 areeligibleforUSPAInstructorratingsexceptUSPATandemInstructor5109 mayparticipateincertaindemonstrationjumpsandmusthave5110 5111 metallcurrentrequirementsfororholdaUSPABLicense 5112 completed200jumps5113 includingaccumulatingatleast60minutesofcontrolledfreefalltime 5114 landedwithin7feet 51152meters5116 oftargetcenteron25jumps 5117 successfulcompleted50formationskydives5118 or50formationfreeflyskydives5119 atleast10ofwhich5120 ineitherdiscipline5121 mustinvolveatleastfourparticipants 5122 passedthewrittenUSPAC-LicenseExamconductedbyacurrentUSPAInstructor5123 S5124TA5125 Examiner5126 JudgeorboardmemberUSPASKYDIVER5127SINFORMATIONMANUAL 51282026 5129 USPA. ORG1233Licenses5130 Ratings5131 andAwardsDLicensePersonsholdingaUSPADLicensemayexerciseallprivilegesofaC-licenseholder5132 areeligibleforallUSPAratings5133 andmusthave5134 5135 metallcurrentrequirementsfororholdaUSPACLicense 5136 completed500jumps5137 includingaccumulatingatleastthreehoursofcontrolledfreefalltime 5138 completedatleasttwoofthefollowingskillsrequirements 5139arequirementmayberepeated51405141 5142 nightjump 5143followingtheSIMrecommendations5144 5145 landedwithinsevenfeet 51462meters5147 ofthetargetcenteron100jumps 5148 participatedinacanopyformationofa3-stackorlarger5149 completingafullrotation 5150 completedanintentionalwaterjump 5151 successfulcompletionof100formationskydives5152 atleast25ofwhichmustinvolveatleasteightparticipants 5153 passedthewrittenUSPAD-LicenseExamconductedbyacurrentUSPAS5154TA5155 Examiner5156 JudgeExaminerorboardmemberTheUSPAD-LicenserepresentsthehighestleveloflicensingwithintheUSPAsystem5157 requiringadvancedskillsandacomprehensiveunderstandingofparachutingsafetyandprocedures. TheFAAusestheterm 5158MasterParachuteLicense5159 initsregulationstodescribealevelofparachutingproficiencyrequiredforcertainprivileges. Inalign- mentwithFAAterminology5160 aholderofavalidUSPAD-Licensesatisfiestherequire- mentsoftheterm 5161MasterParachuteLicense. 5162 RestrictedUSPALicensesInlimitedcircumstances5163 USPAmayissueUSPARestrictedLicensestoapplicantswhohavedisabilitiesthatmakethemunabletomeetallofthespecificlicenserequirements. Apersonmaybequalifiedforarestrictedlicenseiftheapplicanthasmetalltherequire- mentsforthelicensedesiredexceptforthoselistedinawaivertheysubmittotheSafety 5164 TrainingCommittee5165 containing5166 5167 typeoflicenserequested 5168 specificlicenserequirement5169s5170 thatcannotbemet 5171 circumstancesthatpreventcompliancewithlicenserequirements 5172 licenseapplicationcompleted5173 exceptfortherestrictedactivitiesThecommitteewillconsidereachwaiverindividuallyonitsownmerit. Iftheboardofdirectorsapprovesthewaiver5174 USPAwillissuethelicensewiththeword 5175restricted. 5176 124USPASKYDIVER5177SINFORMATIONMANUAL 51782026 5179 USPA. ORG3Licenses5180 Ratings5181 andAwards3-25182 RatingsInstructionalRatingsUSPAissuesinstructionalratings5183 attestingthattheholderhasnotonlyachievedsky- divingskillsbuthasalsodemonstratedthetechniquesneededtoteachtheseskillstoothers. Fromlowesttohighest5184 theseratingsare5185 1. Coach2. Instructor3. ExaminerUSPAInstructorsmaybequalifiedtoconductinitialskydivingtraininginoneormoreinstructionalmethods5186 5187 harnesshold 5188acceleratedfreefallorAFF5189 5190 instructor-assisteddeployment 5191IAD5192 5193 staticline 5194SL5195 5196 tandem 5197TAN5198 AUSPACoachmayactasasupervisedassistanttotheUSPAInstructortoteachspec- ifiedportionsofthefirst-jumpcourse. Anyinstructionalratingholdermayperformthedutiesofthecoachorofanylowerratingholderintheirmethod. Coachesandinstructorswhohavejustcompletedaratingcourseinanynewmethodshouldpairwithmore-seasonedstaffastheybegintoworkwithstudents. Examinersappointqualifiedinstructionalratingholdersascourseevaluatorsinaccor- dancewiththerequirementsoutlinedintheUSPAInstructionalRatingManual 5199IRM5200. TheIRMcontainsallpolicies5201 procedures5202 newratingandrenewalrequirements5203 andrating-courseoutlines5204 supportmaterialsandexaminations. PROProfessionalExhibitionRatingTheFAAandUSPAcooperateonthemeansforskydiverstodemonstratecompetencetoperformskydivingshowsbeforethepublicviathePROexhibitionrating. Chapter65205 ExhibitionJumpingandPRORating5206 describestheprogram. TheFAAmayaskjumperswhodonotholdaPROratingtodemonstratecompetencepriortoissuingaCertificateofAuthorizationtoconductaparachuteexhibitionjump. JudgeRatingThepurposeofthejudgingprogramistoensurethehighestpossiblestandardsforjudgingcompetitionsandrecordsatthelocal5207 national5208 andinternationallevels. USPAissuesdiscipline-specificRegionalandNationalJudgeratings. TheFAI5209 notUSPA5210 ratesInternationalJudges. TheUSPASkydiver5211sCompetitionManual 5212SCM5213 containsdetailsonthejudgeratingprogramandjudgetrainingcourses. USPASKYDIVER5214SINFORMATIONMANUAL 52152026 5216 USPA. ORG1253Licenses5217 Ratings5218 andAwards3-35219 AwardsUSPApresentsawardstomembersinrecognitionoftheiraccomplishmentsinskydiving. ServiceAwardsUSPAreservesitsserviceawardsforspecialUSPAmemberswhosecontributionstotheorganizationandthesportmeettheawards5220 criteria. TheseawardsincludetheGoldMedalforMeritoriousService5221 theLifetimeAchievementAward5222 theRegionalAchieve- mentAwardandtheChesleyH. JudySafetyAward. Thecommitteealsoselectsnomi- neesforseveralinternationalskydivingawards5223 includingthoseforawardsgivenbytheF5224d5225rationA5226ronautiqueInternationaleandNationalAeronauticAssociation. Serviceawardsrecognizeexcellenceinareassuchassafety5227 innovation5228 instruction5229 andcommunityinvolvement. Memberparticipationisessentialinidentifyingindividu- alswhodeservethesehonors. Bynominatingfellowskydivers5230 youcanhelpensurethattheircontributionsanddedicationarerecognizedandpreservedinUSPAhistory. USPAacceptsnominationsannuallyatuspa. org5231awards. TheUSPALifetimeAchievementAwardisperhapsthemostrespectedhonorofferedbytheUnitedStatesParachuteAssociation. Itwasoriginallyconceivedandcreatedin1970asaresultofaninitialgiftof 523235233 000fromananonymousdonor. Thesumwaseven- tuallyenlargedtoatotalof 5234305235 000overaperiodofyearsandthefundswereplacedondepositwiththeNationalAeronauticAssociation5236 whichagreedtoadministerthemonbehalfoftheUnitedStatesParachuteAssociationforthepurposeofunderwritingthecostofavarietyofperpetualcompetitiontrophies5237 aswellastheLifetimeAchieve- mentAward. Thefundceasedtoexistin1982whenthefinalmoneyavailablewasusedtoconstructthefloor-toceilingdisplaycasesatUSPA5238sHeadquartersinAlexandria5239 Virginia. TheagreementsignedonMay135240 19705241 betweenAttorneyJohnKerrWilson5242 actingfortheanonymousdonor5243 NationalAeronauticAssociationExecutiveDirectorGeneralBrookeE. Allen5244 actingfortheNationalAeronauticAssociation5245 andDr. EdwardA. Fitch5246 presidentoftheUnitedStatesParachuteAssociation5247 actingforUSPA5248 stipu- lates 5249amongotherthings5250 thatatanytimeonorafterMay135251 19755252 theanonymousdonormayidentifyhimselfanddirectthatanyandallawardscreatedthroughhisgiftcarryhisname. Todatetheanonymousdonorhasnotseenfittoexercisethisprivilege. TheMay135253 19705254 agreement5255 asacceptedbyUSPA5256 describestheawarditselfandthequalificationsrequiredofrecipients5257 usingthislanguage5258 5259Toprovideabowlorothersuitabletrophytobeknowninitiallyas 5260TheUnitedStatesParachuteAssociationAchievementAward5261 5262renamed 5263USPALifetimeAchievementAward5264 inJuly5265 200452665267 whichshallbeperpetualandwillbeawardedannuallytoanexpertactiveorretiredsportparachutejumperinrecognitionofoutstandingsports- manship5268 skill5269 orpersonalcontributiontothesportofparachutingandtheUnitedStatesParachuteAssociation5270 itsgoalsandpurposes. Therecipientofsuchawardwillbeselectedbytheboardofdirectorsbyamajorityvoteduringaclosedregularorspecialmeeting. Intheeventamajorityoftheboardofdirectorscannotagreeuponarecipientofsuchawardonaccountofalackofpreeminenceofthesportparachut- 126USPASKYDIVER5271SINFORMATIONMANUAL 52722026 5273 USPA. ORG3Licenses5274 Ratings5275 andAwardsistinanyoneyear5276 theawardwillbemadeatleastonceeachtwoyears. Suchtrophywillbekeptpermanentlyinanappropriatelocationtobedeterminedbytheboardofdirectors. 5277 Thetrophyitselfisasterlingsilverbowl5278 15inchesindiameter5279 seatedonanoctagonalteakwoodbasewhichbearscarvedwoodenreplicasoftheUSPAemblemonfourfacesandsterlingsilverplateslistingthenamesandqualificationsofrecipientsoftheawardontheotherfourfaces. Traditionally5280 eachyeartherecipientreceivesasmaller5281 eight- inchdiameterreplicasterling-silverbowlashisorherpersonalpossession. Traditionally5282 theawardismadefortheyearpriortotheyearinwhichitispresented. Whilethedeedofgiftrequiresthattheawardbegivenonlytoanindividual5283 in19745284 thepresentationwasmadetotheUnitedStatesArmyParachuteTeamandin2024toArizonaAirspeed5285 whichsuggeststhatthelanguageinthedeedisusablemoreasaguidelinethanasastrictrequirement. TheMembershipServicesCommitteeandtheboardhasusuallyregardedthestate- ment5286 5287InrecognitionofpersonalcontributiontotheUnitedStatesParachuteAssocia- tion5288 itsgoalsandpurposes5289 asanoverridingrequirement 5290i. e. 5291 achievementsinsportparachutingunrelatedtotheUnitedStatesParachuteAssociationwouldnormallynotbeconsideredsufficienttoqualifyarecipient5292 lackingspecificcontributionstoUSPA5293. Whilethedeedofgiftstatesthattheawardmustbemadeatleastonceeverytwoyears5294 neitherin1991norin1992wasarecipientnamed5295 therebyagainsuggestingthatthisparticularlanguageservesmoreasaguidelinethanasarequirement. NocurrentmemberoftheUSPABoardofDirectorsmayberecommendedfortheUSPALifetimeAchievementAwardduringhisorhertermasamemberoftheboard. Inprac- tice5296 thisrequirementhasbeenextendedtoforbidanominationforatleasttwofullyearsaftertheendofboardservice. ItisenlargedtoincludeasineligiblecurrentorformerUSPAemployees5297 alsountilatleasttwoyearsaftertheiremploymentends. TheUSPAGoldMedalforMeritoriousServicewasestablishedonJuly135298 19975299 bytheUSPABoardofDirectors. Theawardisgiventonomorethanthreerecipientsperyear5300 intheformofastruck-brassmedalthatmeasuresthreeinchesindiameter5301 weighsapproximatelyfiveouncesandisslottedatthetopforattachmentofa30-inchgoldfabricribbon. OnpermanentdisplayatUSPAHeadquartersisalargewoodenplaquemeasuringtwofeetbysixfeetandadornedwithanexactreplicaofthemedalalongwithbrassmetalstripsbearingthenameofeachrecipientandtheyearawarded. TheUSPAGoldMedalforMeritoriousServicehonorsoutstandingUSPAmemberswho5302 bytheireffortsoveraperiodofyears5303 havemadesignificantcontributionstotheskydiv- ingcommunity. EachrecipientmustbeorhavebeenaUSPAmemberandbeenactiveinsportparachutingforatleast20yearsintheareasof5304 butnotlimitedtojudging5305 instruction5306 jumpmastering5307 photography 5308stillandvideo53095310 competition5311 andsafety. NocurrentmemberoftheUSPABoardofDirectorsmaybeconsideredfortheawardandnopastmemberoftheboardofdirectorsofUSPAmaybeconsideredfortheUSPASKYDIVER5312SINFORMATIONMANUAL 53132026 5314 USPA. ORG1273Licenses5315 Ratings5316 andAwardsawarduntilatleasttwoyearsafterretiringfromtheboard. NocurrentemployeeofUSPAmaybeconsideredfortheawardandnopastemployeeofUSPAmaybeconsid- eredfortheawarduntilatleasttwoyearsafterleavingUSPAemployment. TheUSPARegionalAchievementAwardhonorsanoutstandingmemberofaUSPAregionwho5317 bytheireffortsoveraperiodoftimeoroneoutstandingact5318 hasmadeasignificantcontributiontothatregion5319sskydivingcommunity. Theawardispresentedintheformofacertificatetoatotalofnomorethanfiverecipientsperyear. NocurrentmemberoftheUSPABoardofDirectorsmaybeconsideredfortheawardandnopastmemberoftheUSPABoardofDirectorsmaybeconsideredfortheawarduntiltheyhavebeenofftheboardforatleasttwoyears. NocurrentemployeeofUSPAmaybeconsideredfortheawardandnopastemployeeofUSPAmaybeconsideredfortheawarduntilatleasttwoyearsafterleavingUSPAemployment. TheUSPAChesleyH. JudySafetyAwardwascreatedin2004tohonormemberswhohadpromotedskydivingsafety. TheUSPABoarddeterminedthattheawardwasconsis- tentwiththeoriginalintentoftheChesJudySafetyFundestablishedin1997tohonorthememoryofChesJudy5320 formerUSPADirectorofSafetyandTraining5321 whowaskilledinaskydivingplanecrashtwoyearsearlier. Distributionofthefundwasinabeyancependingthedevelopmentofasuitablesafety-relatedprogram. USPAHeadquartersdevelopedthecertificate5322 whichisavailableatnochargetoeachdropzonetohonorthelocalUSPAmemberwhoismostdeservingoftheaward. TheawardistobepresentedonUSPASafetyDayinconjunctionwiththeotherplannedactivitiesfortheannualevent. Theselectionfortheawardrecipientshouldbebasedonthepreviousyear5323sactionsoraccomplishmentsofanycurrentUSPAmemberwho5324 throughexample5325 deed5326 training5327 orinnovation5328 hadpromotedsafeskydivinginasubstantiveway. TheUSPAS5329TAinconsultationwiththedropzoneownerselectsoneindividualfromthedropzonetowhichtheawardisappointedbasedontheabovecriteria. TheS5330TAshouldrequestacertificatefromheadquarterseitheronlineorbyemailtosafety5331uspa. org. Therequestshouldincludethecorrectlyspellednameoftherecipi- entandthenameofthedropzone. USPAwillprovidethecompletedcertificatetotherequestingS5332TAforpresentationduringthatyear5333sSafetyDayactivities. AchievementAwardsUSPAmembersearnachievementawardsbyaccumulatingsignificantlevelsofexperi- ence. Fornumberoffreefalljumps5334 USPAissuesJumpWingsin15335 000-jumpincrementsand5336 foramountoffreefalltime5337 FreefallBadgesin12-hourincrements. PerformanceAwardsUSPAissuescanopyperformanceawardsforaccomplishmentsincanopyformationskydiving. Theseincludethe4-StackAward5338 CCR 5339CanopyCrestRecipient5340 or8-StackAward5341 andCCS 5342CanopyCrestSoloist5343 Award5344 andincludenightversionsofeach. 128USPASKYDIVER5345SINFORMATIONMANUAL 53462026 5347 USPA. ORG3Licenses5348 Ratings5349 andAwardsTenureCertificatesUponrequest5350 USPAissuestenurecertificatestoacknowledgemembershipinUSPAforsignificantperiodsoftime5351 begin- ningat10yearsofUSPAmembershipandforeachfive-yearincrementthereafter. SportsmanshipAwardUSPAestablishedtheTedStrongAwardforExtraordinarySportsmanshipin2012tohonorextraordinarysportsman- shipdisplayedbyteamsorindividualsataUSPANationalChampionships. Forfurtherinformation5352 seeUSPANationalSkydivingChampionshipsGeneralCompetitionRulesintheSkydiver5353sCompetitionManual. Formoredetailsontheseawards5354 visituspa. org5355awards. FAIandNAAAwardsNominationsforF5356d5357rationA5358ronautiqueInternationaleandNationalAeronauticAssociationawardsgothroughtheMembershipServicesandCompetitionCommitteesoftheUSPABoardofDirectorsforendorsement5359 thentoUSPAHeadquartersforsub- missiontotheNAA. F5360d5361rationA5362ronautiqueInternationaleGeneralAwardsThePaulTissandierDiplomaisawardedtothosewhohaveservedthecauseofaviationingeneralandsportingaviationinparticular5363 bytheirwork5364 initiative5365 devo- tion5366 orinotherways. Eachyear5367 theUnitedStatesmaysubmitthenamesofuptothreecandidates. TheFAIHonoraryGroupDiploma5368 asitsnameimplies5369 maybeawardedtogroupsofpeople 5370designoffices5371 scientificbodies5372 aeronauticalpublications5373 etc. 5374 thathavecon- tributedsignificantlytotheprogressofaeronauticsorastronauticsduringthepreviousyearoryears. Eachyear5375 anFAImembermaysubmitthenamesoftwocandidates5376 oneforaeronauticsandoneforastronautics. TheFAIGoldParachutingMedalmaybeawardedannuallyforanoutstandingaccom- plishmentinconnectionwithparachuting5377 intherealmofsport5378 safety5379 oraninvention. ThemedalwascreatedbyanendowmentfundprovidedbyMr. J. A. Istel5380 PresidentofHonouroftheFAIParachutingCommission. TheLeonardodaVinciDiplomaisawardedtoaparachutistwhohasanyoneofthefollowing5381 5382 beenatleasttwiceanindividualchampionoramemberofachampionteamatafirst-categoryevent 5383 establishedatleastthreeworldparachutingrecordsUSPAAwardsuspa. org5384awardsUSPASKYDIVER5385SINFORMATIONMANUAL 53862026 5387 USPA. ORG1293Licenses5388 Ratings5389 andAwards 5390 havebeenatleastthreetimesanFAI5391IPCofficialatafirst-categoryevent 5392ChiefJudge5393 FAIParachutingJudge5394 FAIController5395 InternationalJuryMemberoranycombinationthereof5396 5397 havebeenatleastthreetimesacompetitiondirectoratafirst-categoryevent 5398 havebeenforatleastsixyearsthechairofanIPCCommittee 5399IPCInternalRegulations6. 75400 oranIPCBureauMemberoranycombinationthereofTheFaustVran5401i5402 Medalwasestablishedinmemoryofthefirstpersontoconstructafunctioningparachuteandisawardedannuallyfortechnicalinnovationorachievementinparachuting. ItcannotbeawardedtodelegatestotheFAIParachutingCommission. TheSabihaG5403k5404enMedalisawardedtothewomanwhoperformsthemostoutstand- ingachievementinanyairsportinthepreviousyear. Itwascreatedin2002uponaproposalfromTurkHavaKurumu5405 andissuppliedbytheTurkishNAC. SabihaG5406k5407en5408 winneroftheFAIGoldAirMedal5409 wasTurkey5410sfirstwomanpilotand5411 in19375412 becametheworld5413sfirstfemalemilitarypilot. Shewasaninspirationtowomenpilots. Refertowww. fai. org5414page5415civa-awardsandnaa. aero5416awardsforthemostup-to-dateinformation. FAIparachutingawardsaresubjecttoapprovalbytheFAIParachutingCommission. NationalAeronauticAssociationServiceAwardsTheFrankG. BrewerTrophy5417 awardedannually5418 isgiventoanindividual5419 groupororganizationforsignificantcontributionsofenduringvaluetoaerospaceeducationintheUnitedStates. ThenominationperiodisopenfromMay1throughAugust31everyyear. TheWesleyL. McDonaldDistinguishedStatesmanandStateswomanofAviationAwardshonoroutstandingAmericanswho5420 bytheireffortsoveraperiodofyears5421 havemadecontributionsofsignificantvaluetoaeronauticsandhavereflectedcredituponAmericaandthemselves. ThenominationperiodisopenfromMay1throughAugust31everyyear. Anomineemust5422 5423 bealivingcitizenoftheU. Swhohasforatleast25yearsbeenactivelyidentifiedwithaeronauticsandhasmadecontributionsofsignificantvaluetoaeronautics5424 5425 haveexhibitedqualitiesofpatriotism5426 integrity5427 andmoralcourageworthyofemulation5428 5429 bewellandfavorablyknownasapersonofabilityandcharacter. Refertonaa. aero5430awardsforthemostup-to-dateinformation. 130USPASKYDIVER5431SINFORMATIONMANUAL 54322026 5433 USPA. ORGThissectionprovidesUSPA5434srecommendationsforskydivingthatapplytoalljumpers5435 regardlessofdisciplineorexperience. USPAupdatesthemasequipmentandtechniqueschange. 4-15436 SkydivingEmergenciesA. TypesofEmergenciesTypesofskydivingemergenciesincludethoseoccurringinaircraft5437 duringfreefall5438 ondeployment5439 duringcanopyflight5440 andonlanding. B. PreventionandPreparationRegular5441 periodicreview5442 analysis5443 andpracticeofemergencyprocedurespreparesyoutoactcorrectlyinresponsetoproblemsthatarisewhileskydiving5444 Annually5445 reviewallaircraft-5446 deployment-5447 andlanding-emergencyproceduresusingappropriatetrainingaids. Monthly5448 dedicateaclear-and-pullorhigh-pulljumptopracticingcanopy-flight-emer- gency-procedureskills. Beforeeachjump5449 reviewtheproceduresforbothavoidingandrespondingtoemer- gencysituations. Longperiodsbetweenjumpsnotonlydullskillsbutheightenappre- hensions. Ateveryreserverepack5450 practiceyourreserveemergencyproceduresontheground. Simulatesometypeofmainmalfunction5451 thencutawayanddeploythereserve. Thispracticewillprovideyouwithfirst-handknowledgeaboutthepotentialpullforcesanddirectionofpullonyourgear. Properpreparationandresponsiblejudgmentgreatlyreducetheprobabilityofencoun- teringanemergency5452 butevenwiththegreatestcare5453 theymayoccasionallyoccur. Anticipatingandbeingpreparedtorespondtovariousemergenciesmakesskydivingsafer. Oneofthegreatestcausesoffatalincidentsinskydivingisfailuretoeffectivelydealwithanemergencysituation. Chapter45454 RecommendationsforEveryoneUSPASKYDIVER5455SINFORMATIONMANUAL 54562026 5457 USPA. ORG1314RecommendationsforEveryoneDoingthefollowingreducesrisk5458 5459 Acquiringaccurateknowledge 5460 Jumpingonlyinsuitableconditions 5461 Evaluatingtheriskfactors 5462 Knowingyourpersonallimitations 5463 Keepingyouroptionsopen 5464 Respectingyourdecisionaltitude 5465 Adheringtothe15466 000-footcutawayharddeckSurvivalSkillsAltitudeAwareness5467 Checkyouraltimeterevery5seconds 5468approximately15469 000feetoffreefall54705471 everytimeyoucompleteamaneuver5472 anytimeyouencounterdifficulty5473 andifyousimplydonotknowyouraltitude. PullPriorities5474 Thenumber-onepriorityonanyskydiveistopull. Youcanpullatanytimeduringtheskydivewhenencounteringdifficulty. Thesecondpriorityistopullattheassignedaltitude5475 andthethirdpriorityistopreferablypullinastablebodyposi- tion. Astable5476 face-to-earthbodypositionimprovesopeningreliabilitybutissecondarytoopeningattheassignedaltitude. Alwaysprioritizealtitudeoverstability. CanopyRight-of-WayRules5477 Lookbeforeyouturn. Turnrighttoavoidotherjumpers. Thelowerjumperhastheright-of-way. LandingPriorities5478 Thenumber-onelandingpriorityistolandwiththewinglevelwhileflyinginastraightline. Thesecondlandingpriorityistolandinaclearandopenarea5479 avoidingobstacles. Thethirdlandingpriorityistoflare5480 alwaysbeingpreparedtoPLF. Remember5481 Landingwithalevelwingisahigherprioritythanlandinginaclearandopenarea. Landwithalevelwing5482 evenifyouneedtomakeaflatturntoavoidanobstacle. Landinaclearandopenarea5483 evenifitisfartherfromthedropzone. Toavoidinjury5484 alwaysflaretheparachutebeforetouchdownwithyourfeetandkneestogether5485 preparedforaPLF. C. AircraftEmergenciesEachskydivingcentershouldestablishandreviewproceduresforallpossibleaircraftemergencies. Everypilotandnon-studentjumpershouldthoroughlyunderstandtheseprocedures. Allstudentsshouldtakedirectionfromtheirinstructor5486s5487. Alllicensedjumpersshouldtakedirectionfromthepilot. D. FreefallCollisionsJumpersfacedangerofcollisionwhenexitinginagrouporwhentheylosetrackofeachotherwhenexitingonthesamepass. Takingintoaccounthorizontalandverticalmovement5488 thedifferenceinspeedbetweenjumpersmayreachupwardof150mph. Youmusttakeprecautionstopreventacollisionwithfreefallingjumpersduringandafteropening. 132USPASKYDIVER5489SINFORMATIONMANUAL 54902026 5491 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryoneE. DeploymentEmergenciesParachuteMalfunctions 5492General5493 Mostmalfunctionstracetothreecauses5494 1. poororunstablebodypositionduringparachutedeployment2. equipmentfailure3. improperorcarelesspackingRefertoCategoryAoftheIntegratedStudentProgramforspecific5495 basicproceduresfordealingwithparachutemalfunctions. Licensedjumpersmayneedtoadjustpro- cedurestoaccommodatedifferenttechniques5496 equipment5497 andpersonalpreferences. Usingsafetydevices5498 suchasareservestaticline 5499RSL55005501 preferablywithamain-assist- ed-reserve-deployment 5502MARD5503 system5504 andanautomaticactivationdevice 5505AAD5506 cansignificantlyreduceriskwhenencounteringmalfunctions. Youcanprepareforemergenciesbythinkingthroughpossiblescenarios5507 havingaplaninmind5508 andpracticingreactingcorrectly. Youshoulddecideuponandtaketheappro- priateactionsbyapredeterminedaltitudethatshouldbenolowerthan25509 500feetforstudentsandA-licenseholdersandnolowerthan25510 000feetforB- andC-licenseholders. D-licenseholdersshouldestablishtheirdecisionaltitudeforthemselvesbasedontheirexperienceandequipment. ReserveActivationReservepilotchutescontainametalspringinthecenter5511 whichaddstotheirweight. Duringastable5512 belly-to-earthreservedeployment5513 thereservepilotchutecanremaininthejumper5514sburbleforseveralseconds5515 delayingreservedeployment. Immediatelyafterpullingthereservehandle5516 lookoveryourrightshoulderwhiletwistingyourupperbodyupwardtotherightorsitupinaslightlyhead-highorientationtochangetheairflowbehindyourcontainertohelpthereservepilotchutelaunchintocleanair. Mostharness-and-containermanufacturerssecurethesteeringtogglestoreserverisersusingtouchfasteners 5517e. g. 5518 Velcro55195520 whichwillfirmlyholdthetogglesinplace. BesuretopeeltheVelcrobeforeattemptingtopullthetogglesfreefromtheriserstounstowthebrakes. Therearetwocategoriesofmalfunctions5521 1. totalmalfunction5522 themainpinisnotout5523 parachuteisnotactivatedorisactivatedbutnotdeploying5524 thecontainerisclosed2. partialmalfunction5525 themainpinisout5526 parachuteisdeployedbutisnotlandable5527 thecontainerisopenTotalMalfunctionAtotalmalfunctionincludesdeployment-handleproblemssuchasbeingunabletolocatethemainhandle5528 ahardpull5529 acontainerlock5530 andapilotchuteintow. Youshouldattempttosolvetheproblemonlywhenaltitudepermitsandshouldmakenomorethantwoattemptsortakenomorethanfiveadditionalsecondstosolvetheproblem. USPASKYDIVER5531SINFORMATIONMANUAL 55322026 5533 USPA. ORG1334RecommendationsforEveryoneProcedures5534 5535 Whennomainpilotchutedeploys 5536e. g. 5537 cannotfindhandleorhardpull55385539 deploythereserve. 5540 Forapilot-chute-in-towmalfunction5541 therearecurrentlytwocommonandacceptableprocedures5542 bothofwhichhaveprosandcons. Seekguidancefromaninstructortoplanyourtrainingandensureyou5543repreparedbeforeyoujump. 5544 Pilot-chute-in-towprocedure15545 Pullthereserveimmediately. Apilot- chute-in-towmalfunctionisassociatedwithahighdescentrateandrequiresimmediateaction. Thechanceofamain-reserveentanglementisslim5546 andyoucouldlosevaluabletimeandaltitudebyinitiatingacutawaybeforedeployingyourreserve. Bepreparedtocutaway. Themainmaydeployafterthereserveisopen5547 sobepreparedforatwo-outscenario. 5548 Pilot-chute-in-towprocedure25549 Cutaway5550 thenimmediatelydeploythereserve. Becausethereisachancethemainparachutecoulddeployduringorasaresultofthereserveactivation5551 acutawaymightbethebestresponseinsomesituations. PartialMalfunctionDeploymentorpartialdeploymentofthemainparachutecharacterizesapartialmal- function. Thisincludespilot-chuteentanglement5552 prematuredeployment5553 bag-lock5554 streamer5555 line-over5556 tensionknots5557 majororunlandablecanopydamage5558 andotheropen-canopymalfunctions. EmergencyProceduresTherecommendedprocedureforrespondingtopartialmalfunctionsistocutawaythemainparachutebeforedeployingthereserve. However5559 ifyouarebelowyourcutawayharddeckof15560 000feet5561 whereit5562stoolowforasafecutaway5563 youmustdeploythereserveandlandbothparachutes. Also5564 considertheoperatingrangeoftheAADwhendeterminingyourpersonalmalfunction-responsealtitudes. PrematureMain-ContainerOpeningAprematuremain-containeropeninghappenswhenthemainpinisdislodged5565 allowingthecontainertoopenandthebagtocomeout5566 butthemainpilotchuteisstillstowed. Youcanpreventaprematuremain-containeropeningbyinspectingyourclosingloopregularlyandaskingforapincheckbeforeexit. Movecarefullyintheaircraftandavoidyourrigcontactingthedoorframeduringtheclimb-outandexit. Therecommendedprocedureistofirstattempttothrowthemainpilotchute5567 however5568 findingthepilotchutemaybedifficultafterthebagisoutofthecontainer. Attempttofindthepilotchutetwiceorfor5seconds. Ifthatfails5569 cutawayanddeploythereserve. Ifyouareabletodeploythepilotchute5570 bepreparedtoexecuteemergencyproceduresasthemainmaynotcomeoutofthebag. 134USPASKYDIVER5571SINFORMATIONMANUAL 55722026 5573 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryoneTwoCanopiesOutNote5574 Thefollowingrecommendationsaredrawnfromexperiencewithlargercanopiesduringtestsconductedinthemid-1990s. Smallercanopiesmayreactdifferentlyandrequireadifferentresponse. Variousscenarioscanresultinhavingbothparachutesdeploywithoneofthefollowingoutcomes5575 5576 Onecanopyinflated5577 anotherdeploying 5578 Attempttocontainthedeployingcanopybystuffingitbetweenyourlegs. Ifthesecondcanopy5579sdeploymentisinevitable5580 disconnecttheRSLifpossible5581 waitforinflation5582 andevaluatetheresult. 5583 Stablebiplane 5584 Landbothparachutes. Disconnectthereservestaticlineifaltitudepermits. Ifalltogglesarestowed5585 leavethemstowed. Ifanytoggleisunstowed5586 unstowallofthem. Steerusingtherearrisersofthefrontcanopyonlyasnecessarytomaneuverforasafelanding. LandwithoutflaringandperformaPLF. 5587 Stableside-by-side 5588chooseoneprocedure55895590 5591 Side-by-sideprocedure15592 Landbothparachutes. Disconnectthereservestaticlineifaltitudepermits. Ifalltogglesarestowed5593 leavethemstowed. Ifanytoggleisunstowed5594 unstowallofthem. Steerusingtherearrisersofthedominantcanopy 5595moreoverhead5596 onlyasnecessarytomaneuverforasafelanding. LandwithoutflaringandperformaPLF. 5597 Side-by-sideprocedure25598 Ifbothcanopiesareflyingwithoutinterferenceandaltitudepermits5599 disconnectthereservestaticline. Confirmtheparachutesarecompletelyseparatedfromeachotherthencutawaythemainandsteerthereservetoanormallanding. 5600 Main-reserveentanglement 5601 Landbothparachutes. Althoughrare5602 main-reserveentanglementscanoccurinmultipleconfigurations5603 makingasinglesolutionimpractical. Nevergiveuptryingtocleartheentanglementorinflatetheparachutes. Recommendedtechniquesincludepullingintheless-inflatedcanopy5604 handoverhand5605 tocontainit5606 orpumpingthebrakesorrearrisersofbothparachutestoincreasetheirinflation. Trytomaketheparachutesflystraightforlanding. PrepareforandexecuteaPLFonlanding. 5607 Downplaneorpinwheel 5608canopiesspinningaroundeachother5609 5610 Disconnectthereservestaticlineifaltitudepermits. Cutawaythemaincanopyandsteerthereservetoanormallanding. F. Canopy-FlightEmergenciesAcanopy-flightemergencyisanycanopyemergencythathappensunderafullyinflatedparachute5611 anytimeduringthecanopydescentorlanding. Canopy-flightemergencyprocedures 5612CEPs5613 areasetoffiveskillsusedinresponsetoacanopyemergencyduringacanopydescentorlanding. Bepreparedforunexpectedsituationswithregularpracticeoftheseskills. 5614Stayalive5615 practicefive. 5616 USPASKYDIVER5617SINFORMATIONMANUAL 56182026 5619 USPA. ORG1354RecommendationsforEveryoneCanopyCollisionsThebestwaytoavoidacollisionisprevention. Youshouldknowwhereothercanopiesareatalltimes. Mostcanopycollisionsoccursoonafterdeploymentwhentwojumpersopentooclosetoeachother5620 orbelow15621 000feetwhileinthelandingpattern. Higherbreak-offaltitudes5622 betterplanningandtrackingfarthercanhelpensureclearairspaceduringdeployment. Everytimeyoudeployyourcanopy5623 keepyoureyesforward5624 lookingforanyjumpersdeployingnearbywhomayopencomingstraighttowardyou. Steerwithrearrisersassoonasinflationallows. Flyperpendicularlytotheaircraftlineofflightuntilyouhaveidentifiedjumpersexitingafteryou. Remainingvigilantthrough- outthecanopydescentandalwayslookinginthedirectionoftheturnbeforeinitiatingitcanhelpyouidentifyandavoidothercanopiesduringthedescent. Canopycollisionsaremorelikelytooccurinthebaselegofthelandingpattern. Planningforalongerbaselegpromotesmorepredictabilityandvisibilityforeveryoneundercanopy. Prac- ticingtheCEPdrillsofrear-riserturnsandturnreversalsmonthlyduringadedi- catedclear-and-pullorhigh-pulljumpabovedecisionaltitudecanbuildtheproficiencyneededtoavoidacanopycollision. Canopycollisionsandtheeventsleadinguptothemcanbecomplex5625 makingitimpossi- bletoofferjustonesolutionforeverysituation. Thefollowingareacceptedproceduresforthemostcommonscenarios5626 Ifthecanopiesareapproachingeachotherheadon5627 bothcanopypilotsshouldsteertotherightunlessitisobviousthatsteeringleftisnecessarytoavoidthecollision 5628bothjumpersaremoreoffsettowardtheleft5629. Ifacollisionisinevitable5630 placeyourleftarmacrossyourhandles5631 turnyourfaceawayfromimpact5632 andspreadyourlegsaswideaspossible. Iftheupperjumperislowerthanthebottomskinoftheothercanopy5633 thatjumpershouldclearlinesandfabricawayfromtheirbody5634 harnessandthree-ringsystem5635 crosstheirlegsandbethefirsttocutawayifaltitudepermits. EntanglementsAfteraCollisionIfacollisionwiththeotherjumper5636ssuspensionlinesisunavoidable5637 trytocaptureasmanysuspensionlinesaspossibletokeepfrompassingthroughthemduringthecollision. Ahigh-speedcollisionwithsuspensionlinescanleadtoseverecutsandburns. Checkyouraltitudewithrespecttotheminimumcutawaydecisionandexecutionalti- tuderecommendedforyourexperience. Communicatebeforetakingaction. Duringacutawayfollowingacollision5638 thejumperabovecanstrikethejumperbelowunlessoneorbothareclearorreadytofendoff. Thelowerjumpercanworsenthesituationforthejumperabovebycuttingawaybeforetheyareclearoflinesorareready. Remember5639 communicationmaybedifficultifoneorbothjumpersarewearingfull-facehelmets. Ifbothjumpersarecuttingawayandaltitudepermits5640 thesecondjumpershouldwaitatleast5secondsuntilthefirstjumperclearstheareabelow. Thefirstjumpershouldflyfromunderneathinastraightlineafteropening. 136USPASKYDIVER5641SINFORMATIONMANUAL 56422026 5643 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryoneIftheupperjumperisengulfedinthefabricoftheotherjumper5644scanopy5645 thelowerjumpershouldbethefirsttocutawayifaltitudepermits. Theupperjumpershouldclearthecutawaycanopyfromtheirfaceandtheircanopy5646scontrols. Flyslowlytoreduceinflationofthecutawaycanopy. Itisusuallysafertokeepthefabriconyourbodyratherthanriskhavingitinflateanddownplaneifalllinesdonotclear. Atsomepointbelowasafecutawayaltitude 564715648 000feet56495650 itmaybecomenecessaryforoneorbothjumperstodeploytheirreserves 5651maynotbeasafeoptionwithasin- gle-operationsystem5652 akaSOSsystem5653. Thelowerjumper5654sreservewillusuallydeployfasterduetomoreairspeedandbeingclearoflinesorfabric. Ifbothreservesdeploy5655 itmaybenecessaryforthelowerjumpertoreleasetheentanglementbycuttingawayafterensuringthatbothjumpershaveacanopytoland. Thisiscalledacanopytransferandcanbesuccessfullyexecutedaslowas200feettosavebothjumpersfromstrikingthegroundinadownplane. Ifbothjumpersaresuspendedunderoneflyingcanopyatalowaltitude5656 itmaybecomenecessarytolandwithonlythatcanopy. Inthiscase5657 theupperjumpershouldattempttoflylevelandslowly. LowTurnsLowturnsundercanopyareoneofthebiggestcausesofseriousinjuryanddeathinskydiving. Alowturncanbepremeditated5658 resultfromanerrorinjudgment5659 orresultfromalackofexperiencewithasituation. Youcanavoidlowturnsbyflyingtoalarge5660 uncrowdedlandingareafreeofobstaclesandflyingaplannedlandingpatternthatpromotesacooperativetrafficflow. Iflandingoff5661 choosealandingareaby25662 000feetandplanalandingpatternwithanobstacle-freefinalapproach. Ifyouchoosetoturnatalowaltitudetoavoidanobstacle5663 useabrakedturnandbepreparedtoflarefromabrakedposition. Monthlypracticeofhalf-brakedturnsandhalf-brakedflaresCEPsduringadedicatedclear-and-pullorhigh-pulljumpcanbuildtheskillsneededtoavoidinjuryduringlandingemergencies. Ifyoumakeaturnatanunsafealtitude5664 wheretheparachutewillnotrecovertolevelflightbeforetouchdownwithoutimmediateinput5665 alow-turnrecovery5666 oneoftheCEPs5667 isnecessary. Assoonasyourealizethatyou5668vemadeaturnatanunsafealtitude5669 usethetogglestogetthecanopybackoverhead5670 stoptheturnanddive5671 andslowtheforwardspeed. Neutralizetheturnbypullingdownbothbrakessharplybyseveralinches. Thencontinuepushingbothtogglesdown5672 withonemovingslightlyfasterthantheotheruntiltheyareeven. Holdbothtogglesinbrakes. Flarefromthebrakedpositionandprepareforahardlanding 5673PLF5674. Managethespeedinducedbytheturn. Expectmore-responsiveflarecontrolwiththetogglesduetotheincreasedairspeedandexpectalonger5675 flatterflare. Incaseofprematurecontactwiththeground5676 nomatterhowhardtheimpact5677 keepflyingthecanopytoreducefurtherinjury. Monthlypracticeofthelow-turnrecoveryCEPonadedicatedclear-and-pullorhigh-pulljumpabovedecisionaltitudecanbuildtheproficiencyneededtoavoidinjuryorfatalityduetoalowturnneartheground. USPASKYDIVER5678SINFORMATIONMANUAL 56792026 5680 USPA. ORG1374RecommendationsforEveryoneG. LandingEmergenciesMonthlypracticeoftheCEPdrillsofhalf-brakedturnsandflaresonadedicatedclear- and-pullorhigh-pulljumpcanbuildtheskillsneededtoavoidinjuryduringlandingemergencies. Potentialobstaclesduringlandingincludewater5681 trees5682 buildings5683 powerlines5684 fencesandsimilarhazards. Youcanusuallyavoidtheseobstaclesbyproperlypreparingforyourcanopyflightbyobservingthewindsandplanninganappropriatelandingpattern. Also5685 choosinganalternatelandingareaby25686 000feetallowsyoutoassesspotentialobstaclesandplanyournewpattern. Followyourlandingpriorities. Thefollowingarebestpracticesoractionsyoucantakewhenlandinginoroncommonobstacles. WaterLandingsProceduresforanunintentionalwaterlandingfocusonactionsyoucantakepriortoenteringthewater 5687timepermitting56885689 whilelandinginthewater5690 andafterenteringthewater. Priortoenteringthewater5691 Ifpossible5692 continuetosteertoavoidthewaterhazard. Timepermitting5693 loosenthecheststraptofacilitategettingoutoftheharnessonceyou5694reinthewater. Ifapplicable5695 openyourhelmet5696sfaceshield5697 activateyourflotationdeviceanddisconnectyourRSLtoreducecomplicationsincaseyouneedtocutawayaftersplashingdown. Whilelandinginthewater5698 Flaretohalfbrakesat10feetabovethesurface5699 under- standingthatpoordepthperceptionoverwatermaymakethisdifficulttojudge. PrepareforaPLFincasethewaterisshallow. Takeadeepbreathafewsecondsbeforeentrysothatyouenterthewaterwithyourlungsfilledwithair. Remainintheharnessandattachedtothecanopyuntilyouareactuallyinthewater. Onceyouare5700 cutawaythemaincanopy5701 throwyourarmsbackandswimforwardoutoftheharness. Afterlandinginthewater5702 Intheabsenceofflotationgear5703 separatingfromyourequipmentisessential. Thecontainercanserveasaflotationdeviceifthereservecanopyispackedinthecontainer. Usecautiontoavoidthemaincanopysuspensionlinesifusingthereservecontainerforflotation. Testshaveshownthatacontainerwithapackedreservewillremainbuoyantforupto45minutesorlonger. Iftimepermits5704 useyourjumpsuitorclothingtomakeatemporaryfloatationdevicebytyingknotsattheendoftheopeningsandscoopingairintoit. Ifthecollapsedcanopycoversyou5705 divedeepandswimoutfromunderit. Followoneseamtotheedgeofthecanopyuntilclear. Ifunderthemaincanopyinswiftorshallowwater5706 pullonetoggleinorcutaway. Refillyourlungsateveryopportunity. Swimupwindorupstreamandusecaretoavoidentanglinginthesuspensionlines. Removeanyfull-coveragehelmetsintheeventofbreathingdifficulties. Donotattempttorecoveryourgear. AirForce-type 5707LPU5708 underarmflotationequipmenthavebladdersthatinflateoutsidetheharnessalthoughtheyarewornunderneath. Consequently5709 youmustfirstdeflatethebladdersbeforeremovingtheharnessandthenreinflatethemorallyoneatatime. 138USPASKYDIVER5710SINFORMATIONMANUAL 57112026 5712 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryoneWearingweightstoincreaseyourfallrateorusingadditionalequipmentsuchaswing- suits5713 camerasorskysurfinggearincreasesyourriskduringawaterlanding5714 andyouneedtoplanyourproceduresaccordingly. Watertemperaturebelow70degreesFahrenheitseverelylimitstheamountoftimeapersoncansurvivewhiletryingtotreadwaterorremainafloat. Treadingwaterorswimmingcausesthebodytoloseheatrapidly5715 becausebloodmovestotheextremitieswhereitcoolsquickly. Dependingonthesituation5716 itmaybebettertofloatthanswimortreadwaterwhilewaitingforhelptoarrive. YoucanfindmoredetailsonwaterlandingsinSIMChapter2-15717 USPABasicSafetyRequirementsonwaterjumpingequipment5718 andSIMChapter5-45719 WaterLandingRec- ommendations 5720unintentionalandintentional5721. PowerLinesPowerlinespresentaserioushazardtoallaviators5722 knowwheretheyarenearyourDZ. Topreventlandinginpowerlines5723 identifywheretheyareinthelandingareaasearlyaspossibleandsteertoavoidthem. Ifyouneedtomakealowturntoavoidapowerline5724 maketheminimum5725 flat5726 brakedturnnecessarytomissit5727 executeabrakedlanding5728 flare5729 andPLF. Ifyoucannotavoidapower-linelanding5730 drophandlesorotherobjects5731 bringthecanopytoslowflight5732 prepareforaPLFwithyourfeetandkneestightlytogether5733 andturnyourheadtothesidetoprotectyourchin. Landparalleltothepowerlinessothatyoudonottouchmorethanonewireatatime. Ifsuspendedinthewires5734 donotletanyonetouchyou. Waitforhelpfromthedropzoneandpowercompanypersonnel. Nylonconductselectricityathighervoltages. Verifyonlywiththepowercompanythatelectricalpowerisoffandwillstayoff. Ifthecom- putercontrollingthepowerdistributionsensesafaultintheline5735 computer-controlledresetsmayattempttoturnthepowerbackonwithoutwarning. Ifyourfeetareontheground5736 disconnecttheRSLandcutaway5737 leavingyourmainbehind. TreesPreventlandingintreesbyspottingcarefullyandmakingagoodapproach-patternplanfortheconditions. Thedangersoflandinginatreeextenduntilyouarerescuedandsafelyontheground. Alow-altitudedivingturnfromfullflightisjustasdangerousasatreelanding. Makeanylow-altitudeavoidanceturnsfrombrakedflight. Ifyoucan5738tavoidlandinginatreeunderaram-aircanopy5739 holdthetogglesathalfbrakesuntiltreecontact. PrepareforaPLF5740 oftenthejumperpassesthroughthetreeandlandsontheground. Protectyourbodybykeepingyourfeetandkneestightlytogether5741 butdonotcrossyourfeetorlegs. Coveryourfacewithyourhandswhileholdingyourelbowstightlyagainstyourchest. Differenttreesrequiredifferentproce- dures5742 so5743 consultwithyourlocalS5744TAforabriefingappropriateforyourdropzone. IfUSPASKYDIVER5745SINFORMATIONMANUAL 57462026 5747 USPA. ORG1394RecommendationsforEveryonethetreesareverytall5748 steertothemiddleofthetree5749 thenholdontothetrunkormainbranchtoavoidfallingthroughtotheground. Ifsuspendedabovetheground5750 waitforhelpfromdropzonepersonneltogetdown. Don5751tattempttoclimbdownfromatreewithoutcompetentassistancesuchasrescuepersonnelorproperlytraineddropzonestaff. BuildingsandOtherObjectsTopreventlandingonorintobuildingsorotherobjects5752 planyourlandingapproachtobewellclearofthem. Focusonclear5753 openlandingareasandsteerthere. Usebrakedturnstomaintainalevelwingwhenturningatalowaltitudetoavoidobstacles. Ifyoucan5754tavoidlandingonabuildingorobject5755 prepareforaPLFandflare10feetabovethefirstpointofcontacttoslowyourforwardspeed. Afterlandingontopofanobjectinwindyconditions5756 disconnecttheRSLifpossible5757 andcutaway. Iflandingunderyourreserve5758 retrieveandcontainthecanopyuntilremovingtheharnessandwaitforcompetenthelp. Whenapproachingthesideofabuilding5759 performaflatturntoavoidhittingithead-on. Ifacollisionisunavoidable5760 preparetoPLF5761 flaretoslowdown5762 andattempttostrikeaglancingblow. Changethecanopy5763sdirectiontoavoidadirectimpact. LandingOutJumpersprefertolandintheplannedarea5764 whichisusuallyfamiliarandfreeofobsta- cles. However5765 circumstancessuchasaspottingerror5766 unexpectedwindconditions5767 inadvertenthighopeninginstrongupperwinds5768 andlowopening 5769especiallyunderareservecanopy5770 maymakethatdifficultorimpossible. Studentsandexperiencedjumpershavebeeninjuredorkilledduetoproblemsresult- ingfromless-than-idealopeningpositionsovertheground5771 including5772 5773 intentionallowturnintoanunfamiliarlandingarea 5774 unplannedlowturntoavoidobstacles 5775 landingintooronanobstacleoruneventerrain 5776 errorsmadeaftertryingtoreturntotheplannedlandingareaorreturninglowerthanplanned5777 whenabetterchoicewasavailableAvoidlandingoutbyknowingthecorrectexitpointforthecurrentconditions. Onceatthedooroftheaircraft5778 checkthespotbeforeexitingandrequestago-aroundifnecessary. Infreefall5779 checkthespotsoonafterexitingandadjustopeningaltitudeifnecessaryandsafetodoso5780 consideringothergroupsorindividualsinfreefallnearbyorjumpersfromotherplanesinmultiple-planeoperations. Ifyoucannotavoidlandingout5781 decideonaviablealternatelandingareaby25782 000feet5783 basedonyourcurrentlocation5784 thewindspeed5785 andwinddirection. Planadescentstrategyandlandingpatternforthealternatelandingarea. Checkthealternatelandingareacarefullyforhazardswhilestillhighenoughtoadjustthelandingpatterntoavoidthem. Forexample5786 whencheckingforpowerlines5787 itiseasiertoseethepolesandtowersthanthewiresthemselves. Determinethewinddirectiontopredictturbulence140USPASKYDIVER5788SINFORMATIONMANUAL 57892026 5790 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryonecreatedbytreesorotherobstaclesandplanalandingspotaccordingly. Itmaybedif- ficulttoseehillsfromhigheraltitudes. Itcanalsobedifficulttoseefences5791 butman- madeobstaclesoftenruninstraightlinesalongtheground. Flyingabrakedapproachormakingabrakedturnallowsaslowerforwardspeedanddescentratebutmaylengthentheapproachglide. Youmayneedtouseanalti- tude-conservingbrakedturntoavoidanobstacle. Alow-altitudebrakedturnmaynotallowrecoverytofullflightintimeforalandingflare5792 soyoumayneedtoflarefromabrakedpositiontoavoidaflightcycle. YoushouldfrequentlypracticetheCEPdrillsofbrakedturnsandapproachestoprepare. Choosealandingareathatgivesthelongestrunwayforlandingandfollowthelandingpriorities. Landingintothewindisdesirable5793 butnotattheriskofalowturn. APLFisespeciallyimportantduringoff-fieldlandings5794 astheterrainmaybeuneven. Respectpropertywhenlandingoffthedropzone. Donotdisturblivestock. Leavegatesasyoufoundthem. Avoidwalkingoncropsorothercultivatedvegetation. Reportanypropertydamagetothepropertyownerandmakearrangementsforrepairs. Remem- ber5795 USPAmembershipincludesinsuranceforsuchsituations. 4-25796 CurrencyTrainingCurrencytrainingandjumpsshouldincludeconfirmationofknowledgeandabilityforastableexitandbodyposition5797 altitudeawareness5798 stabledeployment5799 trackingpro- ficiency5800 canopy-flightplanningandCEPs5801 executionofthepattern5802 flaretechnique5803 andemergencyprocedures. Greatcareisnecessarywhenchoosingcanopysize. Dependingonthelengthofthelayoff5804 returningjumpersmayrequirealarger5805 moreconservativecanopythantheywerepreviouslyjumpinguntilthejumperdemonstratesproficiencyintheircanopyskills. Currencytrainingshouldreviewroutineproceduresandemergencyproceduresforallareas5806 includingthoseoccurringinaircraft5807 duringfreefall5808 ondeployment5809 duringcanopyflight5810 andonlanding. CurrencyEPreviewtrainingrecommendationsfor 5811bold5812 studentsarefoundinSIMChapter1CategoryA. CurrencyEPreviewtrainingrecom- mendationsfor 5813bold5814experiencedjumpersarefoundinSIMChapter4-1SkydivingEmergencies. Acoachmayconducttherecommendedcurrencytrainingandjumpsformostlicensedskydiversunderaninstructor5815ssupervision. WhileSIM4-2providesgeneralguidanceforcurrencytraining5816 thefollowingchartreflectsmoredetailedbestpracticesformanycommonsituations. USPASKYDIVER5817SINFORMATIONMANUAL 58182026 5819 USPA. ORG1414RecommendationsforEveryoneLastJumpCompletedStudents30-60Days60-90Days90-180Days6-9Mths9-12Mths12-18Mths18-24Mths25820 YearsGroundSchoolA5821 CATAAA5822 CATBBBA5823 CATC1C1BBCATC2C2C1B5824 CATD1DC2C1CATD2DDC25825 C15826 CATE1E1DD5827 CATE2E2DD5828 CATF-HInstructorJumpofChoiceE5829 LASTJUMPLicensed30-60Days60-90Days90-180Days6-9Mths9-12Mths12-18Mths18-24Mths25830 Years25-49JumpsCurrentCheckDiveC25831 C5832 50-199JumpsCurrentCheckDiveCheckDive2005833 JumpsCurrentCheckDiveCheckDiveCheckDive 5834 Evaluatethejumper5835sperformanceandprogressforwardappropriatelyFullFJCFJCReviewA. StudentsStudentswhohavenotjumpedwithinthepreceding30daysshouldmakeatleastonejumpunderthedirectsupervisionofanappropriatelyratedUSPAInstructor. B. LicensedSkydiversSkydiversreturningafteralongperiodofinactivityencountergreaterriskthatrequiresspecialconsideration. Takecaretoregainordeveloptheknowledge5836 skills5837 andaware- nessneededtosatisfactorilyperformthetasksplannedforthejump. Jumpsaimedatsharpeningsurvivalskillsshouldprecedejumpswithothergoals. C. ChangesinProceduresAnytimeyouchangedeploymentoremergencyprocedures5838 youshouldtrainandpracticeundersupervisioninaharnesssimulatoruntilproficient. Followupgroundtrainingwithasolojumpthatincludesseveralpracticesequencesanddeployatahigh- er-than-normalaltitude. Repeatgroundpracticeatshortintervals5839 suchasbeforeeach142USPASKYDIVER5840SINFORMATIONMANUAL 58412026 5842 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryoneweekend5843sjumpactivities5844 andcontinuetodeployatahigher-than-normalaltitudeuntilthoroughlyfamiliarwiththenewprocedures. D. LongLayoffsJumpersshouldreceiverefreshertrainingappropriatefortheirskydivinghistoryandtimesincetheirlastskydive. Jumperswhowereveryexperiencedandcurrentbutbecameinactiveforayearormoreshouldundergothoroughtraininguponreturningtothesport. Skydiverswhohistoricallyjumpinfrequentlyshouldreviewtrainingafterlayoffsofevenlessthanayear. Skydivingequipment5845 techniques5846 andprocedureschangefrequently. Duringcurrencytrainingfollowinglongperiodsofinactivity5847 jumpersmayencounternewandunfamil- iarequipmentandtechniques. Procedureschangetoaccommodatedevelopmentsinequipment5848 aircraft5849 flyingstyles5850 FAArules5851 andlocaldropzonerequirements. Returningskydiversrequirethoroughpracticaltraininginthefollowingareas5852 5853 aircraftprocedures 5854 equipment 5855 exitandfreefallprocedures 5856 canopycontrolandlandings 5857 emergencyproceduresforaircraft5858 freefall5859 deployment5860 canopy-flight5861 andlanding5862 asdescribedinChapter4-1ALicenseUSPAA-licenseholderswhohavenotmadeafreefallskydivewithinthepreceding60daysshouldmakeatleastonejumpunderthesupervisionofacurrentlyratedUSPAinstructionalratingholderuntildemonstratingaltitudeawareness5863 freefallcontrolonallaxes5864 tracking5865 andcanopyskillssufficientforsafelyjumpingingroups. BLicenseUSPAB-licenseholderswhohavenotmadeafreefallskydivewithinthepreceding90daysshouldmakeatleastonejumpunderthesupervisionofaUSPAinstructionalratingholderuntildemonstratingtheabilitytosafelyexercisetheprivilegesofthatlicense. CandDLicenseUSPAC- andD-licenseholderswhohavenotmadeafreefallskydivewithinthepreced- ing180daysshouldmakeatleastonejumpunderthesupervisionofaUSPAinstruc- tionalratingholderuntildemonstratingtheabilitytosafelyexercisetheprivilegesofthelicense. 4-35866 EquipmentA. FederalRegulationsonEquipmentTheFederalAviationAdministrationoftheU. S. DepartmentofTransportation5867 whichpublishestheFederalAviationRegulations 5868FARs58695870 regulatesthedesign5871 maintenance5872 andalterationofparachuteequipment. USPASKYDIVER5873SINFORMATIONMANUAL 58742026 5875 USPA. ORG1434RecommendationsforEveryoneAllskydiversshouldbefamiliarwiththefollowingFARsandtheirapplicabilitytoskydiv- ing 5876seeChapter2-3and2-4ofthismanual58775878 5879 Part655880CertificationofParachuteRiggers 5881 Part915882GeneralFlightRules 5883 Part1055884ParachuteOperationsAdvisoryCircular105-25885explainsindetailvariousareasofparachuteequipment5886 maintenance5887 andmodifications. TheFAAgrantsapprovalofparachutestomanufacturersintheformofTechnicalStandardOrders 5888TSOs5889. TSOC-23isissuedtoparachutesthatcomplywiththecurrentperformancestandards. 5890 NAS804forTSOC-23b 5891 AS-8015AforTSOC-23c 5892 AS-8015BforTSOC-23dThesestandardsspecifytheteststhataparachutesystemanditscomponentpartsmustpasstoreceiveapprovalforcivilianuse. FARPart21containstheproceduresforobtainingTSOapproval. OnlythosewithFAAapprovalmayperformalterationstoapprovedparachutes. ApprovalmaybeobtainedbysubmittingarequestanddescriptionofthealterationtothemanufacturerortoanFAAFlightStandardsDistrictOffice. AnFAAMasterRiggerandamanufacturerwithanapprovedquality-assuranceprogramareeligibletoreceivealterationapproval. AlterationsmaynotbeperformedwithoutfulldocumentationofFAAapprovalforthespecificalteration. B. MainParachuteJumpersshouldchoosecanopiesthatwillprovideanacceptablelandinginawiderangeofcircumstancesbyconsideringseveralfactorsincludingcanopysize5893 wingloading5894 planform 5895shape58965897 skilllevel5898 andexperience. Ownersshouldverifywithariggerthattheirgearcomplieswithallapplicableupdatesandbulletins. Jumpersshouldobservethecanopymanufacturer5899srecommendationsforthecorrectcanopysize5900 whichusuallyincludesmaximumrecommendedweightwithrespecttothejumper5901sexperience5902 dropzoneelevation5903 andconditionssuchasdensityaltitude. Wingloading5904 measuredasexitweightinpoundspersquarefootofcanopysize5905 providesonlyonegaugeofacanopy5906sperformancecharacteristics. Asmallercanopyloadedequallytoalargeroneofthesamedesignwillexhibitafasterandmoreradicalcontrolresponse5907 withmorealtitudelossinanymaneuver. Design5908 materials5909 andcon- structiontechniquescancausetwoequallyloadedcanopiestoperformverydifferently. Differentplanforms 5910squarevs. ellipti- cal5911 exhibitverydifferenthandlingcharacteristics. TheMinimumCanopy-SizeRecommendationschartprovidestheminimumrecommendedcanopysizebytakingexitweightandthenumberofsolo-equipmentjumpsmadewithsquareparachutesintoaccount. Astudent5912scanopysizeisatthediscre- uspa. org5913downsize144USPASKYDIVER5914SINFORMATIONMANUAL 59152026 5916 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryonetionoftheinstructor. Duetothevariedsizesofcanopiesfromdifferentmanufactur- ers5917 anycanopylessthan35918 smallerthanthelistedrecommendationisacceptable. Canopychoicesforjumperswhohavemademorethan15919 000jumpsisattheirowndiscretion. Theseminimum-canopy-sizerecommendationsmaybetooaggressiveforsomejumpersand5920 inothercases5921 tooconservative. Instructors5922 canopycoachesanddropzoneleadershipshouldassistskydiversinselectingacanopyappropriatefortheirabilityandprogression. TheUSPADownsizingBestPracticesCard5923 availableatuspa. org5924downsize5925 isavaluableself-assessmenttool. Minimum-Canopy-SizeRecommendationsEXITWEIGHT 5926Jumperplusallequipment5927 NUMBEROFJUMPS1001101201301401501601701801902002102202302402500-2519019019019019019020020020022022022022024026028026-5017017017017017019019019019019019020020022024026051-100170170170170170170170170170190190190200200220240101-200150150150170170170170170170170170170190200200220201-300150150150150150150150150170170170170190190190200301-400135135135150150150150150150150170170170190190190401-500135135135135135135135135150150150170170170190190501-750120120120135135135135135135135150150170170170170750-1000107120120120135135135135135135135150150170170170C. ReserveParachuteAllskydiversshoulduseasteerablereservecanopy. TheFAArequiresthatthereserveparachuteassembly5928includingharness5929 container5930 canopy5931 risers5932 pilotchute5933 deploy- mentdevice5934 andripcord5935areapproved. JumpersmustobserveFARsregardingthemanufacturer5936smaximumcertificatedweightsandspeedsforparachutes. ParachutesapprovedunderFAATechnicalStan- dardOrderC-23b5937 C-23c5938 andC-23daresubjecttodifferenttestingstandardsandoper- ationlimits. Theentireparachutesystemislimitedtothemaximumcertificatedloadlimitoftheharness-and-containersystemorreservecanopy5939 whicheverisless. Loadlimitsarefoundintheowner5940smanual5941 themanufacturer5942swebsite5943 orplacardedontheparachutecomponentitself. Foraram-airreserve5944 jumpersshouldnotexceedthemaximumsuspendedweightspecifiedbythemanufacturer 5945notnecessarilythemaximumcertificatedloadlimit5946. Ajumpermayexceedtheratedspeedsofacertificatedparachutesystem 5947harnessand5948orparachute5949 byjumpingathigherMSLaltitudesorfallinginverticalfreefallorientations. Aroundreservecanopyshouldbeequippedwithadeploymentdevicetoreducetheopeningforceandcontroldeployment5950 shouldhavearateofdescentthatdoesnotexceed18feetpersecond 5951fps59525953 andmustnotexceedarateofdescentof25fpsatsealevelconditions 5954NAS8045955. Thefollowingscaleindicatestheminimumsizeroundreservecanopyrecommendedforuseaccordingtotheexitweightoftheskydiver5956 USPASKYDIVER5957SINFORMATIONMANUAL 59582026 5959 USPA. ORG1454RecommendationsforEveryoneTotalSuspendedWeight5960 RecommendedEquivalentDescentRate 5961high-porosityflatcircular5962 Upto149pounds24-foot150to199pounds26-foot200poundsandover28-foot 5963Theuseoflower-porositymaterialscanreducetherateofdescent. D. Harness-and-ContainerSystemTheFAArequirestheharnessofadualparachuteassemblytobeapproved. Allharnessendsshouldbefoldedoverandsewndownorwrappedandsewndowntopreventtheharnessfromunthreadingthroughthehardwareduringparachutedeployment. Canopy-releasesystemsshouldbemaintainedaccordingtothescheduleandproce- duresintheowner5964smanual. Thelocationofoperationalhandlesshouldalignwiththemanufacturingindustry5965sstandardizedlocations. Theharnessshouldbeequippedwithsingle-pointriserreleases 5966onehandlereleasesbothrisers5967 foreasyandrapiddisen- gagementfromthemaincanopy. Loop-typereservehandlesshouldbemadeofmetal. Plasticandcompositereservehandlesarenotrecommended. Jumpersshouldpracticepeelingandpullingpillow-typereservehandlesuntilcertaintheycanoperatethemeasilyinanemergency. Allripcord-housingendsshouldbesecured. Ripcordpins5968 whenseated5969 shouldeitherbestartedinsidethehousingorcleartheclosingloopbeforeenteringthehousing. Aripcord-cablestopshouldnotbeused5970 fatalaccidentscausedbyreserveentangle- mentswithripcordssecuredinthismannerhavebeendocumented. Thereservesystemisusuallydesignedtouseaspecifictypeofpilotchute. Thereservepilotchuteshouldbeproperlyseatedinthecontainerandrepackedifithasshifted. Deploymentbrakesystemsshouldprovidesecurestowageofthesteeringtogglesandslackbrakelinetopreventbrake-lineentanglementsandprematurebrakerelease. E. MainPilotChuteThemainpilotchuteispartofthemainparachutesystem. Pilotchutesizecanaffecttheopeningcharacteristicsofthemaincanopy. Spring-loadedandhand-deployedpilotchutesofbothtypes 5971throw-outandpull-out5972 eachhavestrengthsandweaknessesthataffecttheuser5973semergencyproceduresandotherdecisions. Onthrow-outhand-deployedsystems5974 thepilotchuteandpouchsizemustbecom- patible. Collapsiblepilotchutesaddcomplexityandhavemorerequiredmaintenancesinceforgettingtosetorcockthepilotchutecancauseahigh-speedpilot-chute-in-towmalfunction5975 andthemovingpartscreateadditionalweartothesystem. 146USPASKYDIVER5976SINFORMATIONMANUAL 59772026 5978 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryoneF. ReserveStaticLine 5979RSL5980 andMain-Assisted- Reserve-Deployment 5981MARD5982 DeviceWithveryfewexceptions5983 USPArecommendsthatjumpersuseareservestaticline 5984RSL59855986 abackupdevicethatautomaticallyinitiatesreservedeploymentwhenajumpercutsaway. Preferably5987 theRSLisequippedwithamain-assisted-reserve-deploymentdevice 5988MARD5989. RSLuseismandatoryforstudents. ThoughRSLs 5990withorwithoutMARDs5991 areprovenlifesavers5992 jumpersshouldneverrelyonthemtoinitiatereservedeploymentandmustmanuallypullthereserveripcordimmediatelyafteracutaway. OnanRSL-equippedrig5993 oneendoftheRSLlanyardattachestoamainriser5994 andthenthelanyardrunstothereserveripcordcable5995 wheretheotherendattaches. Whenthemainrisersdepartfollowingacutaway5996 theRSLlanyardpullsthereservepinandreleasesthereservepilotchute5997 whichdeploysthereserveparachute. WhentheRSLincludesaMARDdevice5998 theRSLlanyardhookstothereserve-pilot-chutebridle5999 whichallowsthedepartingmainparachutetoassistinextractingthereserve6000 speedingupitsdeployment. RSLshelptobothensureandspeedupreservedeploymentwhenfrac- tionsofasecondmatter6001 MARDSspeedupthedeploymentevenfurther. AnRSL6002 withorwithoutaMARD6003 mayalsoincorporateaCollinslanyard. Thislanyardattachestothereservestaticlineandisdesignedtoreleasethenon-RSL-sideriserintheeventtheRSL-sideriserbreaksordisconnectsprematurely. Consultariggerformoreinformation. USPArecommendsanRSL6004 preferablywithaMARD6005 forallexperiencedjumperswiththepossibleexceptionofthoseattemptinglinkedcanopyformations. IftemporarilydisconnectinganRSL6006 takecaretoensureitdoesn6007tinterferewiththeoperationoftheparachutesystem6008 consultarigger. RSLvs. MARD-Equipped-RSLReserveActivation6009 ReserveactivatedviaatraditionalRSL 6010left6011 andaMARD-equippedRSL 6012right6013. PhotobyNiklasDanielofAXISFlightSchool. USPASKYDIVER6014SINFORMATIONMANUAL 60152026 6016 USPA. ORG1474RecommendationsforEveryoneWhenmisroutedorattachedincorrectly6017 thesesafetydevicesmaynotfunctionandcanevencomplicateorpreventacutaway. Unlessthemanufacturer6018sinstructionsstateotherwise6019 donotuseaconnectordevicebetweentheleftandrightmainrisers. G. AutomaticActivationDevice 6020AAD6021 USPAencouragesalllicensedskydiverstouseanAAD6022adevicethatinitiatesreservedeploymentwhenthejumperreachesapresetaltitudeanddescentrate6023andrequiresitsuseforstudentskydivers. AnAADisonlyabackupdevice6024 andnojumpershouldrelyonittodeployaparachute. Thosewhouseoneandareeducatedonitsfunc- tionaresignificantlymorelikelytosurvivelossofaltitudeawarenessorconsciousnessduringaskydive. TheFAArequiresthosewhouseanAADtomaintainitinaccordancewiththeman- ufacturer6025sinstructions 6026FAR105. 43. c6027. Eachjumpershouldreadandunderstandtheowner6028smanualfortheAAD. AnAADmaycomplicatecertainsituations6029 particularlyifthejumperdeploysthemainparachutelowenoughfortheAADtoactivate. Understandingandreviewingtheemer- gencyproceduresfortwocanopiesout 6030SIMChapter4-16031 isessential. Note6032 AADsmayalsobeusedwithmainparachutes6033 butthisoccursonlyinspecializedcircumstances. H. StaticLine 6034Main6035 TheFAArequiresstatic-linedeploymenttobeeitherbydirectbagorpilot-chuteassist. Thedirect-bagmethodreducesthechanceofthestudentinterferingwithmain-can- opydeployment. Thepilot-chute-assistmethodmustuseanassistdeviceaccordingtoFAR105. 47. Theassistdevicemustattachatoneendtothestaticlinesothatthecontaineropensbeforethedeviceisloaded6036 andattheotherendtothepilotchute. TheFAArequiresthepilot-chute-assistdevicetohavealoadstrengthofatleast28butnotmorethan160pounds. Thestaticlineshouldattachtoanapprovedstructuralpointoftheairframe. Aseatbeltattachmentpointisconsideredpartoftheairframe6037 butthestaticlineshouldpullonitinalongitudinaldirection. Aircraftseatsarenotconsideredpartoftheairframe. Static-lineconstructionshouldinclude6038 6039 alengthofatleast8feetbutnotmorethan15feetandshouldnevercomeintocontactwiththeaircraft6040stailsurfaces 6041 alockingslidefastener6042 IDnumber43A9502orMS70120 6043 webbingofnotlessthan36044 600poundstensilestrengthI. BorrowingorChangingEquipmentNooneshouldrentorloanaparachutetopersonsunqualifiedtocarryoutanintendedskydiveorofunknownability. Theuseofunfamiliar 6045borrowedornew6046 equipmentwithoutsufficientpreparationhasbeenafactorinmanyfatalities. Wheneverpossible6047 avoidorminimizechangesinequipmenttypeduringstudenttrainingorwhen148USPASKYDIVER6048SINFORMATIONMANUAL 60492026 6050 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryoneborrowingequipment. Anyjumperwhomakesequipmentchangesshouldreceiveadequatetransitiontraining. Whenjumpinganewordifferentmainparachute6051 ajumpershouldfollowtherecom- mendationsinChapter5-9C6052 DownsizingProgression. J. UseofAltimetersSkydiversmustalwaysknowtheiraltitudeandmaychoosetouseacombinationofaltimetertypestomaintainaltitudeawarenessduringallphasesofaskydive. Commonaltimetertypesincludedigitalandanalogaltimetersthatcanbewornonthewristorcheststrap6053 aswellasaudiblealtimetersworninoronahelmet. AltimeterErrorsAllaltimetersuseelectronicand6054ormechanicalcomponentsthataresubjecttodamageandmayfailinuse. Youcanexpectminordifferencesinindicatedaltitude6055 soturnonorzerothealtimeteratthelandingareaanddonotre-adjustthealtimeterafterleavingtheground. Altimetersmaylagduringbothascentanddescent6056 expectinaccuraciesofupto500feet6057 plusorminus. Theneedleofananalogaltimetercanalsostickduringbothascentanddescent. Whenanaltimeterisinaburble 6058aswhenthejumperisfallingback-to-earth60596060 itmayreadinaccurately. Topreventdamagethatcancauseaccuracyerrors6061 handlealtimeterswithcareandmaintainandstorethemaccordingtothemanufacturer6062sinstructions. K. AccessoriesWeather6063 dropzoneconditions6064 theproficiencyoftheskydiver6065 andtheskydiver6066sexpe- riencewiththetypeofjumptheywillbeperformingshoulddeterminetheuseofper- sonalequipment. Jumpersshouldwearadequateprotectiveclothing6067 includingjump- suit6068 helmet6069 gloves6070 goggles6071 andfootwearforalljumps6072 withthepossibleexceptionofintentionalwaterlandings. Glovesareessentialwhenthejump-altitudetemperatureislowerthan406073 F. Ajumpershouldcarryaprotectedbutaccessibleknife. Allskydiversusingsoloequip- mentshouldwearalightweight6074 rigidhelmetthatdoesnotrestrictvisionorhearing. Alljumpersshouldwearflotationgearwhentheintendedexit6075 opening6076 orlandingpointofaskydiveiswithinonemileofanopenbodyofwater 6077definedasoneinwhichaskydivercoulddrown6078. L. MainParachutePackingThemainparachuteofadualassemblymaybepackedby6079 1. anFAAriggera. AnFAAriggermaysuperviseotherpersonsinpackinganytypeofparachuteforwhichthatpersonisrated 6080FAR65. 125. aandb6081. b. Anon-certificatedpersonmaypackamainparachuteunderthedirectsupervi- sionofanFAArigger 6082FAR105. 43. a6083. 2. thepersonwhointendstouseitonthenextjump 6084FAR105. 43. a6085 USPASKYDIVER6086SINFORMATIONMANUAL 60872026 6088 USPA. ORG1494RecommendationsforEveryoneEachindividualskydivershouldhavethewrittenapprovalofanS6089TA6090 USPAInstruc- tororExaminer6091 oranFAAriggertopacktheirownparachute. Allparachutepackersshouldknowandunderstandthemanufacturer6092sinstructionsforpacking6093 mainte- nance6094 anduse. Tandemmainparachutesmaybepackedby 6095FAR105. 45. b. 160966097 1. anFAArigger2. theparachutistincommandmakingthenextjumpwiththatparachute3. apackerunderthedirectsupervisionofariggerExerciseextremecautionwhenusingtemporarypackingpins. M. ParachuteMaintenanceTheequipmentownershouldfrequentlyinspectequipmentforanydamageandwear. Aqualifiedpersonshouldpromptlycorrectanyquestionablecondition. TheEquipmentSectionofCategoryGoftheUSPAIntegratedStudentProgramdetailsownerinspectionoftheparachute. RulesonParachuteMaintenance6098 Repairs6099 andAlterationTheFAArequirestheentireparachuteassembly6100 includingthemainparachute6101 tobemaintainedandrepairedbyaqualifiedFAArigger 6102seniorormaster61036104 someoneunderthesupervisionofamasterrigger6105 thefactory6106 oranyoneelsetheFAAapproves. TheharnessandcontainersystemandreservecanopyareapprovedundertheFAAtechni- calstandardorder 6107TSO6108 C-23. TheyfallunderhigherFAAmaintenanceandalterationstandardsthanthemainparachute. Amasterriggerisrequiredtoperformorsupervisemajorrepairsoralterationstoeitherthemainorreserveparachute. Themainpara- chuteisdefinedbytheFAAasanythingthatgetscutawayintheeventofamalfunction 6109notcountingtheapprovedRSL6110. MainparachutesrequirenoTSOapprovalandfallunderlessstringentstandards. Anyparachuteriggermayperformminorrepairstothemainparachute. However6111 maintenance6112 repairs6113 andalterationsarestillregulated. TheFAAlimitsusermaintenanceofparachutesystemstosimpleassemblyofthemainparachuteforhandling6114 transportation6115 orstorage6116 forexample6117 routineservicetothe3-ringreleasesystem. 6118AC105-2e. 13. f6119. FormoredetailsontheFAA6120smaintenancerulesforapprovedandnon-approvedcom- ponents6121 referto14CFR65. 111- . 129andFAAAdvisoryCircular 6122AC6123 105-2e. 13. a. and. f. 4-46124 Pre-JumpSafetyChecksandBriefingsA. EquipmentPreparationPreparingallskydivingequipmentandprocedurespriortoeachjumpiscriticaltopre- ventingaccidents. Thisinformationisintendedtoprovideinstructionalstaffandotherlicensedjumperswithguidanceindevelopinganappropriatepersonalchecklist. Insomecases6125 others6126thepilot6127 instructor6128 coach6129 rigger6130 groundcrewchief6131 etc. 6132 willhaveprincipalresponsibilityforthesechecks6133 however6134 nooneshouldassumethatothershavecarriedouttheseresponsibilities. Initially6135 theUSPAInstructorperforms150USPASKYDIVER6136SINFORMATIONMANUAL 61372026 6138 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryonethesepre-jumpsafetychecksandbriefingsfortheirstudents. Asstudentsprogress6139 theyshouldbegintolearntodothemforthemselves. Throughleadershipandattitude6140 instructionalstaffcanfosterarespectforsafetythatwillservethebeginningskydiverwellwhentheyassumesoleresponsibilityfortheirskydivingactivities. USPAhighlyrecommendsthateveryjumper6141 regardlessofexperiencelevel6142 engageinamutualgearcheckwithanotherlicensedjumper. Thispeer-reviewprocessservesasanessentialsafetyverificationsteptoidentifyandcorrectanyoversightsinequipmentpreparationandfostersacultureofsharedresponsibility. Whenspecializedequip- mentisinvolved6143suchaswingsuits6144 jump-specificgear6145 oruniqueharnesssystems6146 jumpersshouldensurethatthepersonperformingthegearcheckisfamiliarwiththatequipment. Ifnot6147 theyshouldseekoutsomeonequalifiedtoverifytheconfigurationandsetupoftheirspecificequipmentbeforeboarding. Progressingstudentsandallexperiencedjumpersshouldreviewtheitemsontheseliststofamiliarizethemselveswiththewiderangeofdetails. Thissectionincludeschecklistsfor6148 6149 aircraftpreflight 6150 ground-crewbriefing 6151 pilotbriefing 6152 skydiverbriefing 6153 equipmentcheck 6154 before-takeoffcheck 6155 takeoff 6156 spotting 6157 jumprun 6158 descentandlandinginaircraft 6159 post-jumpdebriefingB. BriefingsAircraftpreflight 6160primarilytheresponsibilityofthepilot6161 butthesupervisinginstruc- tionalratingholdershouldcheck61626163 6164 placards6165 inplace 6166asrequired6167 6168 seatsremoved 6169asrequired6170 6171 doorstop 6172underCessnawing6173 removed 6174 sharpobjectstaped 6175 looseobjectssecured 6176 stepsandhandholdssecure6177 cleanofoil 6178 aircraftaltimeterset 6179 filingandactivationofnoticetoairmen 6180NOTAM6181 6182 aircraftradioserviceable 6183 static-lineattachmentsecure 6184 knifeinplaceandaccessible 6185 remotespottingcorrectionandcommunicationsignalsoperational 6186largeraircraft6187 6188 winds-aloftreportorwind-driftindicatorsavailable 6189 seatbeltsavailableandserviceableUSPASKYDIVER6190SINFORMATIONMANUAL 61912026 6192 USPA. ORG1514RecommendationsforEveryone 6193 passengerhandstrapsneardoorremovedAloadorganizer 6194aseniorjumperorinstructionalratingholder6195 shouldcoordinatetoensurethateveryoneisinagreementbyconductingagroundcrewbriefing. ThisbriefingshouldincludecommunicationsprocedurestomeetBSRrequirementsforground-to-aircommunication 6196smoke6197 panels6198 radio6199 etc. 62006201 jumporder6202 distance6203timebetweengroupsonexit6204 landingpatternpriorities6205 andcontrolofspectatorsandvehi- cles. Forstudentoperations6206 thebriefershouldbeaUSPAInstructoranddiscussionshouldinclude6207 6208 windlimitations 6209 settingupandmaintainingacleartargetarea 6210 critiquesofstudentlandings 6211 maintenanceofmasterlog 6212 accidentandfirst-aidproceduresTheloadorganizeralsocoordinateswiththepilotonjump-runaltitudesanddirec- tion6213 communications 6214groundtoair6215 jumpmastertopilot6216 airtrafficcontrol62176218 aircraftattitudesduringcorrectionsonjumprun6219 andjump-runspeedandcut. Ifapplicable6220 thebriefingshouldincludelockingthewheelbrake 6221theparkingbrakeisnottobeused6222. Inaddition6223 thebriefingshouldaddressthegrossweightandcenterofgravityrequire- mentsandlimitations6224 proceduresforaircraftemergencies6225 andproceduresforequip- mentemergenciesintheaircraft. Theloadorganizeralsobriefstheskydivers6226 discussingitemssuchasseat-belt-offaltitude 622716228 500feetAGLordesignatedbyDZpolicy62296230 movementintheaircraft6231 especiallyduringjumprun6232 aircraftemergencyprocedures6233 includingcommunicationprocedures6234 andparachute-equipment-emergencyprocedures. AUSPAinstructorbriefsstudentsafterreviewingthestudentlogorrecord. Thejumpplanincludesexitandfreefall6235 includingjumpcommands6236 emergencyproceduretrain- ingorreview6237 canopycontrolandlandingpattern6238 anddropzoneappearanceandhazardsusinganaerialphotoormap. Thediscussionshouldalsoincludeconductintheaircraftsuchasprotectionofoperationhandlesandpins6239 movement6240 andmentalpreparationbeforethejump. C. EquipmentChecklistEachindividualskydivershouldensurethattheirownequipmentisinspectedfourtimespriortoeachjump6241 1. beforeputtingiton2. immediatelyafterputtingiton3. priortoboarding4. priortoexitUtilizingagear-checkroutinethatyouperforminthesameordereachtimeisbotheffi- cientandhelpspreventinadvertentlymissinganitem. Thefollowinglistofitems6242 usedinanylogicalorder6243 isanexampleofapre-flightchecklist6244 6245 helmet6246 properfitandthechinstrapthreadedcorrectly 6247 gogglesorglasses6248 secureandclean152USPASKYDIVER6249SINFORMATIONMANUAL 62502026 6251 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryone 6252 three-ringreleasesystem6253 properlyassembledandperiodicmaintenanceperformed 6254 reservestaticline 6255RSL62566257 hookedupandroutedcorrectly 6258refertomanufacturer6259sinstructions6260 6261 altimeters6262 checkedandset6263 visualaltimetersdonotblockoperationhandles 6264 mainparachute6265 6266 maincanopyproperlysized 6267 containerproperlyclosed6268 pull-upcordremoved6269 andclosingloopingoodcondition 6270 pilotchute6271 secureinthepouch6272 bridleroutedcorrectlyandsecure6273 pinsecureonthebridleandseatedintheclosingloop6274 slackabovethepin 6275ifapplicable62766277 andcolorinthekill-linewindow 6278ifapplicable62796280 ifusingapull-outpilotchute 6281notapprovedforstudentuse62826283 handlesecure6284 pinseated6285 freemovementofthehandlethroughpinextraction 6286seemanufacturer6287sinstructions6288 6289 practice-main-deployment-handlesecure 6290student6291 6292 harness6293 6294 strapsroutedcorrectlyandnottwisted 6295 cheststrap 6296 legstraps 6297 bellyband6298 ifapplicable 6299 snapssecuredandclosedand6300orfrictionadaptersproperlythreaded 6301 adjustedforproperfit 6302 runningendsturnedbackandsewn 6303 looseendstuckedintokeepers 6304 bellyband 6305ifused63066307 6308 correctlyrouted 6309 adjusted 6310 frictionadapterproperlythreaded 6311 reserve6312 6313 propersizeforjumper 6314 pincondition6315 seated6316 notbent6317 andclosingloop6318s6319 ingoodcondition 6320 pilotchuteseated 6321 packingdatacardindateandsealinplace 6322 reserve-handlepocketcondition 6323 pin-coverflapclosed 6324 overallappearance 6325 risers6326 nottwistedandtogglessecure 6327 suspensionandcontrollines6328 notexposed 6329 personalaccessories6330 6331 footwear6332 propertypeandfit6333 noopenhooksorbuckles 6334 protectiveclothing 6335 jumpsuitpocketsclosed 6336 otherouterwearcompatiblewithjumping 6337 glovesasneeded 6338 emptypockets 6339 earplugs 6340ifdesired6341 USPASKYDIVER6342SINFORMATIONMANUAL 63432026 6344 USPA. ORG1534RecommendationsforEveryone 6345 automaticactivationdevice 6346AAD63476348 6349 servicedaccordingtomanufacturer6350sschedule 6351 inthecorrectmodeforthejump 6352changeable-modeAADs6353 6354 properroutingofcable6355s6356 6357 controlunitsecuredinproperlocation 6358 turnedonandcalibrated 6359offsetforaltitudeifneeded6360 6361 conditionofalltouchfastener 6362akaVelcro6363 andtucktabs 6364 overallfitandappearance4-56365 WeatherA. DeterminingWindsAccordingtotheBSRs6366 jumpersmustdeterminetheappropriatealtitudeandsurfacewindspriortoconductinganyskydive. Youshouldmeasuresurfacewindsattheactuallandingarea. Winds-aloftreportsfromtheFAAflightserviceareonlyforecasts. Youcanmakeobservationswhileinflightusingnavigationsystemssuchasglobalpositioningsatellitesystems 6367GPS6368. Windscanchangeatanytime6369 sothejumpershouldcheckallavailableinformationbeforeandduringthejump. B. HazardousWeatherFrontsapproachwithmuchwarningbutcancatchtheunawareoffguard. Agustfront 6370alineofsuddenandsevereweather6371 precedessomefronts. Rapidandsignificantchangesinthestrengthanddirectionofthewindsaloftandonthesurfacemayaccom- panyfrontalapproachandpassage. Gustywinds6372 thermals6373 abruptchangesintemperature6374 andeventerraincancreateturbulenceincanopyflightatallaltitudes6375 includingneartheground. Turbulentorgustywindsonlandingcanalsoinitiateaflightcycle6376 causingyourparachutetodivetowardtheground. Canopieswithlighterwingloadingsarelesspredictableintur- bulence. Whenflyinginturbulenceregardlessofyouraltitude6377 maintainthedesiredheadingusingsmoothbuteffectivetoggleinput. Flyinfullflightunlessdirectedother- wiseinthecanopyowner6378smanual. Ifturbulenceexistsneartheground6379 prepareforaquickandforcefulflareandaPLF. Oncalm6380 hot6381 humiddays6382 thunderstormscanspontaneouslygenerateandmoveinunpredictablepatterns. Dustdevilsarestrong6383 well-formed6384 andrelativelyshort-livedwhirlwinds 6385mini-torna- does6386. Theyusuallyformondayswithsignificantthermalactivity6387 6388i. e. 6389 hotdayswithclearskiesandstrongsunshine6390. Dustdevilsmayormaynotbevisiblewhentheyform. Youshouldavoidflyinginorneardustdevilsastheymaycausesuddenandunpredict- ablechangesinyouraltitudeanddirectionofflightandmayevencauseyourcanopytocollapse. Ifyoudoencounteradustdevilwhileinflight6391 continuetoactivelypilotyourcanopytowardasafelandingareaandbepreparedtoPLF. 154USPASKYDIVER6392SINFORMATIONMANUAL 63932026 6394 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryoneColdweathercanalsobehazardous. Havingcoldhandsorwearingglovescanchangehowthepilotchuteandemergencyhandlesfeel6395 andVelcrobecomesmuchstifferduringcoldtemperatures. Thismaymakeoperatingthehandlesmoredifficult. Weatherwebsites6396 weatherapps6397 TVforecasts6398 continuousobservationbyyouandyourpilot 6399whoislegallyresponsibletoknowtheweatherconditionsbeforeflight6400 canprovidepracticalinformation. C. DensityAltitudeParachuteperformanceismeasuredatsealevelinmoderatetemperaturesandhumid- ity. Altitude6401 heat6402 andhumidityinfluencethedensityofair. Densityaltitudeisameasureofairdensitythatiscalculatedaccordingtothetemperatureandaltitude. Asdensityaltitudeincreases6403 airspeedincreasesbyalmost56404 per36405 000feetupto126406 000feetMSL6407 andmorethan56408 per36409 000feetabove126410 000feetMSL. Asdensityaltitudeincreases6411 aram-aircanopypilotcanexpectthefollowing6412 6413 ahigherstallspeed 6414 afasterforwardspeed 6415 afasterdescentrate 6416 higheropeningforcesAdditionally6417 higherdensityaltitudeaffectsaircraftinthefollowingways6418 6419 longerdistancesrequiredfortakeoffandlanding 6420 reducedpropellereffectiveness 6421 poorerturbineandpiston-engineperformance 6422 slowerandflatterrateofclimb 6423 lessusefulloadgiventheaircraft6424smaximumallowablegrossweightThepilotisresponsibleforknowingthedensityaltitudepriortotakeoff6425 andskydiversshouldconsidertheeffectsofdensityaltitudeoncanopyperformance. 4-66426 AircraftSkydiversplayamoreintegralroleinaircraftoperationsthanordinarypassengers6427 becausetheirprocedurescandramaticallyaffectthecontrollabilityoftheaircraft6428 par- ticularlyduringexit. Parasiticdragreducesairspeednecessaryforflightandreducestheeffectivenessofcontrolsurfaces. Excessweightintherearoftheaircraftcancausethepilottolosecontroloftheaircraftandcauseittostall. AjumppilotshouldbriefalljumpersonthetopicsoutlinedinAircraftBriefingfromCategoryEoftheUSPAIntegratedStudentProgram. Thesmallestaircraftusedforstudentjumpingshouldbeabletocarrythepilotandatleastthreejumpers. Thoseplanningtoopentheirparachuteabovethenormalopeningaltitude 6429generally56430 000feetAGLandlower6431 shouldinformthepilotandalljumpersonboard6432 aswellasanyotherjumpinflightatthetime. USPASKYDIVER6433SINFORMATIONMANUAL 64342026 6435 USPA. ORG1554RecommendationsforEveryoneAircraftfuelingoperationsshouldoccurawayfromskydiverlandingandloadingareas6436 andnoperson6437 exceptthepilotandnecessaryfuelingcrew6438 shouldbeaboardtheaircraftduringfueling. USPAacceptsthepracticeofrapidrefueling 6439fuelinganair- craftwhileanengineisrunning6440 forcertainturbine-poweredaircraftwhenperformedinaccordancewiththeguidelinesofParachuteIndustryAssociationTechnicalStandardTS-122. Piston-poweredaircraftshouldneverberapid-refueled. Studentsshouldneverapproachanaircraft6441 whethertheengineisrunningornot6442 unlesstheyareunderthedirectsupervisionofaUSPAinstructionalratingholder. Everyoneshouldalwaysapproachafixed-wingaircraftfrombehindthewingandalwaysapproachahelicopterfromthefrontortheside6443 onlyaftermakingeyecontactwiththepilot. Everyoneshouldalwaysprotecttheirhandleswhileenteringtheaircraftandfollowprocedurestoavoidtheaccidentalactivationofanyequipment. Ontheridetoaltitude6444 everyoneonboardtheaircraftissubjecttotheseatingrequire- mentsfoundinFAR91. 107andtheparachuterequirementsfoundinFAR91. 307. Every- oneshouldhaveathoroughunderstandingandbepreparedtotaketheappropriateactionsintheeventofanaccidentalactivationofparachuteequipmentintheaircraft. Seatbeltsshouldremainfastenedandallhardhelmetsandotherpotentialprojectilessecureduntilthepilotnotifiesthejumpersthattheymayunfastenthem. Studentsshouldsitstillandmoveonlywhentheirinstructor6445s6446 orcoachspecificallydirectsthemtodoso. Jumpersshoulddetermineseatingarrangements6447whichwillvaryaccordingtotheparticularaircraftandthesizeandtypeoftheload6448inadvance. Failuretomaintainproperweightandbalancethroughouttheflightmayresultinlossofcontroloftheaircraft. Thismeanstheloadmustbeproperlydistributedintheair- crafttomaintainbalanceinrelationtothecenterofgravity6449 whichisnecessaryfortheaircrafttoflysafely. Thejumpersmustcooperatefullywiththepilottokeeptheaircraftwithinitssafeperformanceenvelopethroughouttheentireflight. Theaircraftmustnotcarrymoreweightthanthemaximumallowedinthemanufacturer6450soperatingmanual. Seatbelts6451restraintsshouldbestowedoutofthewaybutneverfastenedtogetherunlessbeingworn. Allpilotsandotheroccupantsofajumpaircraftmustwearpara- chuteswhenrequiredbytheFAA. 4-76452 SpottingA. WhySpottingisImportantChoosingthecorrectexitpointandguidingthepilottoit 6453spotting6454 helpsfulfilleachsky- diver6455sresponsibilitytolandinanappropriatecleararea. JumpersmustdemonstratebasicspottingabilitiespriortoobtainingtheUSPAAlicense. Spottinginmoredifficultcircumstancesrequirescontinuedpracticeandstudy. Inadditiontoconsiderationsforgettingonejumperorgroupoutoftheaircraftatthecorrectpoint6456 spottersmustcon- siderthecorrectexitpointsformultipleindividualsorgroupsonthesamepassfromalargeraircraft. 156USPASKYDIVER6457SINFORMATIONMANUAL 64582026 6459 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryoneB. PrioritiesBefamiliarwiththeDZandsurroundingarea6460 includingexitandopeningpoints. Jumpersshouldobserveandtalktothoseonpreviousjumpstohelpdeterminethecorrectjump-rundirectionandexitandopeningpoint. TheStandardOperatingPro- ceduresectionsofCategoriesD6461 E6462 andFoftheIntegratedStudentProgramexplainthemethodsforestimatingtheexitandopeningpointbasedonwinds-aloftforecasts. Calculationofthespotusingthewinds-aloftreporthasreplacedtheuseofwind-driftindicators 6463WDI6464 formostroutinedropzoneoperations. However6465 useofWDIscanalsobeeffectivefordeterminingdriftundercanopy. Jumpersaboardtheaircraftobservethedriftofapieceofweightedcrepepaperreleasedatcanopyopeningaltitudeoveranobservedposition 6466orathalfoftheopeningaltitudewithgroundtraveldoubledforthejump6467 todeterminethedistanceanddirectionofthebestopeningpointupwindofthetarget. Jumpersareresponsibleforwinddriftindicatorsaftertheyland. Tospot6468 lookouttheopendooroftheaircraftfortrafficandcloudsbelow6469 andidentifytheDZ6470 theclimb-outpoint6471 andtheexitpoint. CategoryDoftheISPdiscussestech- niquesfordeterminingthepointstraightbelowtheaircraft. JumperscanusethemnemonicSPACEtoquicklyremembertheitemstheyneedtocheckwhilespotting6472 6473 Skydivers 6474 Planes 6475 Airport 6476 Clouds 6477 ExitlightMakesureyouhaveenoughseparationbetweentheskydiversinfrontofyouandyourgroup. AccordingtoFAR105. 56478 thejumperandthepilotarejointlyresponsibleformakingsureplanetrafficisclearbeforejumping. Youshouldbeatadistanceanddirectionfromtheairportthatallowsyoutomakeitbacktothedropzonegiventhewindsforthatday. AccordingtoFAR105. 176479 thejumperandpilotarejointlyresponsibleforstayingtheappropriatedistanceclearofclouds. ThepilotcommunicatesthefinalOKforexiteitherwithalightsystemorverbally. C. ExitSeparationonJumpRunSlower-fallingjumpersandgroupshavealongerexposuretoupperheadwinds6480 whichblowthemfartherdownwindthanfaster-fallingjumpersandgroups. Slower-fallinggroupsshouldexitbeforefaster-fallinggroupswhenjumprunisintothewind. Ondayswithstrongupperheadwinds6481 allowmoretimebetweengroupsonthesamepasstogetsufficienthorizontalseparationovertheground. Provideatleast16482 000feetofgroundseparationbetweenindividualsjumpingsolo. Provideatleast16483 500feetofgroundseparationbetweensmallgroups6484 addingmoreasthesizeofthegroupsincrease. Onceyourparachuteopens6485 delayflyingupordownthelineofflightuntilanyjumpersinaslower-fallinggroupthatexitedbeforeyouhaveopenedtheirparachutesandUSPASKYDIVER6486SINFORMATIONMANUAL 64872026 6488 USPA. ORG1574RecommendationsforEveryoneturnedtowardthelandingarea6489 andmembersofthegroupexitingafterhavecom- pletedtheirfreefallandopened. Flyingjumprunacrosstheupperwinds 6490crosswind6491 helpsachieveseparationbetweengroups. Whetherflyingoneormoreaircraft6492 eachpassshouldallowenoughtimeforjumpersonapreviouspasstodescendtoasafealtitudebeforedroppingjumpersfromthenextpass. D. ExitandFlight-PlanConsiderationsforDifferentDisciplinesLargerjumpaircraftmayincludeseveraldifferentgroupsofskydiversperformingdif- ferentdisciplines6493 someofwhichusemoreairspacethanothers. Thefollowingexitorderisageneralguide6494 butdropzonesmayadjusttheorderbasedonlocalconsider- ationssuchasprevailingupperwinds6495 theterrain6496 otherdisciplinesontheload6497 weatherconditions6498 andskilllevelofjumpersorgroupleaders. 1. Movementgroup1 6499angle6500 tracking6501 etc. 6502 2. Formationskydiversfallinginabelly-to-earthorientation 6503largesttosmallest6504 3. Freeflygroupsfallinginhead-down6505 standingorsittingpositions 6506largesttosmallest6507 4. Movementgroup2 6508angle6509 tracking6510 etc. 6511 5. Freefallstudentswithinstructors6. Tandemstudentsandinstructors7. High-pulls8. WingsuitflyersSomeofthesegroups6512formationskydivers6513 freeflyers6514 solostudentsandtandemstudents6515tendtofallstraightdownafterexit6516 driftinghorizontallywiththeeffectsofwindbutotherwisenotmovingmuchintheairspace. Theygainadequateseparationfromoneanotherbyexitingingroupslargesttosmallestperdisciplineandwaitingtheappropriatelengthoftimebetweengroupsbeforeexitingtheairplane. OtherGroups 6517movementgroups 6518angle6519 tracking6520 etc. 65216522 canopyformationjumpers6523 andwingsuitflyers6524coverlargehorizontaldistancesthatyoumusttakeintoaccountwhenplanningadescentstrategy. Thesegroupsmustflyaspecificflightpaththattheyplanbeforeboardingtheaircraft. Thejumperleadingthistypeofgroupmustkeepthegroupflyingtheplannedpaththeentirefreefall. Thisplanmayincludeturningdownwindaftersufficientlateraldistanceandflyingparalleltogroupsthat158USPASKYDIVER6525SINFORMATIONMANUAL 65262026 6527 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryoneexitedearlier. Thebreakoffpointmustbefarenoughlaterallytoallowforthejumperstogainhorizontalseparationfromeachother6528 aswellasanyofthegroupsthatexitedtheairplaneearlier. Wingsuitflyersshouldexitlast6529 astheytypicallyfollowtheplanealongjumprunafterexit6530 whilehighpullerstendtoflybackthroughthejump-runpath. Therearepossibleexceptionstothisgeneralization6531 suchasacanopyformationteamexitingwithamajoroffset6532 e. g. greaterthanonemilepastthelastwingsuitflyerexiting. Airplaneloadsthatincludemorethanonewingsuitgroupaddcomplexitytodeterminingtheairspacenec- essarytoalloweachgrouptoopeninacleararea. Loadsthatincludemorethantwomovementgroupsrequiregreaterplanningtodetermineexitorder. Generally6533 nomovementgroupshouldexitimmediatelyafteranother. Immediatelyafterexit6534 amovementgroupmustflyperpendiculartojumpruntoprovidelateralseparationfromtheothergroupsthathaveexitedorwillexittheaircraft. Aftergainingsufficientlateraldistance6535 thegroupmaythenturndownwind6536 flyingparalleltogroupsthatexitedearlier. Asecondmovementgrouponthesameloadshouldflytheoppositedirectionofthefirst6537 whilestillflyingperpendiculartojumprun6538 toallowforgreaterseparation. Dependingonthesituation6539 itmaybesafertorestricteachairplaneloadtonomorethantwomovementgroupsandonewingsuitgroup. 4-86540 IncidentReportsA. IncidentsReportingincidentshelpsUSPAtrackcurrenttrendsinthefieldandgivesdirectiontoUSPAstaffandboardmembersaddressingequipmentissues6541 trainingmethods6542 andsafetyprocedures. Itisparticularlyimportanttoreportanyeventthatrequiresajumpertoreceivemedicalattentionorraisesasafetyconcern6543 butjumpersshouldalsoreportnoteworthymalfunctions6544 unsafeprocedures6545 unusualorethicallyunacceptableskydives6546 orotherextraordinaryoccurrencesconcerningskydivingoperations. USPAratingholdersandS6547TAs6548 theleadersinthefield6549 arethekeytoencouragingskydiverstofileincidentreports. Incidentreportsarewarrantedfor 6550butnotlimitedto65516552 6553 Fatalities 6554 Injuriesrequiringmedicalattention 6555anythingmorethanlocalfirstaid6556 6557 Anyinjurytoastudent 6558includingtandemstudents6559 6560 Reservedeployments 6561intentionalorunintentional6562 6563 AADactivations 6564 Off-fieldlandingorobstaclelandings 6565buildingsandotherobjects6566 water6567 powerlines6568 trees6569 6570 Emergencyexitsfromanaircraft 6571 Freefallorcanopycollisions 6572 Prematuredeploymentsinaircraftorfreefall 6573 HarnessorcanopydamagedduringjumpUSPASKYDIVER6574SINFORMATIONMANUAL 65752026 6576 USPA. ORG1594RecommendationsforEveryone 6577 Theunplanneddroppingofequipmentduringjump 6578 AnythingfiledonaninsuranceclaimB. InvestigationandReportingofIncidentsFatalitiesandothersignificantincidentsareanunfortunatepartofskydiving. Tohelpskydiverslearnessentiallessonsfromthemistakesofothersandreducethenumberandseverityofincidents6579 USPAmembersshouldfilloutanincidentreportwhenitmeetsanyoftheconditionsinthelistabove. Whenappropriate6580 anS6581TAcanactasanimpartialinvestigator. JumpersshouldcoordinateeffortsthroughthelocalS6582TAwhenaneventrequiresseveralreports6583 witnessaccountsorpersonalobservationsoftheinvestigator. Incidentscanbereportedonlineatuspa. org6584ir. USPAkeepsreportsconfidentialbyfollowingtheproceduresincludedinthissection. TheintegrityandeffectivenessofthereportingsystemrelyoneachUSPAofficialfollow- ingUSPA6585sprocedurespreciselyasoutlined. C. SubmissionandDisposalofIncidentReportsUSPAfollowsstrictoperatingprocedurestomaintaintheconfidentialityofreportsandprotecttheintegrityoftheincident-reportingsystem. Ifpossible6586 thereportingpartyshouldusetheonlinesubmissionformatuspa. org6587ir6588 butmayalsoprintortypethereportandsendittoUSPAHeadquarters. USPAmaintainsonlytheinformationthatidentifiestrendsforUSPAandtheskydivingindustry. USPAremovesdates6589 locationsandnamesofinvolvedpartiesandenterstheremaininginformationintoadatabase6590 thendestroysthesubmittedreports. USPAmaypublishabriefsynopsisofthereportinParachutist6591 excludingthedate6592 spe- cificlocationandnamesofanyoneinvolved. D. TheIncidentReportingFormYoucanensurethatUSPAreceivesthemostaccurateandusefuldatabyprovidingdetailedinformationinyourincidentreportandbyspecifyingthetypeofinjury 6593ifone6594 thatoccurred. Completingthenarrativearea6595 includingallfactorsthatledtotheinci- dent6596 helpsUSPAproduceanaccuratesummary. Iffilingareportofanon-fatalincidentthatcausedinjury6597 includetheprognosisforthejumper6598srecovery. 160USPASKYDIVER6599SINFORMATIONMANUAL 66002026 6601 USPA. ORG4RecommendationsforEveryoneE. USPAPolicyRegardingPrivilegedInformationThesuccessofUSPA6602ssafety-reportingprogramdependsuponthefreeexchangeofinformationbetweenfieldreportersandUSPAHeadquarters. Ifreportingofficialsbelievethattheinformationwillbeusedonlyforstatisticalandeducationalpurposesandthatthereportsthemselveswillnotbereleasedtothirdparties6603 thereportingsystemwillcontinuetoservethebestinterestsofthemembership. If6604 ontheotherhand6605 thisprivilegedinformationisreleasedtothirdpartiesforwhateverreason6606 USPAwilllosethetrustofthefieldreportersand6607 withit6608 valuablesafety-generatingdata. USPA6609spolicyincludes6610 6611 DocumentsforuseonlybythereportingpartyandUSPAofficialsasnecessarytoenhancesafetythrougheducationandtraining. 6612 AllrequestsbythirdpartiestoaccesssuchinformationordocumentswillbereferredtotheUSPAExecutiveDirector6613 who6614 inconsultationwiththeUSPAPresident6615 willdeterminetheneedtorefertocounsel. 6616 FailuretoadheretotheseprocedureswillsubjecttheviolatingUSPAmembertodisciplinaryactionperSection1-6oftheUSPAGovernanceManual. USPASKYDIVER6617SINFORMATIONMANUAL 66182026 6619 USPA. ORG1614RecommendationsforEveryone162USPASKYDIVER6620SINFORMATIONMANUAL 66212026 6622 USPA. ORGThischapterprovidesguidanceforvariousdisciplinesinskydiving6623 formationskydiving6624 freeflying6625 freestyleandskysurfing6626 nightjumping6627 waterlandings6628 canopyformations6629 high-altitudejumping6630 cameraflying6631 wingsuitflying6632 canopypiloting6633 movementjumps6634 andspeedskydiving. TheseguidelineswillalsoassistyouinmeetingyourskillandknowledgerequirementsfortheUSPAB6635 C6636 andDLicensesandUSPAratings. 5-16637 FormationSkydivingA. IntroductionandDefinitionFormationskydiving6638 traditionallycalled 6639relativework6640 or 6641groupfreefall6642 6643 istheinten- tionalmaneuveringoftwoormoreskydiversinproximitytooneanotherinfreefall. B. TrainingandProceduresBeforetrainingforformationskydiving6644 eachstudentshouldcompleteallthetrainingandadvancementcriteriathroughCategoryFoftheUSPAIntegratedStudentProgram. StudentsshouldbegintrainingforgroupfreefallskillsassoonastheycompleteCate- goryFoftheISP. Thisencouragesthemtomaintaintheirinterestinskydiving6645 fostersrelaxationintheair6646 developscoordination6647 establishesparticipationingroupactivi- ties6648 anddevelopssafeattitudesandprocedures. Initialtrainingshouldbeginwithnomorethantwojumpers6649thetraineeandacurrentUSPACoachorInstructor. Catego- riesGandHoftheISPcontainarecommendedtrainingoutlineforbeginninggroupfreefallskills. C. HazardsAssociatedwithFormationSkydivingMid-aircollisionsandfunneledformationsarenotonlyundesirablebutcanbedan- gerous. Twobodiescollidinginflightcancausesevereinjuriesordeath. Thegreatestdangerexistswhenjumperslosesightofeachotherandopentheircanopiesinde- pendently6650 whichmaysetthestageforajumperinfreefalltocollidewithanopencanopy. Evenafteropening6651 ifthejumpersdonotfollowpropersafetyprocedures6652 theyriskacanopycollision. Chapter56653 Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsUSPASKYDIVER6654SINFORMATIONMANUAL 66552026 6656 USPA. ORG1635Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsD. BreakoffProceduresTheminimumbreakoffaltitudeforgroupsoffiveorfewershouldbeatleast16657 500feethigherthanthehighestplanneddeploymentaltitudeinthegroup 6658notcountingonecameraflyer6659. Forgroupsofsixormore6660 minimumbreakoffaltitudeshouldbeatleast26661 000feethigherthanthehighestplanneddeploymentaltitudeinthegroup. Minimumbreakoffaltitudeshouldbeevenhigherthantheserecommendationsforthefollowing6662 6663 groupswithoneormorejumpersoflowexperience 6664 jumperswithslower-openingorfaster-flyingcanopies 6665 jumpersengaginginfreefallactivitiesthatinvolveafallratefasterthanbelly-to- earthterminalvelocity 6666 jumpsinvolvingprops6667 toys6668 orotherspecialequipment6669 suchassigns6670 banners6671 smoke6672 flags6673 hoops6674 tubes6675 itemsreleasedinfreefall6676 etc. 6677 jumpstakingplaceoveranunfamiliarlandingareaorincaseofanoff-fieldlanding 6678 anyotherspecialconsiderationAtthebreakoffsignaloruponreachingthebreakoffaltitude6679 whichevercomesfirst6680 eachparticipantshouldturn180degreesfromthecenteroftheformationandflattrackawaytotheplanneddeploymentaltitude. Jumperscanachieveaflattrackbyinitiatingwiththeirlegs6681 whichwillresultinmorehorizontalseparationthandiving. Beforepulling6682 jumpersshouldperformadistinctwave-offtosignaljumperswhomaybeabovethem. Duringthewave-off6683 lookup6684 down6685 andtothesidestoensurethattheareaisclear. Thelowpersonhastheright-of-way6686 bothinfreefallandundercanopy. 5-26687 Freeflying6688 Freestyle6689 andSkysurfingA. IntroductionandDefinitionFreeflyingreferstoallactivitiesthatincorporateback6690 standing6691 head-down6692 orsittingfreefallpositions6693 includingfreestyleandskysurfing. Theserecommendationsprovideguidanceforverticalfreefallbodypositions6694 whicharegenerallyassociatedwithhighfallratesandrapidchangesinrelativespeed. Thediversefreefallspeedsamongjumpersengagedindifferentfreefallactivitiesaffectseparationbetweengroupsexitingonthesamepassoverthedropzone. B. QualificationsBeforeengaginginfreeflying6695 youshouldholdaUSPAlicenseandhavereceivedfreefly- inginstructionfromaUSPAinstructionalratingholderwithextensivefreeflyingexpe- rience. Beforefreeflying6696 youshouldhavedemonstratedsufficientairskills6697 including6698 6699 orientingtothelineofflightofjumprun 6700 maintainingconsistentaltitudeawareness 6701 performingbasicformationskydivingskills 6702 Proficientlyperformingbasicbackflyskillssuchasrotationandmovingup6703 down6704 forwardandbackwardpriortoattemptinghead-uporhead-downmaneuvers 6705 trackingtoachievesufficienthorizontalseparation164USPASKYDIVER6706SINFORMATIONMANUAL 67072026 6708 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsC. EquipmentFreeflyingposesspecificpotentialequipmentproblems. Aprematureopeningatthespeedsinvolvedinfreeflyingcouldinjureyouseverelyorstressyourequipmentbeyondthemanufacturer6709slimits. Topreventprematuredeploymentofeithercanopy6710 properlysecureyourgear. Deploymentsystemsandoperationhandlesneedtoremainsecurewhenyouareflyingathighspeedsandinvariousorientations. Therefore6711 equipmentforfreeflyingshouldincludeabottom-of-containermounted6712 throw-outpilot-chutepouchorpull-outpilotchutewithtucktabs. USPArecommendsagainstusingaleg-strap-mountedpilotchute6713 whichisanextremehazard6714 asisanyexposedpilot-chutebridle. Maintainandproperlysizeyourclosingloopsandensureyourpinprotectionflapandrisercoversareingoodshapeandstaysecureduringfreefall. Connectlegstrapswithabungeetokeepthemfromslidingtoyourkneeswhileinahead-upfreefallpositionormakingtransitions. Tightlystowexcesslegandcheststrapmaterial. USPArecommendsfreeflyersuseanAADandanRSLwithaMARDduetotheincreasedpotentialforcollisionsandlossofaltitudeawareness. Whenusingskysurfingboards6715 useaboard-releasesystemthatyoucanactivatewitheitherhandwithoutbendingatthewaist. Personalaccessoriesforfreeflyingshouldinclude6716 6717 audiblealtimeter 6718twoarerecommended6719 6720 visualaltimeter 6721 hardhelmet 6722 clothingorjumpsuitthatwillremaininplaceduringdifferentorientationsoffreefallandwillnotobscureorobstructdeploymentoremergencyhandlesoraltimetersD. TrainingFreeflyinghasmanythingsincommonwithface-to-earthformationskydiving. Abegin- nerwilldevelopawarenessandprogressmuchfasterandmoreproficientlywithacoach. Novicesshouldnotjumpwitheachotheruntilreceivingbasictraininginfreefly- inganddemonstratingtheabilitytomaintainaverticalaxisandcontrolmovementup6723 down6724 forwardandbackwardinahead-upposition. Priortojumpingwithlargergroups6725 progressshouldfollowthesamemodelasforthefreefallandcanopyformationdisciplines6726 2-wayformationsofnoviceandcoachtodevelopexit6727 bodyposition6728 docking6729 transition6730 andbreakoffskills. E. HazardsAssociatedwithGroupFreeflyingInadvertentlytransitioningfromafast-fallingbodypositiontoaslower6731 face-to-earthpositionisknownas 6732corking6733 andresultsinrapiddeceleration6734 typicallyfrom175mphto120mph. Thiscouldpotentiallyleadtoahigh-speedfreefallcollision. Tofreeflysafelyinagroup6735 youshouldbeabletoconsistentlyremaininaverticalpositionatalltimesandremainclearofotherfreeflyers6736 airspace. Duringbreakoff6737 clearairspaceabove6738 below6739 andbehind. USPASKYDIVER6740SINFORMATIONMANUAL 67412026 6742 USPA. ORG1655Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsWhenlearningfreeflyingfromabelly-to-earthbackground6743 itcanbeeasytolosealti- tudeawareness. From136744 000feet6745 abelly-to-earthjumpisapproximately60secondswhilethefreefalltimeofafreeflyjumpmaybeasshortas40seconds. Also6746 thever- ticalfreefallbodypositionscanmakevisualaltimetersdifficulttosee. Dependingonthehelmetused6747 audiblealtimetersmayalsobehardtohearwiththeincreasedwindspeedoftheverticalposition. Aswithanyotherskydivingdiscipline6748 participantsmustbediligentinmaintainingaltitudeawareness. Novicefreeflyersoftendriftinvariousdirectionsinfreefall. Priortoeachjump6749 freeflyersshouldnotejumprunaswellaslandmarksperpendiculartojumpruninordertosetupfacingoffthelineofflight 675090degreestojumprun6751. Thisisespeciallyimportantforsolofreeflyers. Anexperiencedcoachcanidentifywhetheraparticipantisdriftingandprovideguidance. Experiencedfreeflyersmustbeawareofdriftingwhencoachingorperformingdivesinvolvinghorizontalmovement 6752seeChapter5-106753 Move- mentJumps6754. Freeflyersmustconsiderwinddrift6755 aswellastheirdriftfrombodyposition6756 toprovideadequateseparationbetweengroups. Asageneralrule6757 faster-fallinggroupsshouldexittheaircraftafterslower-fallinggroups. Verticalfreefallgroupsshouldstayupwindtoallowclearcanopyairspaceforgroupsexitingprior. Importantplanningconsiderationstoaddressthesehazardsinclude6758 6759 Getabriefingfromaninstructorexperiencedinfreeflying. 6760 Considergettingacoachandmentorearlyinyourprogression. 6761 Ensureyourequipmentis 6762freeflyfriendly. 6763 6764 Utilizebothvisualandaudiblealtimeters. 6765 Keepthesizeofthegroupssmalluntilproficient. 6766 Planhigherbreakoffsthanusual. 6767 Graduallytransitionfromafastfall-ratetotrackingpositionforseparationincaseaskydiverisabovetheformationinaverticalposition 6768 Avoidmaneuversnearbreakoffthatincreaseseparationandlevelchangesfromthegroup. 6769 Notonlygainseparationfromotherjumpers6770 butalsoslowdownafterbreakofftoensurenormalfreefallspeedsfordeployment. 5-36771 NightJumpsA. IntroductionandDefinitionNightjumpscanbechallenging6772 educational6773 andfun6774 buttheyrequiregreatercareonthepartofthejumper6775 pilot6776 spotter6777 andgroundcrew. Aswithalltypesofskydiving6778 nightjumpingcanbesaferwithspecialtraining6779 suitableequipment6780 pre-planning6781 andgoodjudgment. Everyskydiver6782 regardlessofexperience6783 shouldparticipateinnight-jumptrainingtolearnorreview6784 6785 techniquesforavoidingdisorientation 6786 useofidentificationlight6787 lightedinstruments6788 andflashlight166USPASKYDIVER6789SINFORMATIONMANUAL 67902026 6791 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendations 6792 targetlighting 6793 ground-to-aircommunications 6794 emergencyproceduresAnyjumpsmadebetweenofficialsunsetandofficialsunriseareconsiderednightjumps. JumpersmustmaintainsafetyandcomplywithFAAregulationsusingthisdefi- nition. However6795 nightjumpstomeetlicenserequirementsandtoestablishworldrecordsmusttakeplacebetweenonehourafterofficialsunsetandonehourbeforeofficialsunrise. B. QualificationsSkydiversparticipatinginnightjumpingshouldmeetalltherequirementsforaUSPABorhigherlicense. Participantsshouldcompleteacomprehensivebriefinganddrillimmediatelybeforetheintendednightjump. AUSPAS6796TA6797 Examiner6798 orInstructorwhohascompletedatleasttwonightjumpsshouldconductthistraining. Thisofficialshouldsignanddocumentthetraining6799 includingthedateandlocation6800 inthejumper6801slogbook. C. HazardsAssociatedwithNightJumpsNightjumpscanpresentnewandunusualsituations6802 andjumpersmustapproachthischallengewithcautionbecausedarknessgreatlyimpairsvisionanddepthperception6803 causingtheopportunityfordisorientation6804 adifferentappearanceoftheearth6805ssurface6806 andalackoffamiliarreferencepoints. Youshouldbethoroughlyfamiliarwiththeeffectsofhypoxia 6807oxygendeprivation6808 onnightvisionfoundintheFAAAeronau- ticalInformationManual 6809AIM6810 onlineatfaa. gov. Oneofthefirsteffectsofhypoxia6811 evidentaslowas56812 000feet6813 islossofnightvision. Ittakesapproximately30minutestorecoverfromtheeffectsofhypoxia. Smokerssuffertheeffectsofhypoxiasoonerthannon-smokers. Carbonmonoxidefromexhaustfumes6814 deficiencyofvitaminAinthediet6815 andprolongedexposuretobrightsunlightalldegradenightvision. Nightvisionrequires30minutestofullyadjust. Ajumper6816sownshadowcastbythemooncanresembleanotherjumperbelowandcauseconfusion. Skydiversinfre- quentlymakenightjumpsandarelessfamiliarwithandlessproficientinhandlingthemselvesundertheconditionsofthisnewenvironment. Sincetheskydivercannotperceivewhatistakingplaceasrapidlyandeasilyasindaylight6817 ittakesmoretimetoreacttoeachsituation. D. SpecialEquipmentForprotectionfromaircraft6818 theFAArequiresnightjumperstohavealightvisibleforatleastthreestatutemilesdisplayedfromopeninguntilthejumperisontheground. USPArecommendsusingconstant-beamlightsratherthanstrobes6819 whichcaninterferewithnightvisionanddepthperception. Constantlightsarepreferable6820 butjumperscanuseflashinglightsoncetheyopenandareinfullcontroloftheircanopies. Roadflaresandotherpyrotechnicsexudehotmeltedchemicalswhileburningandarehazardouswhenskydiversinfreefallusethem. Inaddition6821 theglaregreatlyincreasesthepossibilityofdisorientation. Additionalequipmentrecommendationsincludealightedaltimeter6822 cleargoggles6823 andaflashlightorlightonahelmetpointinguptofacilitatecheckingthecanopy. AbrightUSPASKYDIVER6824SINFORMATIONMANUAL 68252026 6826 USPA. ORG1675Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsLEDpointedatthecanopyduringtheentirecanopydescentilluminatestheparachuteforotherjumpers6827 greatlydecreasingthechanceofacanopycollision. Nightjumpersoftencarryawhistletowarnotherjumpersundercanopy6828 signalotherjumpersafterlanding6829 andtoaidrescuersinlocatingalostorinjuredjumper. TurnyourAADoffandbackonbeforebeginningnightjumpstoensureitiswithinthetime-frameoperationallimitsforthenightjump. Dropzonestaffshouldhaveandcheckthemanifestafternightjumpstoensurealljumperslandedsafely. Thelandingareashouldcontainsufficientlighting6830providedbyflashlights6831 electriclights6832 orsimilardevices6833toilluminatethetarget. Openflamescanbeextremelyhaz- ardous6834 sodonotuseroadflaresorotherpyrotechnics. Carheadlightsmaybeusedforlighting6835 however6836 vehiclesclutterthelandingarea. E. ProceduresSkydiversshouldconductnightjumpsinlightwindsandonlyinclearatmosphericconditionswithminimalclouds. Moonlightgreatlyincreasesvisibilityandnight-jumpsafety. USPArecommendsjumpingduringafullmoonwhenconductinggroupfreefallskydivesatnight. Skydiversshouldwearwhiteorlight-coloredjumpsuits. TheBSRsrequirethatyouconsultthelocalS6837TAoraUSPAExaminerforadviceforconductingnightjumps. Additionally6838 youmayneedtonotifyFAA6839 state6840 andlocalofficialsasrequired. UseatopographicalmaporphotowithFAAFlightServiceweatherinformationforappropriatealtitudeandsurfacewindstocomputejump-runcompassheadingandexitandopeningpoint. Oneseniormembershouldbedesignatedasjumpmasterforeachpassandberesponsibleforaccountingforallmembersofthatpassonceeveryonehaslanded. Eachjumperperforminganightjumpwhoisnotfamil- iarwiththedropzoneshouldmakeatleastonejumpduringdaylighthoursonthesamedaytobecomefamiliarwiththedropzoneandsurroundingareas. Toconfigureyourtargetforaccuracy6841 arrangelightsinacirclearoundthetargetareaataradiusof82feet 684225meters6843 fromthecenter. Removethreeorfourofthelightsclosesttothewindlineonthedownwindsideofthetargetandarrangetheminalineleadingintothetargetarea. Thiswillindicatebothwindlineandwinddirection. Byfol- lowingaflightpathoverthislineoflights6844 thejumperwillbeonthewindlineandlandupwind. Placearedlightprotectedbyaplexiglasscoveratdeadcenter6845 flushwiththesurface. Incaseofemergency6846 adverseweatherorotherhazardousjumpconditions6847 extinguishalllightstoindicate 6848nojump. 6849 Ground-to-airradiocommunicationsshouldbeavailable. Currentwindinformationforbothsurfaceandaloftconditionsiscriticalatnighttoensureaproperspot. Spottersshouldfamiliarizethemselveswiththedropzoneandsurroundingareainflightduringdaylight6850 notinggroundpointsthatwilldisplaylightsatnightandtheirrelationshiptothedropzoneandanyhazardousareas. Thespottershouldplantousebothvisualspottingandaircraftinstrumentstoassureaccuratepositioningoftheaircraft. Duringtheclimbtoaltitude6851 familiarizeeachjumperwiththenightlandmarkssurroundingthedropzone. 168USPASKYDIVER6852SINFORMATIONMANUAL 68532026 6854 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsF. GroupJumps6855 FreefallandCanopyAperson6856sfirstnightjumpshouldbesolo. Onsubsequentnightjumps6857 theycanmakegroupskydives6858 startingwitha2-wayandthengraduallyprogressingtolargerforma- tions. Jumpersshouldconsiderstaggeringtheirdeploymentaltitudestoreducetheriskofacanopycollisionbothduringdeploymentandduringthecanopydescentandlandingpattern. Whenstaggeringdeployments6859 thejumperswiththelowestwingload- ingsshoulddeployatthehighestaltitudeandjumpersshouldcontinueinorderbywingloadinguntilthejumperswiththehighestwingloadingsdeployatthelowestaltitude. Onceundercanopywithothersintheair6860 jumpersshouldflypredictablyandavoidspiralingturns. Alljumpersoneachpassshouldagreetothesamedownwind6861 base6862 andfinalapproachandthealtitudesforturnstoeachlegofthelandingpattern. Jumpersplanningcanopyformationsshouldpracticetogetherduringdaylightandrehearsebeforeboardingforeachnightjump. USPArecommendsthatskydiverspar- ticipateinnightcanopyformationsduringafullmoon. Alljumpersshouldwearbrightlycoloredclothing. 5-46863 WaterLandingsA. IntroductionandPurposeAccidentalwaterlandingshavecausedanumberoffatalities6864 usuallybecausethejumperdidnotuseflotationgear6865 usedincorrectprocedures6866 orlandedinextremelycoldwater. USPArecommendswater-landingtrainingtoimprovechancesforsurvivalfrombothintentionalandunintentionalwaterlandings. Thepurposeofwettraining 6867requiredfortheUSPABlicense6868 istoexposetheindividualtoaworst-casescenarioinacontrolledsituation. Propertrainingshoulddecreasethelikelihoodofpanic6869 whichshoulddecreasethelikelihoodofdrowningsincedrowningisusuallybroughtonbypanic. Unintentionalwaterentrymayoccurduetospottingerror6870 radicalwindchanges6871 mal- functions6872 andlandingunderareserveratherthanamain. Intentionalwaterjumpsarepreplannedjumpsintoabodyofwater. B. TrainingforUnintentionalWaterLandingsTheISPincludestrainingrecommendationsforunintentionalwaterlandingsintheobstacle-landingtrainingofCategoryA 6873thefirst-jumpcourse6874. Chapter4-1Gcontainsamorecompleteanddetailedbriefingoutline. Dry 6875TheoreticalTraining6876 AUSPAS6877TA6878 Examiner6879 orInstructorshouldsigndocumentationofthistraining6880 includingthedateandlocation6881 inthejumper6882slogbookandA-licenseapplicationoronaseparatestatement. Theoreticaltrainingshouldincludeclassroomlessonscovering6883 6884 techniquesforavoidingwaterhazards 6885 howtocompensateforpoordepthperceptionoverwaterUSPASKYDIVER6886SINFORMATIONMANUAL 68872026 6888 USPA. ORG1695Discipline-SpecificRecommendations 6889 preparationforwaterentry 6890 additionalrisksofwaterlandingsincoldwatertemperatures 6891 recoveryafterlandingPracticeshouldcombinebothgroundandtraining-harnessdrillsandshouldcontinueuntilthejumperisabletoperformtheproceduresinarealistictimeframe. Wet 6892PracticalTraining6893 Aftertakingaclassontheory6894 jumpersshouldundergopracticaltraininginasuitableenvironmentsuchasaswimmingpool6895 lake6896 orotherbodyofwateratleastsixfeetdeep. ThistrainingmeetstheUSPAB-LicensetrainingrequirementsforintentionalwaterlandingsandaUSPAS6897TA6898 Examiner6899 orInstructorshouldsignthedocumenta- tionofit6900 includingthedateandlocation6901 inthejumper6902slogbook. Thoseconductingthistrainingneedtoconsiderthesafetyoftheparticipants. Safetypersonnelshouldincludeproperlytrainedandcertifiedlifeguards. Ifsuitablyquali- fiedskydiversarenotavailable6903 assistancemaynormallybesolicitedfromthelocalAmericanRedCrossorotherrecognizedtrainingorganization. Flotationgearandotherlifesavingapparatusisrecommendedfornon-swimmers. Participantsmaywearswimsuitsforinitialtrainingbutshouldwearnormaljumpcloth- ingduringfinaltrainingtosimulatewaterlandings. Forthenon-swimmers6904 trainingshouldincludebasicskillscoveringbreathcontrol6905 bobbing6906 andfrontandbackfloating. Fortheswimmers6907 trainingshouldincludealloftheabove6908 plusthebreaststroke6909 side- stroke6910 backstroke6911 andtreadingwater. Whilewearingaparachuteharness-and-containersystemandallassociatedequip- ment6912 theparticipantjumpsintothewater. TheUSPAInstructorshouldthencastanopencanopyofanytypeoverthejumperbeforeanywaveactionsubsides. Thejumpershouldthenperformthestepsnecessarytoescapefromtheequipmentandthewater. Repeatthisdrilluntilproficient. C. ProceduresforIntentionalWaterLandingsAnypersonmakinganintentionalwaterlandingshouldholdaUSPAAlicense6913 haveundergonewettrainingforwaterlandings6914 andbeaswimmer. Theyshouldalsoundergopreparatorytrainingwithin60daysofthewaterjump. AUSPAS6915TA6916 Exam- iner6917 orInstructorshouldconductthistrainingandsignanddocumentthedateandlocationinthejumper6918slogbook. Theoreticaltrainingshouldincludeclassroomlessonscovering6919 6920 preparationsnecessaryforsafeoperations 6921 equipmenttobeused 6922 proceduresfortheactualjump 6923 recoveryofjumpersandequipment 6924 careofequipmentInpreparation6925 theBSRsrequirejumperstoobtainadviceforthewaterjumpfromthelocalUSPAS6926TAorExaminer. Jumpersshouldalsocheckthelandingsiteforunderwa- terhazardsanduseanaltimeterforfreefallsof30secondsormore. 170USPASKYDIVER6927SINFORMATIONMANUAL 69282026 6929 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsPreparationsshouldincludenolessthanonerecoveryboatperjumper6930 or6931 iftheaircraftdropsonejumperperpass6932 oneboatforeverythreejumpers. Boatpersonnelshouldincludeatleastonequalifiedskydiverandstand-byswimmerwithafacemask6933 swimfins6934 andexperienceinlifesavingtechniques6935 includingresuscitation. Eachjumpershouldreceiveathoroughbriefingconcerningthepossibleemergenciesthatmayoccurafterwaterentryandthepropercorrectiveprocedures. Jumpersshouldopennolowerthan36936 000feetAGLtoprovideampletimetoprepareforwaterentry6937 especiallywhenthelandingareaisasmallbodyofwaterandthejumpermustconcen- trateonbothaccuracyandwaterentry. Asecondjumprunshouldnotoccuruntilalljumpersfromthefirstpassaresafelyaboardthepickupboat6938s6939. Incalmconditionswithreadilyaccessiblepick-upboats6940 thebestprocedureissimplytoinflatetheflotationgearaftercanopyinflationandconcentrateonlandingintheproperarea. Instrongwinds6941 choppywaterconditions6942 incompetitivewater-jumpevents6943 oriftheflotationgearcannotbeinflated6944 separationfromequipmentafterwaterentryisessential. Watermaydamagesomealtimetersandautomaticactivationdevices. WhenskydiversopttojumpwithoutthesestandardinstrumentsandAADs6945 theyshoulduseextracare. D. HazardsAssociatedwithHigh-PerformanceWaterLandingsAlthoughmakinghigh-performancelandingsoverwatermayreduceinjuriesincasesofslightmisjudgment6946 largererrorsthatcausethejumpertohitthewatertoohardwillstillcauseseriousinjuryordeath. Jumpersshouldobtaincoachingfromanexperiencedhigh-performancecanopypilotfamiliarwithhigh-performancelandingsacrosswaterpriortoattemptingthem. Raisedbanksattheapproachentryandexitfromthebodyofwaterpresentaserioushazard. Aninjuryuponlandinginawaterhazardcanincreasethejumper6947sriskofdrowning6948 sojumpersshouldapproachhigh-performancelandingsinvolvingwaterusingthestandardwater-landingprecautions6949 includingtheuseofaflotationdevice. Theareaaroundthebodyofwatershouldbeclearofhazardsandspectatorsincasehigh-speedcontactwiththewatercausesthejumpertolosecontrol. E. Water-JumpSafetyChecksandBriefingsJumpersshouldperformacompletegearcheck6950 payingparticularattentiontoanyaddi- tionalequipmenttobeusedorcarriedforthewaterjump 6951seemoreinChapter4-46952. Boatandgroundcrewbriefingsshouldinclude6953 6954 communicationsprocedures 6955smoke6956 radio6957 buoys6958 boats6959 6960 windlimitations 6961 jumporder 6962 controlofspectatorsandotherboats 6963 settingupthetarget 6964 maintenanceofmasterlog 6965 howtoapproachajumperandcanopyinthewater 6966direction6967 proximity6968 USPASKYDIVER6969SINFORMATIONMANUAL 69702026 6971 USPA. ORG1715Discipline-SpecificRecommendations5-56972 CanopyFormationsA. IntroductionandDefinitionInCanopyFormation 6973CF69746975 commonlycalledcanopyrelativework 6976CRWor 6977crew697869796980 jumpersbuildcanopyformationsbyintentionallymaneuveringtwoormorecanopiesnearorincontactwithoneanotherduringflight. Thegoalissmoothflowandgracebetweentwoormorejumpersandtheircanopiesinflight. Themostbasiccanopyfor- mationiswhentwocanopiesarejoinedverticallyduringflight. Thiscanbeastack6981 wherethejumper6982sfeetaredockedatthetopofthelines6983 oraplane6984 wherethejumpermovesdownthelinestosecurethefeetbelowthesliderofthebottomjumperonthecrossconnectors 6985seeEquipmentbelow6986. Canopyformationspecialistsconsidertherecommendationsinthissectiontobethesafest6987 mostpredictable6988 andmostproductiveprocedures. Experiencedcanopyforma- tionspecialistsshouldleadcanopyformationjumps6989 whethertheyoccurduringthedayoratnight. B. QualificationsBeforeengagingincanopyformations6990 ajumpershouldhavethoroughknowledgeofcanopy-flightcharacteristics6991 toincluderisermaneuversandtherelativecompatibilityofvariouscanopies. Theyshouldalsohavedemonstratedaccuracycapabilityofconsis- tentlylandingwithin16feetofatarget. C. EquipmentThefollowingitemsareessentialforsafelybuildingcanopyformations6992 6993 hookknife6994necessaryforresolvingentanglements 6995 ankleprotection6996adequatesockstopreventabrasionfromcanopylinesandnobootswithhooks 6997 glovesforhandprotection 6998 self-retractingorremovablepilot-chute-bridlesystems 6999 crossconnectors7000 Asecurefootholdatthetopoftherisersisessentialforbuildingplanes7001 whichcandevelopgreatertensionastheygrowlarger. Crossconnectorsarealengthofwebbingattachedbetweenthefrontandrearrisersonly7002 notfromsidetoside. Side-to-sidecrossconnectorscansnagonthereservecontainerduringdeploymentandcauseadangerousentanglement. Thefollowingitemsarestronglyrecommendedforsafelybuildingcanopyformations7003 7004 visualaltimetertoprovidealtitudeinformationfordock7005 abort7006 andentanglementdecisions 7007 protectiveheadgearthatallowsadequatehearingofvoicecommandsinadditiontocollisionprotection 7008 longpantsandsleevesforprotectionfromlineabrasions 7009 extendedorenlargedtogglestomakegraspingthemeasier 7010 cascadesremovedfromthetwocenterAlines7011 whichshouldbemarkedinred172USPASKYDIVER7012SINFORMATIONMANUAL 70132026 7014 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsD. TrainingInitialtrainingshouldoccurwithtwojumpers7015thebeginnerandacanopyformationspecialist7016andincludelessonsinbasicdocking7017 breakoffprocedures7018 andemergencyprocedures. Thefirstfewjumpsshouldincludeonlystacksandplanes7019 asoffsetforma- tionsarelessstable. E. ProceduresAvoidjumpinginturbulentairorgustywindconditions. Inareassubjecttothermaltur- bulenceandotherunstableairconditions7020 jumpintheearlymorningandearlyevening. Avoidpassingnearclouds7021 whichareassociatedwithunpredictableairconditions. Usecautioninflyingformationsoverplowedfields7022 pavedsurfaces7023 orotherareaswherethermalconditionsoftenexist. Whenunexpectedlyencounteringbumpyorturbulentair7024 flytheformationdirectlyintothewind. Factorsyoumustconsiderineverypre-jumpbriefinginclude7025 7026 exitorder 7027 timebetweenexits 7028 lengthoffreefall 7029 designationofbase 7030 canopywingloadingandtrim 7031 orderofentry 7032 directionofflightandtechniquesofrendezvous 7033 approachandbreakofftrafficpatterns 7034 dockingprocedures 7035 formation-flightprocedures 7036 one-wordverbalcommands 7037 breakoffandlandingprocedures 7038 emergencyproceduresSpottingshouldaccountforupper-windvelocityanddirection. Advisethepilotthatacanopyformationgroupisexitingandopeninghigh. Leaveaminimumoftwosecondsofseparationbetweenexits. Withgreaterexperienceandtheuseofstagedopenings7039 one-secondseparationmaybepossiblebutdrasticallyincreasesthechanceofcollisionwhenanoff-headingcanopyopeningoccurs. Anyopeningdelayshouldbeadequatetoassureclearancefromtheaircraft7040 jumperseparation7041 andstablebodypositionatopening. Eachjumpermustbepreparedtoavoidacollisionatanytimeuponleavingtheaircraft. Whenestablishingdockingprocedures7042 identifythejumperwhoisthebase. Thispositionrequiresthemostexpertise7043 however7044 dockingskillsareusedinallslots. Alljumpersshoulddiscussdockingmethodsbeforeboardingtheaircraft. Duringformationflight7045 itisimportantthattheformationpilotmaintainaconstantdirectionofflightalongapredeterminedcourseandestablishanorderlyflightpatternforcanopiesattemptingtodock7046 whichwillenableinterference-freeapproachesandlessenthepossibilityofcanopycollisions. NocanopiesshouldeverpassinfrontofaUSPASKYDIVER7047SINFORMATIONMANUAL 70482026 7049 USPA. ORG1735Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsformation7050 thewaketurbulencecreatedwilldisturbtheformation7051sstabilityandcouldleadtoaverydangeroussituation. Forsmoothnessandsafetywhenapproachingtheformation7052 approachonlevelwiththedockandslightlybehindbyonlyacoupleoffeet. Thisalsoavoidsimpartingverticalenergyintotheformation7053 whichcancausethewingsontheothersidetocomearoundintothecenteroftheformation. Thistypeofapproachisrecommendedforverticalformations7054 aswell. Approachingfrombelowisnotrecommended. Whendocking7055 grasponlythecentersectionofadockingcanopywhenthecanopyclosesthirdorlaterinastackformation. Tocompletethestackdock7056 thetopjumpershouldplacebothfeetbetweenbothAlinesofthecentercellofthelowerjumperandhookonebyeachinstep. Acenter-celldockispreferableforbeginners. Improperdocksarethemostcommoncauseofcollapsedcanopies. Youshouldreleaseacollapsedcanopytoallowreinflationonlyifitwillnotmakethesituationworse. Topreventdroppinganentangledjumperintoapotentialcollision7057 makesuretheareabehindandbelowisclear. Experiencedparticipantsmaybeabletoreinflateacollapsedcanopybycontinuingtoplanedownthelines. Thejumperwiththecol- lapsedcanopycantryusingbrakesorrearriserstobackthecanopyoffandreinflateit. Ajumperwishingtobereleasedfromtheformationshouldusetheterm 7058dropme. 7059 Thiscommandistobeobeyedimmediately7060 unlessitwilldropthejumperintoaworsesituation. Thejumperissuingthecommandshouldbesuretocheckbehindforothercanopiesonapproachbeforeaskingtobedropped. Wheninformationflight7061 verbalcommandsshouldbeconciseanddirect7062 omittingnon-essentialconversation. Thepilotshouldflytheformationwithlimitedcontrolmovementstominimizeoscillationsandfacilitatedocking. Theformationpilotshouldneverusedeepbrakesintheformation. Ifalowercanopyiscollapsinginaverticalformation7063 thejumpershouldslidehisfeetbackuptothecanopyforre-inflationorfollowtheagreedemergencyproceduresfortheplannedformation. Continuingtoplanedownthelinesmayendwiththecanopycompletelycollapsingandpotentiallycausingentanglement. Oscillationsareaprimaryconcernincanopyformations7064 becausetheycanresultincollapsedcanopiesandentanglements. Toreducetheireffectandfrequency7065 jumpersintheformationcan7066 7067 maintainanarchforspeedandstabilityespeciallyforoffsetanddiamondformations 7068 whenonthebottomoftheformation7069 sitstillintheharnessandcrosstheirlegs 7070 whenonthebottom7071 applytheappropriatecontroltoreduceorincreasetension 7072 manipulatealowerjumper7073slinestodampentheoscillation 7074 dropthebottomjumperbeforetheoscillationdevelopsintosomethingworseDiamondsandoffsetsrequiredifferentflyingtechniquesthanverticalformations. Itisimperativetoreceivepropertrainingbeforeattemptingthem. Forbreakoffandlandingprocedures7075 approachesanddockingshouldstopnolowerthan27076 500feetAGL. Formationpilotsshouldavoidallobstacles7077 includingsuspected174USPASKYDIVER7078SINFORMATIONMANUAL 70792026 7080 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsareasofthermalactivity7081 suchaspavedsurfaces7082 plowedfields7083 buildings7084 etc. OnlythosewithahighlevelofCFproficiencyshouldattempttolandcanopyformations. Breakoffforlandingshouldtakeplacenolowerthan27085 500feetAGLbecauseofthedangerofentanglementatbreakofftime. Jumpersshouldnotattempttolandforma- tionsinhighorgustywinds7086 highdensityaltitudes7087 orhighfieldelevations. CFgroupslandingofftheairportshouldtrytolandtogether. Forguidanceonnightcanopyformations7088 seeChapter5-3NightJumps. F. HazardsandEmergencyProceduresJumper-to-jumpercollisionsorharddocksthatresultindeflatedcanopiesorentangle- mentscanresultinseriousinjuryordeath. Entanglementsarethegreatesthazardswhenbuildingcanopyformations. Jumpersshouldknowtheiraltitudeatalltimes7089 becausealtitudewilloftendictatethecourseofaction. Ifacollisionisimminent7090 youshouldnottakecanopyformationgripswithanysmalldiameterlinesunlessyouareextremelyknowledgeableandproficientonthosepartic- ularcanopies. Besidethedangerofslicingintomusclesandcuttingthroughharnesscomponents7091 thoselinesandattachmentpointsarenotusuallystrongenoughtowithstandtheloadsthatcanoccurinadockedformation. Theyaremoresuscepti- bletofailure7092 possiblylongafterthedockhasbeendropped7093 potentiallymuchlowerthan27094 500feet. Avoidbody-to-bodycontactatallcost7095 andhitlinesorfabricinstead. Attempttocleartheentanglementbyfollowingtherisersout7096 peelingawayfabricandlineswhileprotectingyourhandles. Iftheupperjumperisengulfedinthefabricofthelowerjumper7097scanopyandisunabletodisengage7098 thelowerjumpershouldbeinstructedtocutawayfirst. Theupperjumpershouldthencleartheirfaceandtheircontrolsfromthecanopythatwascutawayandtakecontroloftheirowncanopy. Itissafertoflyslowlyandkeepthecutawaycano- py7099sfabriconyouthanitistotrytoclearitandriskhavingalineorlinessnagonyou7100 causingtheothercanopytoinflateanddownplaneorspinintoyourcanopy. Iftheupperjumperisentangledinthesuspensionlinesofthelowerjumper7101scanopy7102 underthebottomskinofthatcanopy7103 theupperjumperinthelinesshouldcutawayfirst. Thatjumpershouldclearlinesandfabricfromtheirbodyandthree-ringstocreateapathdownandout. TheupperjumpershouldalsodisconnecttheRSL 7104ifwornandiftimeandaltitudepermits7105 incasethejumperdoesnotcleartheotherlinesimmedi- atelyuponinitiatingcutawayprocedures. Crossingyourlegspriortocuttingawaycanalsopreventstraddlingcascadedlinesorrisers. Onceclearoftheentanglement7106 thejumpershouldpullthereserveimmediatelyandnotwaittogainstability7107 asitcantakeupto17108 000feettostoptumblingafteracutaway. Ifyoucannotuntangle7109 makeonlytwoattemptstocleartheentangledcanopybeforedeployingthereserve. Thesoonerthereserveisdeployed7110 themoretimeandaltitudeyouhaveavailabletopreventthecutawaycanopyfrominterferingwithcontrolofthereserve. Whyupperjumperfirst7111 Theentangledjumperneedsthelowerjumpertostayattachedtothatcanopytoprovidetensiononthelinestoallowtheupperjumpertoslideoutofthem. Ifthelowerjumperperformscutawayproceduresfirst7112 theupperUSPASKYDIVER7113SINFORMATIONMANUAL 71142026 7115 USPA. ORG1755Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsjumperbecomeshopelesslyentangledinthelowerjumper7116ssuspensionlineswhilethatcanopyistemporarilyreleasedandre-inflatesintoadownplane. Ifthecutawaycanopydoesnotclearthelowerjumper7117scanopy7118 thelowerjumperneedstowaitatleast5secondsbeforeperformingcutawayprocedures. Oncereservesaredeployed7119 steerclearoftheotherjumperandthecutawaycanopies. Jumpersshouldtrytolandtogetherfollowingacanopyformationemergency. 5-67120 High-AltitudeJumpsA. IntroductionandDefinitionAhigh-altitudeskydiveisajumpmadeatorabove157121 000feetmeansealevel 7122MSL71237124 butlowerthan187125 000feetMSL. MSLisnottobeconfusedwithAGL 7126abovegroundlevel7127 orthedropzone7128selevation. USPAdoesnotproviderecommendationsforskydivingatandabove187129 000feetMSLsinceitisoutsideofsport-parachutingaltitudes. Thosewhodoopttoskydiveatorabovethesealtitudesshouldseekoutsideexpertiseandusespecializedoxygenequip- ment. Thejumpersmustdevelopproceduresforthespecificjumporevent7130 aswellasprocurespecializedequipmentandsupport. Skydivesfromaltitudeshigherthan157131 000feetMSLpresentparticipantswitharangeofimportantconsiderations7132 sincereducedatmosphericpressure7133 decreasedpartialpressureofoxygen7134 environmentalfactorsincludingtemperature7135 andhigherwindsgreatlyincreasethelevelofrisk. B. HazardsandHypoxiaAccordingtoFAR91. 2117136 eachoccupantoftheaircraftmustbeprovidedwithsupplementaloxygenatcabinpressurealtitudesatorabove157137 000feetMSL. Hypoxiaisamedicalconditionthatdevelopswhenthereisnotenoughoxygeninthebody7138stissuesandisthemostimmediateconcernbetween157139 000feetMSLand187140 000feetMSL. Hypoxiacanresultinimpairedjudgmentandmotorfunctionandeventu- allycauseunconsciousnessorevendeath. Allparticipantsinvolvedinthejumpwillbenefitfromfamiliarizationtrainingthatcoverstheoxygenequipmentbeingused7141 aircraftdrills7142 andinformationaboutthephysiologicalconditionsencounteredwhenexposedtoreducedatmosphericpressures. Undergoinghypoxia-recognitiontrainingthatallowsthesimulationofobjectiveandsubjectivesignsandsymptomsofhypoxiaisalsoextremelybeneficial. C. EquipmentIntheeventofamalfunctionintheprimaryoxygensystem7143 abackupoxygensystemshouldbeavailableonboardtheaircraft. Eachaircrewmemberandskydiverwillhaveaccesstotheirownoxygenmaskornasalcannula7144 althoughacommoncentraloxygenbottleandregulatorsystemmaybeusedasasupply. 176USPASKYDIVER7145SINFORMATIONMANUAL 71462026 7147 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsD. Oxygen-UseProceduresWarning7148 Oxygenexplosivelyacceleratesburning7149 Topreventdamagetoaircraftandequipmentandinjurytopersonsfromoxygen-fedflashfires7150 theaircraftshouldbeelectricallygroundedduringallgroundpractice. Nosmokingshouldbepermittedinthevicinityoftheaircraft7151 eitheronthegroundoraloft7152 whileoxygenequipmentisonboard. Oxygen-useprocedureswillvarywiththeequipmentused7153 butthefollowingarebasic7154 7155 Allparticipantsshoulddonmasksornasalcannulaswithapositiveflowofoxygenpriortoexceeding157156 000feetMSL. Oxygenflowshouldbecontinuousthroughouttheremainderoftheclimbandjumprunandshouldbemonitoredcontinuouslyviagaugesorvisualflowindicators. Theaircraftoperatorshouldensuresufficientoxygensupplyforallexposuresabove157157 000feetMSL7158 includingsupplyforextendeddelaysataltitude. 7159 Priortoexit7160 jumpersshouldstayonoxygenforaslongaspossible7161 removingtheirmasksorcannulasatthe 7162climbout7163 or 7164exit7165 signal. Participantsshouldrehearsetheseproceduresonthegroundinordertoensureasafeclimbtoaltitudeandaircraftexit. 7166 Intheeventofanabortedjumprun7167 allparticipantswillensurethere-donningoftheirownoxygenequipment7168 assistothersandawaitfurtherinstructionsfromtheaircrew. 5-77169 CameraFlyingA. IntroductionSkydivingprovidesawealthofvisualinspirationthatcanbereadilycapturedthroughstillandvideophotography. Smallerandlightercamerashavemadeiteasierandlessexpensivetotakecamerasonajump7170 butjumpersstillneedtoexercisecautionwiththeircameraequipmentanditsinteractionwiththeparachutesystemthroughoutallactivitiesonthejump7171 payingcloseattentiontobreakoffproceduresandspecialemer- gencyproceduresforcameraflyers. Onlyafteracameraflyerhasbecomecompletelyfamiliarwiththeequipmentandproceduresofthedisciplineshouldtheyexperimentandbecreative. USPArecommendsthatjumpersbelicensedandhavecompleted200jumpsbeforejumpingwithacamera7172 regardlessofthecameratype7173 shapeorsize. B. BackgroundEarlypioneercameraflyershadtosolvetheobviousproblemspresentedbybig7174 cum- bersomecameraequipmentandparachutes. Onlythemostexperiencedjumpersandphotographerswouldbravetheactivityoffilmingothers. Morerecently7175 miniaturedigitalstillandvideocameraspresentlessofachallenge7176 encouragingmorejumperstousecamerasontheirjumps. Skydivershavebecomelessconcernedabouttheskillofacameraflyerjumpingwiththeirgroup. USPASKYDIVER7177SINFORMATIONMANUAL 71782026 7179 USPA. ORG1775Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsC. PurposeJumpersshouldrealizethatflyingacamera7180evenasmallone7181requiresadditionaleffortandattentiononeachjumpandshouldnottakethedecisiontobeginflyingcameralightly. Tosupporteducationfornewcameraflyers7182 theUSPALibraryoffersanonlinecourse7183 CameraFlyingRecommendations7184 atuspa. org7185library. D. EquipmentAcameraflyershouldconsultanotherexperiencedcameraflyerandariggerbeforeusinganynewormodifiedpieceofequipmentonacamerajump7186 including7187 7188 helmet 7189 parachute 7190 deployment-devicemodification 7191 camera 7192 cameramount 7193 flash 7194 switchandmounting 7195 camerasuit 7196 emergencyrelease 7197 otheritemssuchasskysurfboardorskis7198 tubesorotherfreefalltoys7199 wingsuitPriortofilmingotherskydivers7200 acameraflyershouldjumpwitheachneworadditionalpieceofequipmentuntiltheyarecompletelyfamiliarwithitandhaveadjustedanyproceduresaccordingly. CameraEquipmentSmallcamerasarenotnecessarilysafertojumpthanlargerones. Regardlessofthelocationofthecameramount7201 usersshouldplaceandrigthemwithrespecttodeploy- ingparachutes. Cameraflyersshouldcover7202 tape7203 orprotectbyothermeansalledgesandpotentialsnagareas. Snagpointsthatcannotbemitigatedonhelmet-mountedcamerasshouldatleastfaceawayfromthedeployingparachute. Apyramidshapeoftheentirecamera-mountingsystemmaydeflectlinesbetterthananeggshape. Deflectorscanhelpprotectareasthatcannototherwisebemodifiedtoreduceproblems. Allgapsbetweenthehelmetandequipment7204 includingmountingplates7205 shouldbetapedorfilled. Pro- trusions7206 suchascamerasights7207 shouldbeengineeredtopresenttheleastpotentialforsnags. Testforthesepotentialproblemsonthegroundbydraggingasuspen- sionlineoverthecameraassemblytorevealsnagpoints. Sharpedgesandprotrusionscaninjureotherjumpersduringacollisionoremergencyaircraftlanding. Duringdeployment7208 jumpersshouldmakesurethatanycamerasmountedontheirextremitiesarekeptclearofthedeployingcanopy7209 lines7210 etc. Camera-operationdevicessuchasswitchesandcablesneedtobesimpleOnlinemodulesonCameraFlying7211aswellasothereducationalresource7212-areavail- ableintheUSPALibraryatuspa. org7213library. 178USPASKYDIVER7214SINFORMATIONMANUAL 72152026 7216 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsandsecure. Analyzeeachpieceofaddedequipmentforitspotentialinteractionwiththeoverallcamerasystemandparachutes. HelmetsandCameraMountsAriggeroranexperiencedcameraflyershouldevaluateallcameraplatforms7217 whethercustomorofftheshelf7218 forsafetyandsuitabilitytoyourpurpose. Thehelmetshouldprovidefullvisibilityforthecameraflyerinfreefallandundercanopy7219 butespeciallyduringemergencyprocedures. Coverandtapeemptycameramountstopreventsnags. Anycamerahelmetshouldhaveanemergencyreleasethatiseasytooperatewitheitherhandincaseofentanglement. Useareliablehelmetclosureorclaspthatalsofunctionsasanemergencyrelease. ParachuteCameraflyersshoulduseareliableparachutethatopensslowlyandonheading. Thosewhouseacamerasuitneedtoensureitiscompatiblewiththeirdeploymentsystem. Camera-suitwingsandlowerconnectionsmustnotinterferewiththecameraflyer7220sparachute-operationhandlesormain-bridleroutinginanyfreefallorientation. Ifusingacamerasuit7221 thepilotchuteandbridlelengthmustbesufficienttoovercometheaddi- tionalburblethesuitcreates. Ifthecameraflyergenerallyopenshigherthantheotherjumpersontheload7222 theymaywishtouseaslowerdescendingcanopytohelpreducetrafficconflicts. Asalways7223 properattentiontopackingandmaintenance7224 especiallylinestows7225 helpspreventhardopeningsandmalfunctions. Recommendedaccessoryequipmentincludesanaudiblealtimeter7226 avisualaltimeterthatcanbeseenwhilefilming7227 andahookknife. USPArecommendscameraflyersuseanAADandanRSLwithaMARD. E. ProceduresPriortojumpingwithacamera7228 askydivershouldhaveenoughgeneraljumpexperi- encetobeabletohandleanyskydivingemergencyorminorproblemeasily. Acameraflyershouldpossesswell-above-averageskillsthatareapplicabletothedisciplineoractivityplannedforthejump. USPArecommendsthatjumpersbelicensedandhavecompleted200jumpsbeforejumpingwithacamera. Thejumpershouldhavemadeatleast50recentjumpsonthesameparachuteequipmenttobeusedforcameraflyingandshouldknowtheexpe- rienceandskillsofallthejumpersinthegroup. Thedeploymentaltitudeshouldallowtimetodealwiththeadditionalequipmentanditsassociatedproblems. Thecameraflyermustremainawareofotherjumpersduringdeployment. Eachcameraflyershouldconductacompletecamera- andparachute-equipmentcheckbeforeriggingup7229 afterriggingup7230 beforeboardingtheplane7231 andagainpriortoexit. Theyshouldapproachcamerajumpsprocedurally7232 followingthesameroutineoneveryjump. Theprioritiesonthejumpshouldbetheparachuteequipmentandproceduresfirst7233 thenthecameraequipmentandprocedures. Introduceonlyonenewvariable7234 USPASKYDIVER7235SINFORMATIONMANUAL 72362026 7237 USPA. ORG1795Discipline-SpecificRecommendationseitherprocedureorequipment7238atatime. Acamerajumprequiresadditionalplanning7239 andjumpersshouldneverconsiderittobejustanotherskydive. AircraftCameraflyersshouldwearorsecureanycameraduringtakeoffandlandingtopreventitfrombecomingaprojectileintheeventofsuddenmovement. Beawareoftheaddi- tionalspaceacameratakesup7240 andpracticeclimb-outproceduresineachaircrafttopreventinjuryresultingfromcatchingthecameraonthedoororotherpartoftheair- craft. Topreventinjuryanddamagetotheaircraft7241 thecameraflyershouldcoordinatewiththepilotbeforeattemptinganynewclimb-outposition. ExitUnlesstheplancallsforthecameraflyertobepartoftheexit7242 theyshouldremainclearofthegroup7243 beingmindfuloftheairspaceoppositetheexitingjumpers7244 relativewind. Beawarethat7245 7246 Wearingacamerahelmetcanmakecollisionswithotherjumpersmoreserious. 7247 Studentjumperscanbecomedisorientedwhenunexpectedlyencounteringacameraflyer. 7248 Atandemparachutistincommandrequiresclearairspacetodeployadrogue. 7249 Skydiversoccasionallyexperienceinadvertentopeningsonexit. FreefallJumpersshouldprepareafreefallplanwiththecameraflyertoincludethecameraflyer7250spositioninrelationtothegroupandanyplannedcamera-flyerinteractionwiththegroup. Thejumpersandthecameraflyershouldfollowtheplan. Alljumpersontheloadshouldunderstandthecameraflyer7251sbreakoffanddeploy- mentplan. Twoormorecameraflyersmustcoordinatethebreakoffanddeploymentmorecarefullythanwhenonlyonecameraflyerisinvolved. Filmingotherjumpersthroughdeploymentshouldbeplannedinconsiderationoftheopeningaltitudesofallthejumpersinvolvedandwiththeircooperation. Thecameraflyershouldmaintainawarenessofhisorherpositionoverthegroundanddeployhighenoughtoreachasafelandingarea. DeploymentThecameraflyermustexerciseincreasedcautionduringdeploymenttopreventmal- functions7252 assureanon-headingdeployment7253 reducethelikelihoodoflinetwists7254 andavoidneckinjury. Newcameraflyersshouldconsultwithexperiencedcameraflyersforspecifictechniquestopreventaccidentsduringdeploymentandinflation. Malfunction7255 seriousinjury7256 ordeathcanoccurifthelinesofadeployingparachutebecomesnaggedoncameraequipment. ParachuteEmergenciesTheadditionalequipmentwornforfilmingcancomplicateemergencyprocedures. Eachcameraflyershouldregularlypracticeallparachuteemergencyproceduresundercanopyorinatrainingharnesswhilefullyriggedforacamerajumpandshouldprac- 180USPASKYDIVER7257SINFORMATIONMANUAL 72582026 7259 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsticeroutineemergencyproceduresbeforeeveryjump. Emergency-procedurepracticeshouldincluderemovingthehelmetwitheitherhandinresponsetocertainmalfunc- tions. Acameraflyershouldreleasetheirhelmetduringequipmententanglements7260 obstaclelandings 7261water7262 trees7263 building7264 powerlines72657266 andwheneveradangeroussitu- ationpresentsitself. F. ConsiderationsforVideoingStudentsRefertotheInstructionalRatingManualforadditionalguidelinesforflyingcameraforstudenttrainingjumps. Askydivershouldhaveextensivecamera-flyingexperiencewithexperiencedjumperspriortophotographingorvideoingstudentjumps7267 includ- ingatleast300groupfreefallskydivesandatleast50jumpsflyingcamerawithexperiencedjumpers. TheUSPAInstructorsupervisingthejumpshouldconductathoroughbriefingwiththecameraflyerpriortoboarding. TheUSPACoachorInstructor7268 thecameraflyer7269 andthestudentmakingthejumpshouldallbeawareoftheproceduresandthecameraplan. Theinstructors7270 fullattentionissupposedtobeonthestudent7271 andthestudentisinca- pableofconsideringthemovementsandneedsofthecameraflyer. Thecameraflyershouldavoidtheareadirectlyaboveorbelowastudentorinstructor7272s72737274 becausestudentsmaydeploywithoutwarningandbecausedisturbingthestudent7275sorinstructors7276 aircouldcompromisetheirperformanceandthesafetyofthejumpers. Thecameraflyershouldplananexitpositionthatavoidscontactwiththestudentortheinstructor7277s7278. Duringtheexit7279 studentsoftengiveerraticexitcounts7280 makingexittimingdifficultforthecameraflyer. Thecameraflyermayleaveslightlybeforethestudentexitswhenthecountisreliable. Thecameraflyershouldfollowslightlyafterthestudent7281sexitwheneverthestudent7282sexittimingisuncertain. Whenfilmingtandemjumpers7283 thecameraflyermustremainclearofthedeployingdrogueThecameraflyerneedstomaintainindependentaltitudeawarenessandneverrelyonthestudentorinstructor7284s7285. Thecameraflyerisresponsibleforopeningseparationfromthestudentandtheinstructor7286s7287. Althoughthefootagemaybedramatic7288 aggres- sivefilmingofopeningscompromisesthesafetyofthestudent7289 theinstructor7290s72917292 andthecameraflyer. Whenusinglargeraircraft7293 studentgroupstypicallyexitfartherupwind7294 whichmayrequireahigheropeningforthecameraflyertosafelyreturntothelandingarea. Whenusingahand-mountedcameratovideostudents7295 thetandeminstructorshouldreviewtheinformationcontainedintheInstructionalRatingManualTandemSectionregardinghand-camtraining. USPASKYDIVER7296SINFORMATIONMANUAL 72972026 7298 USPA. ORG1815Discipline-SpecificRecommendations5-87299 WingsuitFlyingA. IntroductionandDefinitionsAwingsuitisaspecializedsuitdesignedwitharmwingsandalegwingintendedtoincreasethetotalsurfaceareaoftheskydiver7300 whichdecreasesvertical 7301downward7302 speedandincreaseshorizontal 7303forward7304 speed. Awingsuitwilldecreasetheskydiver7305sfullrangeofmotion7306 whereasbaggyjumpsuitsandtrackingsuitsstillallowforafullrangeofmotion. Awingsuitpilotisaskydiverwhowearsawingsuit. Theserecommendationsprovideguidanceforaskydivethatentailswearingawingsuit7307 alongwithparametersforwingsuitprogressionandmoreadvancedwingsuit-flyingjumps. B. QualificationsTheBSRsrequireanypersonperformingawingsuitjumptohaveatleast200sky- divesandholdacurrentskydivinglicense. USPAalsorecommendstheparticipatingskydiverbecomeawell-rounded7308 multi-disciplineskydiverandcanopypilot. Awing- suitpilotshouldpossesssituationalawarenessregardingloadingtheplane7309 aircraftclimbpatternandlocation7310 jump-rundirection7311 exitorder7312 exitseparation7313 parachuteopening7314 canopyflight7315 andlandingpattern. Beforeengaginginwingsuitjumps7316 aparticipatingskydivershouldtakeafirst-flightcourse 7317FFC7318 withanexperiencedwingsuitcoach. WhileUSPAdoesnothaveaspecificratingforwingsuitcoaches7319 wingsuitmanufacturersoftenofferinstructionalratingsfortheirproductsandprovidecontactdetailsforendorsedwingsuitcoaches. Regardlessofmanufacturerendorsement7320 awingsuitcoachshouldhaveacurrentUSPACoachratingandbeahighlyexperiencedwingsuitpilot. ThedropzonewheretheFFCishelddetermineswhocanconductit. C. EquipmentWingsuitpilotsshouldusenon-ellipticalcanopieswithreliable7321 on-headingopenings. Abeginnerwingsuitpilotshouldlimittheirwingloadingtonomorethan1. 37322 1. Anexperi- encedwingsuitpilotshouldlimittheirwingloadingtonomorethan1. 57323 1. Wingsuitscreatealargeburbleaboveandbehindaskydiverandmaynotprovidethepilotchuteenoughairforcleaninflationandextractionofthedeploymentbagfromthepacktray. USPArecommendsapilotchutewithadiameterofatleast26inches. Wingsuitpilotsshoulduseapilotchutehandlethatisaslightaspossible7324 andUSPAstronglyrecommendsabridlelengthofatleast7feetfrompintopilotchute. Thebottom-of-containerthrow-outpilotchuteistheonlydeploymentsystemthatwingsuitpilotsshoulduse. USPArecommendswingsuitpilotsuseanAADandanRSLwithaMARD. JumpersshouldconsulttheirdropzoneaboutitsrulesregardingAADuseforwingsuitpilots. Wingsuitpilotsshouldwearhelmets7325 especiallywhenflyingingroups7326 anduseanaudiblealtimeterandavisualaltimetermountedonthecheststrapormudflap. Wing- suitpilotsshouldwaittowearanycamerauntiltheirexits7327 flightsanddeploymentsareconsistent7328 stable7329 androutine. 182USPASKYDIVER7330SINFORMATIONMANUAL 73312026 7332 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsD. TrainingRegardlessofexperienceinotherdisciplines7333 jumpersshouldseekthoroughtrainingwithanexperiencedwingsuitcoachbeforeengaginginwingsuitflying. Beforeflyingwingsuitsinlargergroups7334 novicewingsuitpilotsshouldflyformationswithacoachtodevelopexit7335 bodyposition7336 docking7337 transition7338 breakoff7339 anddeploymentskills7340 follow- ingthesamemodelasforthefreefallandcanopy-formationdisciplines. Regardlessofwingsuitexperience7341 jumpersshouldlearnnewwingsuitskillsingroupsnolargerthana3-way. Thisincludesacrobaticmaneuverssuchasbarrelrollsanddockedtransitions7342 XRW 7343mixedcanopyandwingsuitjumps73447345 performanceflying7346 anddynamicflying. Beforeflyinginagrouplargerthanthreewingsuitpilots7347 eachpartic- ipantshouldbeabletomakeastableandcontrolledexit. Theyeachshouldbeabletoapproachotherwingsuitpilotsinagradualandcontrolledmanner7348 checkingtheirairspaceandremainingawareofallotherwingsuitpilotsintheirgroup. Theyshouldalsoeachbeabletobreakoffandcreateasafedistancefromotherwingsuitpilotsfordeployment. Wingsuitsizeprogressionshouldfollowthemanufacturerguidelinesregardingminimumjumpnumbers. Largerwingsuitsizesrequiremoreskill. Awingsuitpilotwishingtoadvanceintothenextsuitsizeshouldseekguidancefromanexperiencedwingsuitcoach. Justasitisimportanttohavesolidskillsetsonacurrentcanopybeforedownsizing7349 itisalsoimportanttohavesolidskillsetsonacurrentwingsuitbeforeupsizing. E. ProceduresGroupwingsuitflightsshouldhaveplannedbreakoffanddeploymentaltitudes. Wingsuitgroupsshouldhaveaplannedbreakoffsignaltocommunicatethatthegroupflightisover. Thebeginnerwingsuitpilot7350aswellaswingsuitpilotswhodonothaveconsistent7351 stabledeployments7352shoulddeployataminimumof57353 000feetAGL. Wingsuitdeploymentsrequireactivemanagementofforwardspeedandbodysymme- try. Armwingsofthesuitmayfullyobstructthejumper7354sabilitytoquicklydeploytheirmainparachutewithoutaspecializeddeploymenttechnique. Wingsuitpilotsshouldbecomeproficientatthedeploymenttechniquebeforeadvancingintheirprogressionofsuitsize. Wingsuitpilotshaveadditionalstepstotheirpost-deploymentproceduresfollowingnormalcanopyinflation7355 1. clearairspace2. unziparmwingsfirst3. performcanopyhousekeeping4. stowthetailwing 7356Thisdependsonthepersonalpreferenceofeachwingsuitpilotandshouldnottakepriorityoverflyingthecanopypredictablyandsafely. 7357 Wingsuitpilotsoftensharecanopyairspacewithtandemsandjumpersstillonstudentstatus7358 aswellasotherjumperswhomayhavedeployedhigherthan67359 000feetUSPASKYDIVER7360SINFORMATIONMANUAL 73612026 7362 USPA. ORG1835Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsAGL. Wingsuitpilotsshouldexerciseawarenessaroundtheseothercanopiestoavoidcanopycollisions. EmergencyProcedures7363 Armwingsmayrestrictmovementandinhibitthewingsuitpilotfromgrabbingtheirrisersuntilthearmwingsareunzipped. Anywingsuit7364 regard- lessofthemodel7365 shouldallowenoughrangeofmotionforthewingsuitpilottopullthemaincutawayandreservehandleswithoutunzippingthearmwings. Duringahigh-speedcanopymalfunction7366 thejumpershouldimmediatelyexecuteemergencyprocedureswithoutwastingtimeunzippingthearmwingsfirst. Intheeventofalow-speedcanopymalfunction7367 itmaybenecessarytounzipthearmwingsinordertoreachtherisers. Wingsuitpilotsshoulddemonstratetheabilitytounzipthearmwingsallthewayinasmoothandcontrolledfashionwhilepracticinglow-speed-can- opy-malfunctiondrills. Unzippingthetailwingisnotcrucialforcanopyflight7368 andanunzippedtailwingcanpotentiallyentanglewiththemainorreserve. Therearemanyfacetstoadvancedwingsuitflying. Duetotheincreasedrisksinvolved7369 onlyexperiencedwingsuitflyerswiththeassistanceofacoachfollowingtheprescribedoutlineunderSectionD7370Trainingofthischaptershouldattemptanyofthefollowingdisciplines7371 7372 XRW 7373 adisciplineinwhichawingsuitpilotfliesincloseproximitytoand7374orcompletesdockswithacanopypilotflyingahigh-performanceparachuteatahighwingloading. 7375 Performance 7376 acompetitivedisciplinethatinvolvesawingsuitpilotflyingformaximumperformanceinthreeseparatetasks7377 speed7378 distance7379 andtime. 7380 Acrobatic 7381 acompetitivedisciplinethatconsistsofdockingwithotherwingsuitpilotsandperformingacrobaticmaneuvers. 7382 Mixed 7383 anywingsuitflightthatoccurswithotherskydiversinfreefall7384 suchasrodeo7385 angles7386 andcarvingaroundfreefallgroups. 7387 LargeFormations 7388 asarecordcategory7389 wingsuitscanflyinlargeformationstoachievestate7390 nationalandworldrecords. 7391 DynamicFlocking 7392 atypeofwingsuitflyingthatconsistsofgroupmembersflyingtogetherinasteepangle7393 suchaslayouts7394 flares7395 andcarving. 7396 Accessories 7397 jumpingwithaccessoriestowingsuitgearsuchasbrackets7398 streamersand7399orharnesseswithropesorhandles. Wingsuitpilotsshouldexercisegreatcare7400 becautiousaboutentanglementissues7401 andplancutawayproceduresforeveryoneonthejump7402 whethertheyareinwingsuitsornot. F. HazardsAssociatedwithWingsuitJumpsRestrictedMovement7403 Armmovementsaremorerestrictedduringawingsuitskydive7404 althoughtheamountofrestrictionismodel-specific. Armwingsofthesuitmayfullyobstructthejumper7405sabilitytoquicklydeploytheirmainparachutewithoutaspecial- izeddeploymenttechnique. LimitedVisibility7406 Thewingsuitpilotshouldfollowthewingsuitmanufacturer7407sguide- lineswhenattachingawingsuittotheharness-and-containersystemandusespecialcaretoensurethatthewingsuitdoesnotobstructthecutawayandreservehandles. 184USPASKYDIVER7408SINFORMATIONMANUAL 74092026 7410 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsSinceharnesslegstrapsarenotvisiblewhenthewingsuitisfullyzippedup7411 jumpersshouldtakegreatcaretoensurethelegstrapsarefullytightenedwhilegearingupandduringthepre-jumpgearcheck. TailStrikes7412 Duringexit7413 wingsuitpilotsmustbeespeciallycarefultoavoidcollidingwiththetailoftheaircraft. Awingsuitflyermustdirecttheirheadintotherelativewind7414 avoidjumpingupwhileexiting7415 andrefrainfromfullyopeninglegandarmwingsuntiltheyhavepassedbelowthetailoftheaircraft. Wingsuitersshouldaskthepilotwhetheranenginecutispossiblefortheirexit7416 sinceasolidenginecuthelpswingsuitersavoidcollidingwiththetailduringtheexit7417 particularlyinlow-tailaircraft. Out-of-ControlFlight7418 Duetotheresponsivenessofpressurizedwingsuits7419 stableandcontrolledflightrequiressubtleandrelaxedmovements. Ifawingsuitpilotcannotcontroltheheadingoftheirflight7420 theymaytumbleandbecomedisorientedinwhatisknownasout-of-controlflight 7421OCF7422. WingsuitpilotsshouldseekoutcoachingearlyintheirprogressiontolearntheskillsnecessarytocontroltheirwingsuitflightandavoidOCF. USPAstronglyadviseswingsuitpilotstoadheretothemanufacturer7423srec- ommendationsfortheminimumnumberofjumpsrequiredtoflyacertainsizeorstyleofwingsuit. IfOCFoccursabovedeploymentaltitudeandcontrolledflightcannotberegainedwithin5secondsorwithin17424 000feetofaltitudeloss7425 deploythemainpara- chute. Ifunabletolocatethebottom-of-containerdeploymenthandle7426 pullthereserveimmediately. IfOCFoccursbelowawingsuitpilot7427splanneddeploymentaltitude7428 theyshoulddeployregardlessoftheirbodyposition7429 whichfollowsthepullprioritiesforanyskydive. Theinabilitytoflyanddeployinastableandcontrolledorientationwillincreasethelikelihoodofneedingtoexecuteemergencyprocedures. WingsuitpilotsshouldfrequentlypracticetheiremergencyprocedureswhilevisualizingthevariousscenarioswhereOCFoccurred. CoordinationwithOtherGroups7430 Wingsuitersshouldbeawareofothergroups7431 deploymentaltitudesandtypesofskydivingactivitiesontheirloads. Wingsuitersshouldbeespeciallyawareofanyothermovementgroupsandanyskydiversontheloadintendingtodeployabove67432 000feet. Ifmultiplegroupsofwingsuitersplantoexitonthesameload7433 thegroupsshouldcoordinatetheirflightpatternstoallowseparateairspaceperthedropzone7434spolicies. NavigationandWeather7435 Wingsuiterscantravelformilesbetweenexitingtheair- craftandthedeploymentpoint. Thus7436 navigation7437plottingaroute7438 maneuveringtofollowthatroute7439 andadaptingwhenconditionschange7440isacriticallyimportantskill. Wingsuitpilotsshoulddeterminewindsaloftpriortojumpingbyconsultingthepilotorwinds-aloftforecasts. Wingsuitpilotsmustmeetthecloud-clearanceandvisibilityrequirementsofFAR105. 177441 andthemarginneededfortheirhorizontalflightmayexceedwhatotherfreefallgroupsneed. Ifthewingsuitflightoccursnearacoastlineorotherlargebodyofwater7442 thewingsuitflightpatternshouldremaincloseenoughtotheshorelinetoensurethateachwingsuitpilotcanmakeittothedesignatedlandingareaoranothersuitablelandingarea. Wingsuitpilotsshouldconsiderwearingflotationgearonthesetypesofjumps. USPASKYDIVER7443SINFORMATIONMANUAL 74442026 7445 USPA. ORG1855Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsWingsuitpilotsgenerallyflyaplannedflightpattern7446 whichmayvaryduetodrop-zoneandair-trafficconcerns. Thewingsuitflightpatternshouldavoidcrossingjumprunandshouldconsidercanopytraffic7447 particularlytandemandAFFstudents. TheBSRsrequireatleast500feetofverticalandhorizontalseparationfromtandempairsandstudents7448 andasafedistancefromanyothercanopy. LandingOut7449 Ifimpropernavigationoccurs7450 awingsuitpilotmaylandoff. Wingsuitpilotsshouldbefamiliarwiththeoff-landingproceduresofthedropzone. Iflandinginwaterisunavoidable7451 thejumpermustfullyunzipthearmandlegwingsbeforelandinginthewatertoallowasmuchfreedomofmovementaspossibleafterenteringthewater. G. Pre-FlightChecklistThispre-flightchecklistcanhelpyoudeterminethespecificsofyourjump. Drawyourflightplanonthemapofyourdropzoneandconfirmitwiththedropzonestaff7452 loadorganizer7453 pilot7454 andS7455TA. 7456 Whatisjumprunforyourload7457 7458 Whataretheforecastedwindsatthesepointsduringyourjump7459 7460 Exitaltitude 7461 Flight 7462 Deployment 7463 LandingPattern 7464 CurrentGroundConditions 7465 Howmanygroupsandotherjumpersareonyourload7466 7467 Whatisyourexitorder7468 7469 Arethereanyotherwingsuitormovementjumpsonyourload7470 7471 Haveyoudiscussedandcoordinateddeploymentareaswiththesegroups7472 7473 Whataretheterrainfactorstoconsiderinnavigation7474 7475 Whatistheintendedlandingpatternandholdingareaforthejump7476 7477 Haveyouensuredthatyourflightpathdoesnotinterferewithjumprun7478 7479 Isyourflightplanappropriatefortheskilllevelandwingsuitsizeforotherjumpersinyourgroup7480 186USPASKYDIVER7481SINFORMATIONMANUAL 74822026 7483 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendations5-97484 CanopyPilotingA. IntroductionandPurposeUSPApursuesacanopyeducationstrategyincoordinationwithdropzoneinstructionalstaff7485 expertcanopypilots7486 advancedcanopytrainingschools7487 andcanopymanufac- turers. Basicbutcomprehensivecanopy-flighttrainingstartsintheUSPAIntegratedStudentProgramleadingtotheAlicense. Yet7488 thecanopydesignsandflyingtechniquesthatjumpersoftenchoosetouseastheyprogressinthesportrequiretrainingbeyondwhatskydivingstudentsreceive. Thissectionservesasabridgebetweenyourbasiclicensetrainingandyourfuturegoals7489 whatevertheymaybe. Analysisofincidentreportsindicatesthatjumpersareatriskwithoutcontinuedcanopytrainingateachlicenselevelandthroughouttheirskydivingcareers. Evencanopiescon- sideredlightlyloadedcanbedangerousifjumpersarenotproperlytrainedtoflythem. Jumperswhohaveprogressedwithoutcontinuedtrainingarelargelyunpreparedforhowtohandletheircanopyindifficultcanopyflightandlandingsituations. Preparationforunusualcanopyflightandlandingemergenciesiskeytoreducingcanopy-pilotingmistakes7490 injuries7491 andfatalities. USPAencouragesalljumperstotakecanopy-pilotingtrainingcoursestorefinecanopyskills7492 especiallyastheydownsizetosmallercanopieswithincreasedwingloadingsandperformancecharacteristics. B. HazardsAssociatedwithCanopyPilotingSomeofthemaneuversdescribedtodevelopunderstandingofcanopyflightinvolveagreaterriskofinjury7493 evenseriousinjuryordeath7494 thanaroutineparachutelandingusingastraight-inapproachflownatthecanopy7495snaturalspeeduntilflaring. Anypilotwhomanipulatesthecanopycontrolstoinduceadditionalspeedpriortolandingpres- entsagreaterhazardtothemselvesandothers. Beforejumpingbegins7496 thecanopycoach7497 instructororcoursedirectorshouldrequireeachparticipanttocompleteanassumption-of-riskagreementinconjunctionwithacomprehensiveliability-risk-man- agementprogramappliedinaccordancewithapplicablelocalandstatelaws. C. DefinitionsandProceduresAjumperchoosesthecorrectcanopyfortheirexperiencelevelbasedoncanopyperfor- mance7498 whichissignificantlyinfluencedbywingloadinganddesign. Acanopydesignedformoreperformancemayexhibitrelativelydocilecharacteristicswhenit7499sloadedlightlyandflownconservatively. Acanopydesignedfordocileperformancethatisflownaggressivelyatahigherwingloadingcanexhibithigh-performancecharacteristics. Novicecanopyflyerscanmakeerrorsonlarger7500 docilecanopieswithoutgettinghurtthatonsmaller7501 moreheavilyloadedcanopiescouldhaveseriousconsequences. Allcanopiescanbedeemedhighperformancedependingonthewingloading. Highper- formancegenerallyreferstocanopiesloadedasfollows7502 7503 above230squarefeet7504 1. 1poundsormorepersquarefoot 7505 from190to229squarefeet7506 1. 0poundormorepersquarefootUSPASKYDIVER7507SINFORMATIONMANUAL 75082026 7509 USPA. ORG1875Discipline-SpecificRecommendations 7510 from150to189squarefeet7511 . 9poundormorepersquarefoot 7512 canopiessmallerthan150squarefeetatanywingloadingCanopyDesignTypicalcharacteristicsofellipticalcanopiescomparedtorectangularcanopiesofthesamesizeandmaterial7513 7514 flatterglideforsameairspeed 7515 fasterturns 7516 greaterlossofaltitudeinaturn 7517 maycontinuetodiveafterstoppingcontrolinputfollowingaturn 7518 slower7519 lesspredictableopening 7520somemodels7521 7522 shortertogglestrokeforflare 7523somemodels7524 7525 quicker7526 moreabruptstall 7527somemodels7528 Thestallspeedofanywingincreasesasthewingloadingincreasesduetomoresus- pendedweight. Suddenmaneuvers7529 suchasflaringhardafteradive7530 canincreasethestallspeed7531 aswell. Jumpersshouldapproachchangingtheircanopy7532sdesignwithasmuchcautionasdownsizing. Theyshouldlearnwhetherthecanopy7533sdesignelementsmatchtheiroverallexpectations7534 goalsandexperiencelevel. Manydesignelementsdrasticallychangetheflightcharacteristics7535 stability7536 andoveralllevelofperformanceofaparachute. Jumpersshouldexploreonlyonenewdesignelementatatimeandseparateitfromdownsizing7537 thatis7538 changeonlyonedesigncharacteristicwhilestayingatthesamesquarefootage. Theseelementsincludetaperedorellipticalplanform 7539degreeoftaperorellipsevariesaccordingtodesign75407541 cross-bracingorotherairfoil-flatteningorstiff- eningdesignmodifications7542 andanythingrequiringadditionalin-flightprocedures 7543forexample7544 aremovablepilotchute7545 deploymentbag7546 orslider7547. DownsizingProgressionEachprogressivestepindownsizing7548 technique7549 andcanopydesignshouldbeacon- sciousdecisionbasedoncommonsense7550 experiencelevel7551 anddemonstratedability7552 ratherthanconsideredaroutinepartofaskydiver7553sprogression. Downsizingdecisionsmustbebasedoneachindividualjumper7554sreadiness7555 however7556 thefollowingaredown- sizingincrementsthataregenerallyacceptableonthesamecanopydesign. 1. above230squarefeet7557 20to30squarefeet2. from229to150squarefeet7558 20squarefeetorless3. from149to120squarefeet7559 15squarefeetorless4. below120squarefeet7560 insmallerincrementsConsiderationsBeforeChangingorDownsizingCanopiesHowdoyouknowwhetheryouarereadytodownsize7561 Considerthefollowing7562 7563 Changeplanform 7564typeofcanopy7565 orsize7566 notboth 7567 Downsizeonesizeatatime 7568 Takeacanopyclasstomasteryourcurrentparachute 7569 Considercompetencyandcurrencyratherthanonlyjumpnumbers188USPASKYDIVER7570SINFORMATIONMANUAL 75712026 7572 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsProficiencyExercisesOnyourcurrentcanopy7573 canyoureliablyperformthefollowingexercisestothesatis- factionoftheS7574TAorDZO7575 In-AirExercises 7576 PerformAbove27577 000FeetGuidanceforthesecanopydrillscanbefoundinChapter17578 CategoryE7579 andintheUSPALibraryonlinemodules. 7580 Rear-riserturnsandslowflight 7581 90-degreebrakedturnswithbrakedflares 7582 Toggleandrear-riserstallsandrecovery 7583 Flightcycleandhowtopreventone 7584 Harnessturnsandflareturns 7585 Low-turnrecoverywithbrakedflaresLandingExercises 7586 7587PracticeinaCanopyCourse7588 7589 Reliablestand-uplandingsinnowindandcrosswind. 7590 Reliablestand-uplandingswithin30feetofatargetindifferentwindconditions. 7591 Full-glidelandingapproach. 7592 Flareturnsonfinal 7593nomorethan45degrees7594. OtherConsiderationsBeforeDownsizingHaveyoubeenjumpingyourcurrentcanopyrecentlyorhaveyouhadalayoff7595 Doyoufeelyouhavemasteredyourparachute7596 Doyoufeelconfidentlandingoff7597 Ifyouhaveanydoubt7598 make50to100morejumpsonyourcurrentcanopybeforedownsizing. Thereisnopenaltyforwaiting7599 ConsiderationsWhenChangingorDownsizingCanopiesYouhaveyournew-to-youcanopyandarereadytomakeyourfirstjump. Itemstocon- siderwhenlearningaboutyournewcanopyinclude7600 7601 Inspectusedcanopyforwear 7602 Aresteeringlinesthecorrectlength7603 7604 Doesthecanopyrequireastagedoracontinuousflare7605 7606 Readtheowner7607smanual. 7608 Flightcharacteristicsandlandingtechniqueswillbedifferent. Planondedicatingseveralhop-and-popstolearningaboutyourcanopyandpracticingcanopy-flightemergencyprocedures 7609CEPs7610. In-AirExercises 7611 PerformAbove27612 000FeetFirstJump7613 7614 Findstallpointwithtoggles. 7615 Ifstallpointisaboveafullflare7616 focusonpracticeflarestofindstallpointtoavoidastallonlandingSubsequentJumps7617 7618 Findthesweetspotforthebestflare 7619 Maximumglide7620minimumdescent 7621 Canopy-flightemergencyproceduresUSPASKYDIVER7622SINFORMATIONMANUAL 76232026 7624 USPA. ORG1895Discipline-SpecificRecommendations 7625 Rear-RiserTurns 7626 90-DegreeBrakedTurns 7627 Half-BrakedFlares 7628 TurnReversals7629MaxRateofTurn 7630 Low-TurnRecoveryLandingExercises 7631 Full-glidelandingpatternandapproach 7632 Brakedpatternandfull-glidefinalapproach 7633 AccuracypracticeConsiderationsAfterChangingorDownsizingforLong-TermProficiencyStayingproficientonyourcanopyisyourbestdefenseagainstinjurywhenforcedtodealwithacanopy-flightemergency. Youshouldpracticethefollowingfivecanopy-flightemergencyproceduresatleastonceamonthonhop-and-poporhigh-pulljumpssoyoucanusethemquicklyandcorrectlywhenneeded. Stayalive7634 practicefive7635 1. Rear-RiserTurns2. 90-DegreeBrakedTurns3. Half-BrakedFlares4. TurnReversals7636MaxRateofTurn5. Low-TurnRecoveryPracticingcanopy-flightemergencyprocedures 7637CEPs7638 isjustasimportantaspracticingmalfunctionemergencyprocedures7639 andyoushouldpracticethemregularly. Maintaintraffic7640 altitude7641 andpositionawarenessundercanopywhilepracticingsoasim- ulatedemergencydoesnotturnintoarealemergency. TheUSPADownsizingBestPracticesprintablechecklistisavailableatuspa. org7642downsizeorwiththisQRcode. ItincludesalltheinformationdiscussedinthissectionandprovidesavaluableguideforS7643TAs7644 canopycoachesandjumpersthem- selvestoprepareforandassessreadinesstodownsizeorchangecanopydesigns. High-PerformanceManeuversHigh-performancemaneuversoccurwhenjumpersusecontrolmanipulationduringdescentandonthefinallandingapproachtoinducespeedsgreaterthanstabilizedfullflight7645 i. e. 7646 theirnaturalspeedandglideangle. Thisactivityiscommonlyknownasswooping. Thesetypesoflandingsaredemandingandunforgivingandrequirecarefulsupervision7647 practice7648 andplanning. Ajumper7649sexperience7650 canopysizeandcanopydesigndeterminewhichtechniquesmightbeconsideredconservativeorhighperformance. Canopy-flightcharacteristicsandcontrolbecomemorechallengingasfieldelevation7651 temperature7652 andhumidityincrease. Forsafety7653 jumpersshouldreceivespecializedinformationandtrainingtoflycanopiesatwingloadingsapproaching1. 5poundspersquarefootandbeyondorcan- opiesapproaching120squarefeetorsmaller. Thedecisiontoprogresstohigh-perfor- mancecanopymaneuversandparachutesshouldincludefocusedcanopycoachinguspa. org7654downsize190USPASKYDIVER7655SINFORMATIONMANUAL 76562026 7657 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsandcontinuedconsultationwithacanopycoachtohelpthejumperassessreadinessandskilllevel. Neglectingtoundertakesuchtraininggreatlyincreasesthecanopypilot7658sriskofseriousinjuryordeath. Mostsuccessfulhigh-performancecanopypilotshavepracticedextensivelyandtakenmultiplecanopycourseswithlargercanopiesbeforeexperimentingwithhigherwingloadingsandhigh-performancemaneuvers. High-PerformanceLandingAreasJumpersmustperformhigh-performancelandingsusingstrategiestoavoidcolli- sionswithotherjumperswhoareonastandardapproachandbepreparedtoabortahigh-performancelandingmaneuveriftrafficexists. AccordingtotheUSPAGroupMemberPledge7659 dropzonesmustestablishlandingproceduresthatwillincludesepa- rationofhigh-performanceandnormallandingareas7660 suchseparationmaybebyloca- tionortime. Jumperscanachieveseparationfromothersinthefollowingways7661 1. Makeahigh-pulljump7662 Canopypilotsmustconsiderotherhigh-openingjumpers 7663students7664 tandems7665 andothers7666 andlookfortrafficduringthedescent. 2. Performahop-and-pop7667 Canopypilotsexitingonalowerpassmustflytotheholdingareatocleartheairspaceforjumpersgoingtofullaltitude. 3. Useaseparatelandingarea7668 High-performanceandstandardlandingproceduresshouldbeprominentlydisplayedandcommunicatedtoalljumpers. Youmustneverattemptahigh-performancelandingwithaturnofmorethan90degreeswhenotherjumpersarelandingusingastandardlandingpatterninthesamearea. Canopypilotsshouldbecompletelyfamiliarwithalltechniquesandcharacteristicsofadvancedlandingsinavarietyofweatherconditionsandusingavarietyofapproachesbeforelandinginthevicinityofanyhazard7669 includingwater7670 aswellasbeforeattempt- ingflightintoacompetition-stylecourse. D. B-LicenseCanopyProficiencyCardTogetthemostfromthetopicspresentedinthisoutline7671 ajumpershouldhavecom- pletedalltheexerciseslistedunder 7672Canopy7673 inSIMChapter17674 CategoriesA-HoftheISP7675 andholdaUSPAAlicense. Jumperswhocompleteacourseofinstructioncoveringthetopicslistedhere7676 includingevaluationjumpsandcontinuedpractice7677 shouldbebetterpreparedtomakechoicesregardingparachutesize7678 designandmaneuvers. InstructororCourseDirectorQualificationsUSPAdoesnotissueinstructionalratingsspecificallyforcanopycoaching. Ideally7679 thosewhointendtoteachacanopy-pilotingcourseshouldholdaUSPAInstructorrating7680 however7681 insomesituationsthepersonmostqualifiedtoteachthismaterialmaynotholdanyUSPAinstructionalratingsbutmayhaveextensiveknowledgeaboutcanopycontrolandlandings. Regardless7682 forUSPAB-Licenserequirements7683 anS7684TAmustapprovetheinstructororcoursedirectorandsigntheB-LicenseCanopyProficiencyCardoncethejumpercompletesthecourse. Instructorswhointendtoteachthismaterialmustrealisticallyassesstheirlevelofknowledgeregardingcanopyflightandinstruction. Beforeteachingthiscourse7685 instruc- USPASKYDIVER7686SINFORMATIONMANUAL 76872026 7688 USPA. ORG1915Discipline-SpecificRecommendationstorsmustworkthroughtheoutlinedcanopyskillsusingavarietyofcanopydesignsandwingloadings. Attendinganyoneofseveralcommerciallyavailablecanopy-flightschoolsasastudentishighlyrecommendedbeforeteachingthiscourse. B-LicenseRequirementsEveryUSPAB-LicenseApplication7689 paperoronline7690 mustalsoincludeacompleted7691 verifiedB-LicenseCanopyProficiencyCard. TheB-licensecanopytrainingrequiresaminimumoffivetrainingjumpsthatmaybecompletedinastructuredcoursewithalljumpscompletedinsuccessionorindividually7692 workingone-on-onewithanapprovedcanopycoach. Someskillsmayrequiremorethanonejumptogainproficiency. Theinstructororcoursedirectorresponsibleforsupervision7693 trainingandevaluationofthejumpmustsigneachofthetrainingjumpslistedontheB-LicenseCanopyProficiencyCard. AcurrentS7694TA7695 Examiner7696 orboardmembermustverifythecompletedcardtoconfirmthatthecandidatehassatisfactorilycompletedthetraining. EvaluationThecoursedirectororinstructorwillevaluateeachcandidate7697sparticipation7698 under- standing7699 anddemonstratedabilityduringthegroundschoolandtrainingjumps. Theinstructororcoursedirectorwilldebriefeachskill7700 approachandlanding. Attendeesshouldbebetterabletoself-assesstheircanopyaptitudeandproficiencyduringfuturepracticebasedontheirexperiencewiththesupervisedtrainingmaneuvers. ThecoursedirectorshouldsignanddatetheentriesontheB-LicenseCanopyProficiencyCardasjumperssuccessfullycompletetherequiredskills. B-LicenseCanopyGroundSchoolOutlinePart17701 EquipmentA. EquipmentchoiceconsiderationsStudiesofUSPA7702sserious-injuryandfatalitysummariesrevealthatjumpersundercan- opiespopularlyconsidered 7703averagesized7704 or 7705conservativelyloaded7706 frequentlymis- handletheminnon-routinelandingsituations. Jumpersshould7707 1. selectequipmentbasedontheirgoalsandabilities7708 understandingthatsmallercanopiesoffersomeadvantagesbutalsoposegreaterrisks. 2. shouldfollowtheguidanceoftheDownsizingBestPracticesformtoassessskillandreadinesstochangecanopies. 3. seekoutreliableinformationandadvicebeforechangingtosmallercanopies. Thesportofskydivingincludesaseriesofspecializedactivitiesthatrequireexclusiveequipment7709 forexample7710 7711 classicaccuracy 7712 canopyformation 7713 wingsuitflying 7714 cameraflying 7715 high-performancelandings 7716 competitioncanopypiloting192USPASKYDIVER7717SINFORMATIONMANUAL 77182026 7719 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsAlljumpersshouldsetgoalsinthesport7720 choosethebestequipmenttomeettheirneeds7721 learnhowtousethatequipment7722 andskydivewithinthelimitsoftheirequip- mentandcapabilities. B. Basicaerodynamics 7723 Lift 7724 Airpassingoveranairfoilcreatesaforcecalledlift. 7725 Liftisalwaysperpendiculartothevelocity. 7726 Aram-airparachuteistrimmednose-downbycuttingtheAlinesshorterandeachgroupbehindthemalittlelonger. 7727 Drag 7728 Theresistancecreatedbyairasanobjectmovesiscalleddrag. 7729 Dragisalwaysparalleltothevelocity. 7730 Thelines7731 pilotchute7732 slider7733 jumper7734sbody7735 andeventhesurfaceofthecanopyitselfproducedrag 7736parasiticdrag7737. 7738 Gravity 7739 Gravityisaconstantintheequationofforcesactingonthejumperandcanopy. 7740 Usingtheforcecreatedbygravity7741 theairfoildeflectstheairtomakethecanopyglide. 7742 Momentum 7743force7744 7745 Mass7746 Doublingthemassofamovingobjectgivesittwiceasmuchenergy. 7747 Speed 7748 Theterm 7749speed7750 referstothemagnitudeofvelocity. 7751 Energyincreasesasthesquareofthespeed. 7752Doublingthespeedproducesfourtimestheenergy. Triplingthespeedproducesninetimestheenergy. 7753 7754 Inertia7755 Theterm 7756inertia7757 meansthatanobjectinmotionwillstayinmotionuntilresisted. C. WingloadingWingloadingisthejumper7758sexitweightdividedbytheareaoftheparachutecanopy7759 expressedintheU. S. inpoundspersquarefoot. Thehigherthewingloading7760 thefasterandhigherperformancethecanopywillbe. However7761 evenifthewingloadingisthesamebetweentwootherwiseidenticalparachutes7762 thesizeofthecanopiesaffectstheperformancecharacteristics. A150-square-footparachuteataone-pound-per-square- footwingloadingwillhaveasteeperglideratio7763 fasterturns7764 andbemorehighperfor- mancethana190-square-footparachuteatthesamewingloading. Thismeansthat7765 regardlessofthewingloading7766 allsmallcanopies 7767150squarefeetorless7768 arehighperformance. 7769 Smallercanopieswithshorterlineswillresponddifferentlythanlargercanopiesofthesamedesignandequalwingloading. 7770 Comparedtoacanopywithlongerlines7771 ashorter-linedcanopywillhavequickerturns7772 quickerflareresponse7773 andquickerpendulumaction 7774quickertodiveafteranearlyflare7775. 7776 Lighterjumperswillremainonlargerparachutesatlowerwingloadingsforalongerperiodoftime. USPASKYDIVER7777SINFORMATIONMANUAL 77782026 7779 USPA. ORG1935Discipline-SpecificRecommendations 7780 Mostjumperscangetalotmoreperformancefromtheircanopieswithoutneedingtoincreasetheirwingloadingwithadownsize. D. Performance-enhancingdesigns 7781 Taperedshape 7782planform7783 7784 moredimensionalstability 7785lessdistortion7786 7787 fasterforwardspeedduetodecreaseddrag 7788 fasterturnsandlessflightstability 7789 Highaspectratio 7790 flatglide 7791 easierflare 7792 lightertogglepressure 7793 shortertogglestroke 7794somemodels7795 7796 quickerflareresponse 7797 Higherribfrequencytoreducebillowingbetweenribs 7798 seven-cellvs. nine-cell 7799 crossbracing 7800 Thickness 7801afterinflation7802 7803 thicker7804 slowspeed7805 morepredictableandgentlerstall 7806 thinner7807 fasterspeed7808 moreabruptstallsatahigherspeedE. Dragreduction 7809 Zero-porosityfabric 7810 Small-diameterlines 7811 Collapsiblepilotchute 7812 Collapsibleslider7813 7814 clothormetallinkswithcovers 7815 largervs. smallerslidergrommets 7816 Risers 7817 Outerwear 7818 Removabledeploymentsystems 7819 BodypositionF. Controls7820 togglesandbeyond 7821 Brakes 7822 toggletypesforeaseofhandling 7823 steering-linelengthtoallowfront-risermaneuvers 7824togglesinhand7825 7826 Frontrisersandcontrol-enhancementdiscussion 7827loops7828 blocks7829 etc. 7830 7831 Backrisersandhowtheywork 7832 Frontrisersandhowtheywork 7833 HarnessturnsG. Accessories 7834 Jumpsuit 7835reinforcedbuttandknees7836 7837 Hardhelmet 7838 Gloves7839 prosandcons194USPASKYDIVER7840SINFORMATIONMANUAL 78412026 7842 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendations 7843 Altimeter 7844 altimeteruseundercanopy 7845 digitalvs. analog 7846 WeightsH. Speed 7847 Thepilotperceivestheforwardspeedmorethanthedownwardspeed7848 soafastercanopycanseemalotscariertofly. 7849 Thefasterthecanopygoes7850 themoreeffectaddingdrag 7851byusingacontrol7852 willhaveontheflightpath. I. Glide 7853 Skydivingcanopies7854 approximately2. 57855 1innaturalflight 7856 Changingtheglide 7857 usingbrakesorrearrisers 7858 usinginducedspeedtotemporarilyaddliftPart27859 MaintenanceA. Environment 7860 Dirtdegradesfabric7861 lines7862 andslider. 7863 Ultravioletdegradesnylon. 7864 sunlight 7865 fluorescentlighting 7866507867 ofthestrengthofsunlight7868 7869 Waterdistortsreinforcementtapes. B. Collapsiblepilotchuteandslider 7870 Wearresultsfromfrictionasthelinemovesthroughitschannel. 7871 Pilotchutecenterlinesshrinkwithuse. C. Suspensionlines 7872 Spectracan7873tstretch7874 anditshrinkswithalotofuse. 7875 Vectranisstableinbothdirectionsbutabrades. 7876 HMAisstablebutcanbreakwhenitstilllooksnew. 7877 Dacronstretchesonopening7878 isstableanddurable7879 butlarger. D. Brakelines 7880 Wear 7881 Shrinkage 7882 Dangersofabrokenline 7883 uponflaring 7884 oflandingasmallercanopyusingrisersE. Packing 7885 On-headingopening 7886 Evenrisers 7887 Symmetricalbag 7888 Line-stowplacementandtensionUSPASKYDIVER7889SINFORMATIONMANUAL 78902026 7891 USPA. ORG1955Discipline-SpecificRecommendations 7892 24inchesofunstowedlinetoallowthebagtoliftoutoftheburbleoverthejumpersbackF. Equipmentinspection 7893 Pre-jump 7894 Duringpacking 7895varioustimesthroughoutthecourse7896 Part37897 Breakoff7898 Opening7899 Separation7900 andCanopyTrafficA. Breakoff 7901 Breakoffaltitudeshouldallowenoughtimetoopenclearofothersandhandlebothroutineandabnormalcircumstances. 7902 Trackingreview 7903 conservingaltitudeduringturningandtracking 7904 bodypositionandflat-tracktechnique 7905 openingwhenclearattheoptimumaltitude 7906 Flyingthroughandmanagingtheopening 7907 shoulderslevel 7908usethistimetolookatthehorizon7909 7910 allowlegstomoveforwardduringopening7911 likesittinginachair7912 keepinghipsleveltoavoidharnessinputsduringopening. 7913 knees-uppositionhelpstostoptheswinggoingtothehipsandabsorbstheshockintheeventofahardopening. 7914 Ifturningoccursduringopening7915 usetheharnesstostoptheturn. 7916 Keepyourheadlookingforwardatthehorizontoavoidaccidentalharnessinputduringtheopening. 7917 Haveyourhandsonyourrearrisersassoonastheyareavailableimmediatelyafterdeploymenttosteerforcollisionavoidance7918 evenifyoubelieveyouhavejumpedalone. 7919 Lookforwardforanyjumpersopeningnearbywhomaybecomingtowardyou. Bepreparedtoturnright7920 unlessyouobviouslyneedtoturnleft7921 withrearriserstoavoidacollision. 7922 Onceconfirmingthatyou7923reclearofotherjumpers7924 continueusingtherearriserswiththebrakesset 7925ifrespondingcorrectly7926 toorienttowardthedropzoneorholdingareapriortoreleasingbrakesandcompletingthecanopy-controllabilitycheck. Dealingwithaproblemismoredifficultascanopyperformanceincreases. 7927 Discussthefollowingfromtheperspectiveofhigher-performancecanopies7928 7929 linetwists 7930 prematurebrakerelease196USPASKYDIVER7931SINFORMATIONMANUAL 79322026 7933 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendations 7934 lockedbrake7935s7936 7937 slider7938brakesystemfouling 7939 Spinningunderasmallercanopyresultsinrapidaltitudeloss. Checkaltitudeandifabovethe17940 000-footcutawayharddeck7941 don7942tdelay7943 cutaway7944 B. Traffic 7945 Ascanopiesflyfaster7946 jumpersmustpaybetterattentiontoothercanopytrafficondescent. 7947 Altitudemanagement7948 useofbrakestostayaloft 7949 relativewingloading 7950 self-assessment 7951 knowingthewingloadingofothers 7952 placementintheaircraft 7953 adiveplan7954 suchasstackedapproaches7955 topromoteverticalseparationundercanopy 7956 Awarenessofothers 7957 Knoworjudgeothers7958 canopies7959 wingloading7960 andhabits. 7961 Flythelandingpatternorlandelsewhere. 7962 FlyastraightfinalapproachavoidingS-turns. 7963 Dealingwithothers7964 errors7965 7966 Intheeventofatrafficissue7967 discusstheproblemwiththecanopypilotswhowereinvolved. 7968 canopywaketurbulence7969 whichisbehindandabovethecanopyinflight 7970yoursandothers79717972 7973 onlyneedtomissbyalittle7974nolowturnsnecessary 7975 Off-windlandings 7976technique7977 7978 crosswind 7979 downwind 7980 Landingawayfromthecrowd 7981 lesspressure7982 roomtopractice 7983 familiarityandconsistencywithusingthesamelandingareaeverytime 7984 Situationsthatpopup7985 7986 Crowdedlandingarea7987 Followsomeoneyoutrustcloselyandletthemknowyou7988rethere. 7989 Cutawaysdisrupttheplanforanormalmain-canopydescentandlanding 7990 Landingaccidentsonthegroundcanleadtoconfusionandchaos. 7991 Off-fieldlanding 7992 Havingyourhandsonyourrearrisersimmediatelyafteropeninghastwoimportantpur- poses7993 7994 Itkeepsyourbodyinlinewiththecanopysoyoucanturnwiththecanopyifitisturning. 7995 Itpreparesyouforimmediateactionifyouareclosetoanothercanopy. USINGBRAKESTOSTAYALOFT7996 Thinkofbrakesasavertical-brak- ingtool7997 notonlyaforward-move- mentbrakingtool. Brakesaffectverticalspeedbyagreatermarginthanhorizontalspeed. Anytimeyoudonotlikethetrafficoranythingelsehappeningduringtheflight7998 addbrakestobuytimeandverticaldistancefromotherjumperswhomaycreateaconflict. USPASKYDIVER7999SINFORMATIONMANUAL 80002026 8001 USPA. ORG1975Discipline-SpecificRecommendations 8002 Planandfollowasensiblepattern. 8003 Keepyoureyesopen. 8004 FollowthelandingprioritiesandperformaPLF. B-LicenseCanopyProficiencyCardExercisesA. FlightPlanThecoursedirectorshouldassisttheclasswithanaircraft8005 canopyflight8006 andlandingplanpriortoeachjumpincludedinthecourse. Theplanshouldincludeanindividu- alizedprogressionplanforeachstudentaccordingtoexperienceandgoals. Theplanshouldconsiderwindconditions8007 DZlayoutandtargetareas8008 trafficmanagementtokeepclearofotherjumpersnotparticipating8009 andlandingseparationbetweencanopystudents. Thecoursedirectorshouldvideotapelandingsfordebriefing. Thefirstjumpinthecourseshouldfollowthepresentationanddiscussionoftheground-schooltopics. B. CanopySkillPracticeJumpsJUMP18010BRAKEDTURNS8011 ACCURACY8012 ANDFLAREEVALUATIONClassroomBriefing 8013 Discusscollapsingsliderandlooseningcheststrap 8014 Inspectingthecanopy8015ssteeringlineswhileinfullflightwiththebrakesreleased. 8016 steeringlinesonmostcanopiesshouldbowslightlybehindthebackofthecanopy 8017 checkwiththemanufacturerforrecommendationsforadjustments 8018 steeringlinesshouldhaveenoughslacksothatthejumpercanpullthefrontriserswiththetogglesinhandandstillnotdeflectthetailofthecanopy. 8019 Aparachuteriggershouldadjustthelengthofthesteeringlines8020 ifnecessary8021 beforethenextjump. 8022 Reasonsforflyinginbrakes 8023 verticalseparationfromcanopytraffic 8024 slowforwardspeedanddescentratetoconservealtitude 8025 returningfromalongspot 8026 flatturnasaCanopy-FlightEmergencyProcedureatlowaltitudes 8027 Avoidstallingthecanopy. 8028 effectofbrakesonglide 8029 slowerforwardspeed 8030 lowerdescentrate 8031 Changeinglideangle8032 8033 Experimenttodeterminethechangeinglidepathatdifferentdegreesofbrakedflight. 8034 Mostmodernnine-cellcanopiesflyflatterwhenaslightamountofbrakesareapplied. 8035 Methodsforinitiatingbrakedturns 8036 Pullbothtogglestothequarter-brakedposition 8037ears8038. 8039 Pullonetoggledowntoturn. 8040 Pullbothtogglestohalf-brakedposition 8041midchest8042. 198USPASKYDIVER8043SINFORMATIONMANUAL 80442026 8045 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendations 8046 Pullonetoggledownslightlytoinitiateaturninthesamedirection. 8047 FlaringTechniques 8048 Onfinalapproachinnaturalflight8049 yourbodyisbelowthecenterofthecanopy. 8050 Duringinitialflareusingtogglesorrearrisers8051 thecanopyrocksslightlybehindthejumper8052 raisingthenoseinrelationtothetailandtemporarilyincreasinglift. 8053 Graduallypullingthetogglesfartherdownaddsdragonthetail8054 keepingthecanopyatthecorrectangleandprovidingthemostliftfortheremainderoftheflare. 8055 Themosteffectiveflaretechniquevariesbycanopytype. 8056 Practiceaneffectiveflaringtechnique8057 focusingonasmoothfinish. 8058 Makeastraight-inapproachfacingintothewind8059 withminimalinputforthelast10secondsbeforethelandingflare. 8060 Focusonflyingyourcanopyaslongaspossiblebeforeallowingyourfeettotouchthegroundandfinishtheflarecompletelyevenafteryourfeetfirsttouchtheground. 8061 Finishtheflareandholdhandsdownforafewstepsaftertouchdown. UnderCanopy 8062 Collapsesliderandloosencheststrap. 8063 Inspectthecanopy8064ssteeringlineswhileinfullflight8065 withthebrakesreleased. 8066 Practiceflaretechniquebasedonthecanopytype. 8067 Brakedturns 8068 Practicebrakedturnsusingallthemethodsdiscussed. 8069 Patternandlanding 8070 Chooseatargetforlanding. Asafe8071 softlandingfromastraight-inapproachisthepriorityregardlessofaccuracy. 8072 Performastraight-inapproachinfullflight8073 withminimalinputforthelast10secondsbeforestartingyournormalflaretechnique. 8074 TWOCOMMONFLARETECHNIQUESFORDIFFERENTCANOPIESTheContinuousFlareisonesmoothmotionthatshouldtakeaboutthesametimethatittakestocountslowlytofive. Youmaycountslowerorfasterdependingonwindconditionsoryoursightpicture. Regardlessofthespeedofyourflare8075 youshouldtimeittobesmoothandcon- sistentoverall8076 respondingtohowyourcanopyisperforming. Two-StageFlare8077 Thefirststageisflaringtothesweetspot8078 whereyoupauseduringtheflarestroke. Flarewiththestrokerateanddepththatcausesthecanopytoremainflyingflatforaslongaspossible. Inthesecondstage8079 timethestrokeratetofinishtheflarejustbeforetouchingdown. USPASKYDIVER8080SINFORMATIONMANUAL 80812026 8082 USPA. ORG1995Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsJUMP28083 FLIGHTCYCLEANDCROSSWINDLANDINGSClassroomBriefing 8084 FlightCycle 8085 Aflightcycleoccursafteranyinputasthecanopyrespondsandthenreturnstostabilizedfullflight. 8086 Moredrasticinputequalsabiggerflightcycleorsurge8087 wherethecanopypicksupspeedandismovingfasterthanwheninfullflight. 8088 Whileturningorflaringyourparachute8089 yourbody8090slocationinrelationtothecanopychanges8091 creatingaflightcycle. 8092 Inaturn8093 momentumswingsyourbodyoutfromunderthecanopy. 8094 Duringtheflightcycle8095 yourbodybeginstoswingbackunderthecanopy. 8096 Recoveryfromaflightcycleshouldtake4to8seconds8097 dependingonthecanopy. 8098 Preventaflightcyclebyraisingthetogglesslowly8099 preventingthenosefrompitchingforward8100 surgingandpickingupspeed. 8101 Flaringfromabrakedposition 8102 Expectadifferentglideonabrakedfinalapproach. 8103 Expectashorterandquickerstrokeneededforaneffectiveflare. 8104 PrepareforaPLFduetopotentiallyharderlanding. 8105 Crosswindlandings 8106 Flyalandingpatternthatallowsforacrosswindfinalapproachandlanding. 8107 Fortrainingandfamiliarization8108 performthecrosswindlandingonlyinwindsupto5milesperhour. 8109 Alljumpersonthesamepassmustusethesamelandingpatterntopromoteasmoothflowoftraffic. 8110 Onfinalapproach8111 focusoncrabbingintothecrosswindtopreventdrift. 8112 Acrosswindlandingmayrequirepullingtheupwindtoggledeeperthanthedownwindtoggletokeepgoinginthesamedirectionandreducethegroundspeeduponlanding. Performinganunevenflareinthismannerincreasesthestallspeedofthecanopy. APLFisrecommendedforanyunusuallanding. UnderCanopy 8113 FlightCycle8114Doallflight-cycleexercisesaboveyourdecisionaltitude. 8115 Flarethecanopytothree-quarterbrakesandholdfor5seconds. Letthetogglesupquicklytoinducetheflightcycle. 8116 Repeattheexerciseandcountthenumberofsecondstorecovertofullflight. 8117 Repeattheexercisebutslowlyraisethetogglesover3to4secondstopreventtheflightcycle. 8118 BrakedFlares 8119 Practiceflaringseveraltimesfromthequarterandhalf-brakedpositions8120 focusingonaneffectiveflarefromeachposition. 8121 Crosswindlanding 8122 Chooseatargetforlandingandexecuteacrosswind-orienteddownwind8123 base8124 andfinalapproach. 200USPASKYDIVER8125SINFORMATIONMANUAL 81262026 8127 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsJUMP38128STALLSClassroomBriefing 8129 Stalls 8130 Astallisanaerodynamiceventwhereawinglosesitsabilitytoproducelift. Whenaram-airparachutestalls8131 itwillloseliftandpressurizationandwillnolongersupporttheweightofthejumper. Forthisreason8132 performstallscarefullyandalwaysabovedecisionaltitude. 8133 Astallcanoccurastheresultofeithertoomuchortooabruptinputwiththetogglesortherearrisers. Applyingtoomuchinputisassociatedwithaslow- speedstall8134 wherethecanopylosesairspeedandwilleventuallystall. Applyinginputtooabruptlyisassociatedwithahigher-speedstall8135 wherethestallwilloccurmoresuddenlyandatahigherairspeed. 8136 Togglestalls 8137 Intentionallystallingwithtogglesbeginswithstraight-and-levelflight. Slowlypullthetogglesdowntofullarmextensionuntilyoufeelthestallonset8138 afeelinglikerockingbackinachairandfallingbackward. 8139 Theidealstallpointusingtogglesisdownatfullarmextension8140 withthestalloccurringafterholdingthetogglestherefor5to6seconds. Theexacttogglepositionwilldifferfromcanopytocanopyandfromjumpertojumperbasedonthelengthofthesteeringlines. 8141 Youmustfindthestallpointonanycanopythatyouarejumpingforthefirsttime. Ifthesteeringlineswereadjustedforapersonwithshorterarms8142 youmaybeabletostallthecanopyatsomethinglessthanfullarmextension8143 whichrisksastallclosetothegroundduringanormallandingflare. 8144 Onceyoufeeltheonsetofthestall8145 youcanholdthetogglesandallowthestalltofullydevelop. Theairwillleavethecanopy8146 itwillfoldintotheshapeofabowtie8147 andyouwillbegindescendingatahighrateofspeed. 8148 Usethesameprocedurewhetherrecoveringfromtheonsetofastallorafullydevelopedstall8149 slowlyraisethetogglesbackuptoapositionwherethecanopyinflatesandreturnstonormalflight. 8150 Avoidraisingthetogglestooquicklytorecover8151 whichcancausethecanopytosurge8152 dive8153 orspinintolinetwists. Aforwardsurgecanbesevereenoughthatthejumpergetstangledinthesuspensionlines8154 andsomelinetwistscanbesevereandunrecoverable. Practicestallscarefullyandalwaysaboveyourdecisionaltitude. 8155 Rear-riserstalls 8156 Thesameconceptsandguidelinesasstallingwithtogglesapplytorear-riserstalls8157 butrear-riserstallschangetheshapeoftheparachutebyaffectingtheCandDlines 8158thebackhalfofyourcanopy8159. 8160 Whenstallingusingrearrisers8161 thestrokeisonly5-6inchesascomparedtothelongcontrolstrokewhenstallingwithtoggles. Theshorterstrokemakesitmoredifficulttogentlyapproachthestallpointandeasiertoover-controltherearrisers8162 potentiallystallingyourparachuteaccidentally. 8163 Rear-riserstallscommencemoresuddenlythantogglestallsbutrecoveringfromthemiseasierandsmoother. USPASKYDIVER8164SINFORMATIONMANUAL 81652026 8166 USPA. ORG2015Discipline-SpecificRecommendations 8167 Onceyoufeelthestall8168sonset8169 holdtherisersandletitfullydevelop. Thebackoftheparachutewilldistort8170 takingtheshapeofahotdogbun. 8171 Slowlyletyourrearrisersuptorecoverfromthestall. 8172 High-speedstalls 8173 Stallscanoccurathigherairspeeds8174 suchaswhenthecanopyisinaturnoradive. 8175 Athigherairspeeds8176 addingtoomuchinputwithrisersortogglesoraddinginputtooabruptlycancausethecanopytostall. Thesehigh-speedstallswillhappenquicklyandlesspredictablythanthelow-speedstalls8177 makingthemmuchmoredangerous. Youshouldavoiddoingthemintentionally. 8178 Thebestwaytoavoidhigh-speedstallsistounderstandthelimitsofyourcanopywhenflyingathigherairspeeds. Practicetheinputlimitsofyourcanopyaboveyourdecisionaltitude. UnderCanopy 8179 Stall-practiceprocedure8180performabovedecisionaltitude 8181 Stallusingtoggles 8182 Gentlyapplybrakestoapointwhereforwardflightdiminishesandthecanopybeginstosink. 8183 Holdthebrakesdownuntilthecanopyisshapedlikeabowtie. 8184 Slowlyraisethetoggles4to6inchesatatimeuntilresumingforwardflight. 8185 Stallusingrearrisers 8186 Grabhighontheriserwithfullarmextension8187 keepingtogglesinyourhands. 8188 Slowlypulldowntherearrisersseveralinchesuntilforwardflightstops. 8189 Afteraddingmoreriserinput8190 thecanopywilleventuallysinkandbegintodescendinabackwarddirection8191 takingtheshapeofahotdogbun. 8192 Lettherisersupslowlytorecovertoforwardflight. 8193 Three-quarter-brakedturns 8194 Pullbothtogglestothethree-quarter-brakedposition 8195hipbones8196. 8197 Letonetoggleupslightlytoinitiateaturnintheoppositedirection. 8198 Chooseatargetforlandingandexecuteadownwind8199 base8200 andfinalapproachintothewind. JUMP48201 REAR-RISERTURNSANDFLARESClassroomBriefing 8202 Rear-riserturnsandflares 8203 Onopening8204 usingrearrisersisthequickestwaytoturntheparachute. 8205 Youcanuserear-riserturnstoturntowardyourholdingarearightafteropeningorquicklyturnawayfromanotherjumpertoavoidacollision. 8206 Steerwithrearrisersforflatterturnstoconservealtitude. 8207 Pulldownonetotwoinches8208 smoothlyandsymmetrically8209 withbothrearriserstoflattentheglidewhenflyinginacrosswindorheadwind. 8210 Practicewithyourrearriserstoavoidover-controlling 8211usingtoogreatofaninput8212. 8213 Landingusingrearrisersinsteadoftogglesrequirespracticetoavoidstallingclosetotheground. 202USPASKYDIVER8214SINFORMATIONMANUAL 82152026 8216 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsUnderCanopy 8217 Rear-riserturnswithbrakesstowed8218 8219 Grabhighontheriserwithfullarmextension. 8220 Initiatealternating90-degreeturnsusingrearrisers. 8221 Rear-riserturnswithbrakesunstowed8222 keepingtogglesinyourhands8223 8224 Grabhighontheriserwithfullarmextension. 8225 Initiatealternating90-degreeturnsusingrearrisers. 8226 Rear-riserflareswithbrakesunstowed8227 keepingtogglesinyourhands8228 8229 Practicerear-riserflareswithoutstallingthecanopy. 8230 Flythecanopydescentusingrearrisers. 8231 Chooseatargetforlandingandexecutetheturnsontothedownwind8232 base8233 andfinallegswiththerearrisers. 8234 Takeyourhandsofftherearrisersby150feetAGLandlandintothewindusingyourtoggles. JUMP58235LONGSPOTClassroomBriefing 8236 Returnfromalongspotbyprojectingthelandingpoint. 8237 Discoverhowtolocatethepointonthegroundthataparachuteinfullflightwillreach. 8238 Altertheglideusingbrakesandrearrisers. 8239 Usebrakeswithatailwind. 8240 Userearriserswithacrosswindorheadwind. 8241 Minimizedrag. 8242 Collapsetheslider. 8243 Pulllegsup8244 armsin8245 andarchtoreduceairresistance. 8246 Loosenthecheststraptoimproveglide. 8247 Ifholdingbrakes8248 reducefatiguebyhookingyourthumbsintheharness. 8249Becarefulnottohookontoyourcutawayorreservehandles. 8250 8251 Chooseonalandingareaby28252 000feet. 8253 Chooseanalternatelandingareaifnecessaryandfollowoff-fieldlandingrecommendations. 8254 Allowenoughaltitudetoflyapattern. 8255 Expectthewindstoweakenasyougetlower. UnderCanopy 8256 Exittheaircraftat58257 000feetAGLatleast1. 5milesupwindofthemainlandingarea. 8258 Determinetheglidepathofthecanopyandthelandingpointusingtheprojectedlandingpoint. Determinethepointonthegroundthatisneitherrisingnorsinkinginyourfieldofvision. 8259 Altertheglideandcompareeffectiveness8260 8261 usingbrakes 8262 usingrearrisers 8263 Ifyoucannotreachtheintendedlandingareaintimetostartapatternattheplannedaltitude8264 chooseanalternateby28265 000feetAGL. 8266 Chooseatargetforlanding8267 andexecuteadownwind8268 base8269 andfinal-approachlegforlanding8270 followingthelandingpriorities. USPASKYDIVER8271SINFORMATIONMANUAL 82722026 8273 USPA. ORG2035Discipline-SpecificRecommendations5-108274 MovementJumpsA. IntroductionandDefinitionMovementjumpsincludebutarenotlimitedtotrackingandangle-flyingjumps. Theserecommendationsprovideguidanceforanon-wingsuitjumponwhichaskydiverorgroupintendstomovehorizontallyoffthelineofflightduringfreefall. B. QualificationsBeforeengaginginmovementjumpsoutsideoftheIntegratedStudentProgram8275 apar- ticipatingskydiver 8276notaleader8277 shouldholdaUSPAAlicenseanddemonstratepro- ficiencyattrackingwhilemaintainingsituationalawareness. Beforeengaginginmovementjumpsastheleader8278 theskydivershouldhave8279 8280 Ataminimum8281 qualifiedfortheUSPACLicense 8282 Theabilitytomaintainconsistentawarenessofaltitudeandlocation 8283 Proficiencyandexperienceinthediscipline 8284 ReceivedDZmanagementorS8285TAapproval8286 ifrequired 8287 Receivedformalinstructionon8288 8289 DZterrain 8290changinggroundlevels8291 bodiesofwateroranyothergroundobstacles8292 andalternatelandingareas 8293outs8294 8295 exitorder 8296 navigation 8297abilitytomoveinthecorrectdirectionanddeploywhereplanned8298 8299 communicationwithdropzoneauthorities8300 otherjumpersandthepilot 8301todeterminejumprunandspot8302 8303 understandingweather 8304includingreadingawinds-aloftforecast8305 andmaintainingawarenessofcloudspriortojumping8306 8307 Makingaflightplan 8308includingexitorder8309 breakoffanddesignateddeploymentarea8310 andadjustingthatflightplanasnecessarytoaccommodatechangingconditionstoavoidothergroups. 8311 Jumperscanusethegraphbelowtodeterminetheirskilllevels8312 BeginnerIntermediateAdvancedGroupSize1-34-788313 AngleofJumpFlatShallowSteepTransitions01-348314 RelativityCanflyinaquadrant8315 orientedheaddown 8316onbothbackandbelly8317 Canflyinquadrantoronlevel8318 orientedheaddown 8319onbellyandback83208321 managespeedandpitchAbilitytomaintainslotandstabilityinanyorientationandmatchingspeedandpitch204USPASKYDIVER8322SINFORMATIONMANUAL 83232026 8324 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsBeginnerIntermediateAdvancedBreakoffFanout8325 chooseaclearpathandairspaceCanaccelerate8326 chooseaclearpathandairspacetoflattenoutCanaccelerate8327 chooseaclearpathandairspacetoflattenout8328 whilemitigatingcongestionWindConditionsatAltitudeCalmCalmtoMildCalmtoExtremeWindSpeedandWeatherNo-to-lightgroundwindsMediumgroundwindsHighgroundwinds8329 windshearbetweenuppersandcanopywinds8330 clouds8331 emergingweatherC. EquipmentProperlysecureyourgeartopreventprematuredeploymentofeithercanopy. Apre- matureopeningatthespeedsinvolvedinthistypeofskydivingcouldresultinsevereinjurytothebodyorstresstotheequipmentbeyondlimitssetbythemanufactur- ers. Deploymentsystemsandoperationhandlesshouldremainsecureduringinvertedandstand-upflight. Therefore8332 equipmentformovementjumpsshouldincludeeitherathrow-outpilotchutewithabottom-of-container-mountedpouch8333 orapull-outpilotchute. Exposedleg-strap-mountedpilotchutespresentanextremehazard. Also8334 anyexposedpilot-chutebridlepresentsahazard. Useatuck-tabtoprovideadditionalsecu- rityforthepilotchute. Maintainandproperlysizeyourclosingloopsandensureyourpin-protectionflapsandrisercoversareingoodshape. Connectlegstrapswithabungeetokeepthelegstrapsfrommovingtowardyourknees. Tightlystowexcesslegandcheststrapmaterial. USPArecommendsparticipantsuseanAADandanRSLwithaMARDduetothehighpotentialforcollisionsandlossofaltitudeawarenessassociatedwithmovementjumps. Personalaccessoriesformovementjumpsshouldinclude8335 8336 audiblealtimeter 8337twoarerecommended8338 8339 visualaltimeter 8340 hardhelmet 8341 clothingorjumpsuitthatwillremaininplaceduringmovementflightsandwillnotobscureorobstructdeployment8342 emergencyhandlesoraltimeters 8343 GPSD. TrainingMovementflyinghasmanythingsincommonwithbelly-to-earthformationskydiving. Abeginnerwillprogressmorequicklyandsafelywithacoach. Novicesshouldnotjumpwitheachotheruntiltheyhavereceivedspecifictraininginmovementjumpsandhavedemonstratedtheabilitytocontrolnavigation8344 pitch8345 andspeed. USPASKYDIVER8346SINFORMATIONMANUAL 83472026 8348 USPA. ORG2055Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsPriortojumpingwithlargergroups8349 progressshouldfollowthesamemodelasforthefreefallandcanopyformationdisciplines8350 Novicesshouldbeginwithcoached2-wayformationstodevelopbreakoffskillsandexit8351 body-position8352 pitchandspeedcontrol8353 andthengraduallyprogresstolargerandmorecomplexmovementjumps. E. HazardsAssociatedwithMovementJumpsNavigationisacriticallyimportantskillthatentailsplottingaroute8354 maneuver- ingtofollowthatroute8355 andadaptingwhenconditionschange. Jumpersmustplanaccordinglyto8356 8357 Moveofftheaircraft8358slineofflight 8359 Considerothermovementgroupsontheload 8360 Avoidothergroupsinfreefallandundercanopy 8361 Openwherethey8362vepre-determined 8363 AccountfortheDZterrain 8364 HaveabackupplanforlandingoutWeatherisimportantintheplanningphasetodeterminenavigationandexitorderandtocoordinatewithothermovementgroups. Cloudconditionscanchangeduringfreefallandcanopyflight. Priortoboarding8365 itisoftheutmostimportancetocommunicateyourintentionswiththedropzoneauthorities 8366suchasmanifest8367 anS8368TAoraloadmaster8369 andtheentireloadinordertounderstandlocaldropzonerestrictionsandrequirementsformove- mentjumps8370 shareyourflightplan8371 anddetermineexitorder. ItisalsoimportantthateveryoneinthegroupunderstandstheDZterrain8372 hazards8373 andalternatelandingareas. Severalfactors8374suchaslocalDZrulesandterrain8375 weatherandleaderexperience8376 influencehowmanymovementgroupsmaysafelybeonanyoneaircraftload. However8377 thegeneralrecommendationistolimitmovementgroupstotwoperload. Exitorderwilldependonweather8378 freefalldrift8379 DZterrain8380 deploymentaltitudes8381 othergroups8382 andDZrulesandconsiderations. ThegroupleadermustcommunicatewiththeS8383TA8384 dropzone8385 pilot8386 andothersontheload. Everyjumpplanshouldaccommodatetheskilllevelofthejumperwiththeleastexpe- rienceinordertoexecutetheflightplanandopeninthedeterminedspot. Openinginthecorrect8387 predeterminedspotiscrucialforsafety8388 sojumpersmustbeabletodemonstrateproficiencyonbeginner-levelmovementjumpsbeforeprogressingtointermediateoradvancedjumps. Jumperswhoareunabletofollowintermediateoradvancedmovementjumpsmaycausetheirgroupstoconflictwithothersontheload. Addingspeedandpitchchangesandtransitionsgreatlyincreasesthedifficultyofthejump8389 requiringanexpertleadertoconsiderallthevariablesofthejumpsoastoavoidcollisions8390 maintaintheflightplanandopeninthepredeterminedspot. Maintainvisualcontactwiththeleadersoyoucanadaptifyouarefarbehind8391 above8392 tothesideof8393 orlowrelativetothegroup. Evenifyouarefarawayfromthegroup8394 continuemovinginthesamedirectiontoavoidcollisions. Maintainthesameheadingastherestofthegroup. Off-headingcollisionsaremoredangerousthancollisions206USPASKYDIVER8395SINFORMATIONMANUAL 83962026 8397 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsbetweenjumpersheadinginthesamedirection. Neverturn180degreesfromthegroup8398sheading8399 evenifyouthinkthereisnoonebehindyou. Ifyouhavepassedthegroup8400 slowdownandletitcatchup. Ifyouareflyingtothesideofthegroupandthegroupstartsturningtowardyou8401 turntowardthesameheading8402 evenifyouarefaraway. Itiscrucialtounderstandtheelementsofbreakofftoavoidcongestionandcollisions. Chooseaclearpathandfanoutfromtheotherjumperswhileflatteningthepitchtoatrack. Maintainawarenessbylookinginalldirections. Ifyouareonyourbackatbrea- koff8403 avoidflippingtoabelly-to-earthorientationuntilyouareonacleartrajectorywithnooneaboveyou. Onceonyourbelly8404 continuetotrackoffuntilitistimetoclearairspaceandpull. F. Pre-FlightChecklistThispre-flightchecklistcanhelpyoudeterminethespecificsofyourjump. Drawtheflightplanonthemapofyourdropzoneandshareitwiththedropzonestaff8405 otherjumpersontheload8406 andthepilottoconfirmyoucanperformtheskydivesafely8407 8408 Whatisjumprunforyourload8409 8410 Whataretheforecastedwindsaloftatthesepointsduringyourjump8411 8412 exitaltitude 8413 freefall 8414 undercanopy 8415 inthelandingpattern 8416 Howmanygroupsandotherjumpersareonyourload8417 8418 Whatisyourexitorder8419 8420 Arethereanyothermovementjumpsonyourload8421 8422 WhataretheDZterrainfactorstoconsiderinnavigation8423 8424 Whatistheintendedlandingpatternandholdingareaforthejump8425 8426 Haveyouensuredthatyourflightpathdoesnotinterferewithjumprun8427 8428 Doesyourflightplantakeintoconsiderationfreefall8429 DZterrain8430 canopyflightpathandweather8431 8432 Isyourflightplanappropriatefortheskilllevelofallthejumpers8433 USPASKYDIVER8434SINFORMATIONMANUAL 84352026 8436 USPA. ORG2075Discipline-SpecificRecommendations5-118437 SpeedSkydivingA. IntroductionTheserecommendationsguideskydiverswhoareintentionallyattemptingtoreachtheirhighestterminalvelocityinfreefall. Althoughspeedskydivesincorporatebothfreeflyingandangle-flyingelements8438 thehighverticalspeedspresentseveraluniqueconsiderations. Thespeedsachievedwillvarydramaticallybasedonskillandexperi- ence. Onlyatinyminorityoftopcompetitorssurpass300mph. Mostbeginners8439 espe- ciallythosewithoutextensiveangle-flyingandtunnelexperience8440 willlikelyflyinthelow-200-mphrange. JumperscanfindcompetitionrulesinChapter15oftheUSPASky- diver8441sCompetitionManual 8442SCM8443. B. QualificationsBeforeengaginginspeedskydives8444 askydivershouldholdaClicenseorhigher8445 havemadeaminimumof200jumps8446 andexhibitconsistentawarenessofaltitudeandloca- tionovertheground. 8447 Toavoidothergroups8448 speedskydiversmustmakeaflightplanthatincludesexitorder8449 freefall8450 breakoff8451 andcanopyflightpath. SpeedskydiversshouldhaveaqualifiedpersoninspecttheirgearandshouldconsultalocalS8452TAordropzonestaffon8453 8454 theterrainandalternatelandingareasaroundthedropzone 8455 communicationwithdropzoneauthorities8456 otherjumpers8457 andthepilottodeterminejumprunandspot 8458 Weather8459 includingreadingawinds-aloftforecastandmaintainingawarenessofcloudsbeforejumping 8460 exitorder 8461 navigationplandeterminingthecorrectdirectiontomoveanddeploymentaltitudeandlocationC. EquipmentJumpersmustadequatelysecuretheirgeartopreventprematuredeploymentofthemainorreserveparachutes. BecausespeedscansurpassthemaximumdeploymentspeedsoftheFAA8462sTechnicalStandardOrder 8463TSO8464 forgear8465 aprematureopeningcouldresultinsevereinjuryordeath. Deploymentsystemsandoperationhandlesshouldremainsecureduringinvertedflights. Therefore8466 equipmentforspeedskydivesshouldincludeeitherawell-maintainedbottom-of-container-mountedthrow-out-pilot-chutepouch8467 orapull-outpilotchute. Exposedleg-strap-mountedpilotchutesarehazardous. Anyexposedpilot-chutebridlealsopresentsadanger. Jumpersshoulduseatucktabtoprovideadditionalsecurityforthepilotchute. Closingloops8468 pin-protectionflaps8469 andrisercoversshouldbewell-maintainedandadequatelysized. Jumpersmusttightlystowexcesslegandcheststrapmaterial. USPArecommendsthatspeedskydiversuseanAADbecauseofthehighpotentialoflosingaltitudeawareness. Personalaccessoriesforspeedskydivingshouldinclude8470 208USPASKYDIVER8471SINFORMATIONMANUAL 84722026 8473 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendations 8474 Twoaudiblealtimeters8475 preferablyincludingflashingvisualsinsidethehelmet8476 sincethewindnoiseonaspeedskydivemaydrownouttheaudiblebeeps. Jumpersmustincreasethevolumeofallaudiblealtimeterstomaximum. 8477 Visualaltimeter 8478 Hardhelmet. Ifajumperusesafull-facehelmet8479 theymustensurethatthevisorstaysshutduringthejump8480 eitherthroughitsdesignorbyusingadditionalconstraints 8481e. g. 8482 tape8483. Thejumpermusthaveaplanincasevisionbecomeslimitedbylensfogging. Ifajumperusesanopen-facehelmet8484 theymustensurethateyeprotectionissecure. 8485 Appropriateclothing. Mostspeedskydiverschoosetoflywithextremelytightclothingorajumpsuitthathelpscutdownondrag. Consequently8486 jumpersneedbetterbody-flightskillstomaintaincontrol. Ajumper8487schosenattireshouldnotobscureorobstructdeploymentoremergencyhandlesoraltimeters. 8488 Speedmeasuringdevice 8489SMD8490. Thisdevice8491 mountedontheskydiver8492sbodyorequipment8493 recordsthereal-time8494 three-dimensionalpositionofthejumper. Whilejumpersmayexperimentandmodifyequipmentasthedisciplineprogresses8495 therearesafetyconsiderations. Jumperscanuseaero-shaping8496theprocessofaero- dynamicshapeoptimization8497 i. e. 8498 changingtheshapeofequipmentfromitsoriginalfactorydesigntoadiscipline-specificintent8499duringtrainingorexperimentation. Com- petitionspeedskydiversmayuseonlystandardskydivingequipment. Maximizingfreefallperformanceforspeedskydivinginvolvesreducingdragforce. Experimentalprocessestoidentifyvariablesincludebutarenotlimitedtofabricatingequipmentandbolt-onitemsusingspecialmaterialsandfabrics. Jumpersshouldusecautionwhenmakingmodificationstohelmets8500 asashapeorweightchangemayresultinseveretorquestotheneckandspinethatcouldresultinsevereinjury. Competi- torsmaynotwearapropulsionsystemoraddedweight. Ifajumperwishestotrainorexperimentwithsuchitems8501 anexperiencedspeedskydiverorS8502TAshouldreviewthembeforeuse. Usingatandemrigforspeedskydivingisnotpermittedincompeti- tionnorrecommendedintraining. Newspeedskydivers8503 whomaynotyethavetheskillsnecessarytoflyat200-plusmphinaskin-tightsuit8504 shouldconsiderusingasuitwithsomedrag. Jumpersshoulduseaconservativeapproachwhendecreasingdraginthespeeddiscipline8505 relatabletoupsiz- ingawingsuitordownsizingacanopy. D. TrainingSpeedskydivingisasolodiscipline8506 andparticipantsprimarilyevaluatetheirperfor- mancebyanalyzingdatafromanSMD. Speedskydiverscanalsoemployacoachtohelpanalyzedataandfilmtheirroutines8507 sincetheanalysisofbody-flightperformanceisjustasvitalastherecordeddatafromanSMD. Duringajumpwithaspeedskydiverandcoach8508 thejumpersmustactivelymitigatetheriskofcollisionsathighspeedsbycloselymatchingspeedanddirection. Speedskydivingrequiressimilarskillsandshareselementswithfreeflyingandmove- mentjumps. Abeginnerwillprogressfasterandsaferwithacoach. Novicesshouldnotattemptspeedskydivinguntiltheyhavereceivedtraininginsomecombinationoftrack- USPASKYDIVER8509SINFORMATIONMANUAL 85102026 8511 USPA. ORG2095Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsing8512 angleflying8513 tunnelflying8514 andfreeflying8515 and8516 ifpossible8517 demonstratetheabilitytocontrolnavigation8518 bodypitch8519 andspeed. Angleflyingincludesmanyessentialskillsfornovicespeedflyers8520 suchasbodypositions8521 freefallawarenessandflightplanningforfreefallandundercanopy. Onceproficientwiththoseskills8522 jumperscanbeginwithsoloruns8523 prioritizingcontrolratherthanspeedtodevelopexit8524 bodyposition8525 headingcontrol8526 pitchandspeedcontrol8527 andbreakoffskills8528 thenprogressgraduallytofasterterminalvelocities. Usingacoachcanmaximizetheprogressionandunderstandingforjumpersnewtospeedskydiving. Aspeedskydiver8529sbreakoffaltitudeshouldbenolowerthan58530 600feet 853118532 707meters8533 AGL. Competitionrulesdonotincludeanymeasurementsbelowthebreakoffaltitude. Higherbreakoffsalsoensuretheperformerhasadequatetimetoslowdownbeforedeployingaparachute. Theperformancewindowisthescoringpartofthespeedjump8534 whichstartsattheexit. Theendoftheperformancewindowiseither78535 400feet. 853628537 256meters8538 belowtheexitoratbreakoffaltitude8539 whichevercomesfirst. Nooneshouldattemptaspeedrunonalow-altitudepass8540 forexample8541 ahop-and-pop. E. HazardsAssociatedwithSpeedSkydivesBeforeboarding8542 speedskydiversmustcommunicatetheirintentionswiththedropzonemanifest8543 anS8544TA8545 oraloadorganizer8546 aswellastheentireload. Exitorderprimarilydependsonthespeedthejumperconsistentlyattains. Onceaspeedskydivercandemonstratethattheyareconsistentlyexceedingnormalmaximumfreeflyspeeds 8547morethanapproximately250mph85488549 theyshouldexitfirstandturnawayfromjumprun. Speedskydiverswhoexitafterotherjumperscreateanextremesafetyrisk. Acollisionbetweenaspeedskydivertravelingat300mphandasolobellyjumperinabaggysuitwillhavea200-mphclosurerate. Ifmorethanonespeedskydiverisonaload8550 exitordershouldbefastestoutfirst8551 withconsiderationgiventodeploymentaltitudesandparachutetypeandsize. Eachjumpershouldtakeanoppositedirectionofflight 8552e. g. 8553 firstpersonturns90-degreesrightoffjumprun8554 secondsturns90-degreesleft8555 andsoon8556. Whenintegratingwithotherdisciplines8557 speedskydiversshouldbeclas- sifiedasamovementjumpandshouldnotbefollowedbyanothermovementgroup. Afterexit8558 thespeedskydivershouldmoveofftheaircraft8559slineofflightyetremainoncourse. Maintainingstabilityandorientationinfreefallisimportant. Sinusproblemsandevensinonasalinjurycanresultfromuncompensatedchangeinambientpressures. Duringaspeeddive8560 sinuseshavelesstimetoequalizethanduringatypicalskydive. Duringaskydive8561 ajumpercanequalizethepressurebyswallowing8562 yawning8563 ortensingthemusclesofthethroat. Inaddition8564 jumperscanperformtheValsalvamaneuverafterlandingbyclosingthemouth8565 pinchingthenostrilsclosedandgentlyblowingairthroughthenose. Issueswithsinusescanseverelyhinderspatialawarenessandtheabilitytohearaudiblealtimeters. Topreventissuesincaseofdisori- entation8566 speedskydiversshouldensuretheirflightpathdoesnotconvergewithothergroups. Ifdisoriented8567 aspeedskydivershouldterminatetheirrun. 210USPASKYDIVER8568SINFORMATIONMANUAL 85692026 8570 USPA. ORG5Discipline-SpecificRecommendationsBreakingofforpullingoutofthediveatorabove58571 600feet. 857218573 707meters8574 AGLisrecommended. At310mph8575 ajumpertravelsat450feetpersecond. Slowingdowntoasafedeploymentspeediscriticalandcanbeaccomplishedbytransitioningoutoftheverticalflyingorientationtoahorizontalone. Ajumpermayexperienceashort-livedyetpowerfuldecelerationupto3. 5timestheforceofgravity. Speedskydiversshouldconsidertheresultinghorizontalspeed8576 aswellasverticalspeed8577 whethertheyareattheendoftheperformanceorexperiencingspatialdisorientation. Aspeedskydivermustslowtheirterminalvelocitytodeploymentspeeds. Aparachutedeployment8578 intentionalorunintentional8579 whileperformingaspeedskydivecanresultinsevereinjuryordeath. Speedskydiversshouldconsiderthetimeitwilltaketoslowdownandchooseadeploymentaltitudewithasafemarginabovetheminimumdeploy- mentaltitudesrequiredbytheBSRs. Onceundercanopy8580 aspeedskydivermusttakegreatcaretoavoidothergroupsthatmightstillbeinfreefall. Groupstoavoidcanincludethosethatexitbeforeorafterthespeedskydiver. Afteropening8581 aspeedskydivershouldcontinueflyingtheircanopyalongacourseperpendiculartojumpruntoavoidflyingunderneathagroupthatmightstillbeinfreefall. USPASKYDIVER8582SINFORMATIONMANUAL 85832026 8584 USPA. ORG2115Discipline-SpecificRecommendations212USPASKYDIVER8585SINFORMATIONMANUAL 85862026 8587 USPA. ORGOnepurposeofUSPAistopromotesuccessfuldemonstrationjumpsaspartofanoverallpublicrelationsprogramforthesport. Theserecommendationscoverexpe- rience8588 abilityandattitude8589 theProfessionalExhibition 8590PRO8591 Rating8592 landing-areasize8593 technicalconsiderations8594 insurance8595 andhowtocompletetheFAAauthorizationrequestform. Note8596 Forallintentionaloff-airportjumps8597 USPArecommendssubmittingFAAForm7711-2withthelocalFSDOtoobtainacertificateofauthorization 8598FAR105. 218599. 6-18600 ExhibitionJumpingNote8601 Requirementsforobtainingdemonstrationjumpinsurancemaydifferfromtherecom- mendationslistedinthissection. A. DefinitionAnexhibitionjump8602 alsocalledademon- strationordisplayjump8603 isajumpatalocationotherthananexistingdropzonedoneforthepurposeofreward8604 remuneration8605 orpromotionandprinci- pallyforthebenefitofspectators. B. AdviceandApprovalJumpersmayneedtosecureapprovalfromfederal8606 state8607 orlocalofficialspriortoademonstrationjump. Jumpersmayneedtocontactlocalauthoritiesbeforeademonstrationjump. FAR105. 23requiresairport-managementapprovalbeforejumpsontotheairport. USPArecommendsthatjumperscallthelocalpolice8608 astheymightassistwithcrowdcontrol8609 andadvancenoticemaymakeitmorelikelythattheywillrespondtocallsappropriately. Jumpersmayneedtocontactthestate8610sDepartmentofAviation. Additionally8611 FAR105. 25requiresthatjumperseithernotifytheFAAorreceiveairtrafficcontrolauthori- zationforalmosteveryjump. Atleastonehourbeforeanyjump8612 thejumpermustnotifytheairtrafficcontrolfacilityhavingjurisdictionovertheairspaceatthefirstintendedexitaltitude. Also8613 FAR105. 21. a. statesthatnojumpbemadeoverorintoacongested 8614 RELATEDREADINGSFAAPart1058615 ParachuteOperationsFAAAC105-28616 SportParachuteJumpingFAAAC91-458617 Waivers8618 AviationEventsChapter68619 ExhibitionJumpingandPRORatingUSPASKYDIVER8620SINFORMATIONMANUAL 86212026 8622 USPA. ORG2136ExhibitionJumpingandPRORatingareaoranopen-airassemblyofpersonsuntilacertificateofauthorizationhasbeenissued 8623FAAForm7711-18624. TheFAAwilldeterminewhetheranapplicationforauthorizationmustbefiledwiththelocalFlightStandardsDistrictOffice 8625FSDO8626. ThischaptercontainstheFAA8627sinstruc- tionsonhowtofillouttheapplicationforauthorization8628 FAAForm7711-2. ThelocalFSDOmayrequireanaerialphotoandaviationsectionalchartmarkingthelocationofthejump. TheBSRsrequiretheorganizerstocontactandreceivedemonstrationjumpadvicefromthelocalS8629TAoraUSPAExaminer8630 whoshouldbeabletoassistinmeetingallstateandfederalrequirements. TheS8631TAorExaminerprovidingthisadviceshoulduseFAR105. 15. aasaguideline. ExaminersapproachedforadviceshouldcontacttheS8632TAfortheareaorthedropzoneatwhichtheflightwilloriginate. TheS8633TAshouldassistthejumpersinmeetingallapplicablestateandfederalrequirementsandcheckthattheyaremet. Theorganizershouldcarryallauthorizationsandpermitsonthejump. TheS8634TAshouldinvestigateboththeproposedareaandtheparticipants. TheS8635TAorExaminermayrecommendtheuseofspecificjumpersoradvisetheorganizertouseonlyindividualsmeetingcertainexperiencerequirements. Theorganizermayneedflexibilityinmakinglast-minutesubstitutionsofaircraftandparticipants. Whenconsultedforademonstra- tionjump8636 theS8637TAmayalsorecommendcertainadditionallimitationssuchaswindspeedanddirection8638 altitude8639 etc. TheS8640TAshouldconsidertheinformationinthissectionwhenmakingrecommenda- tionsandshouldaskthequestion8641 8642Allthingsconsidered8643 arethechancesofperformingasafeandprofessionaldemonstrationjumpreasonablygood8644 8645 C. LandingAreasAllFAA-authorizeddemonstrationjumpsareclassifiedasOpenField8646 Level18647 Level28648 orStadium. WiththeFAA8649sconcurrence8650 USPAdefinestheseareasasdescribedinTable6. A8651 SizeandDefinitionofLandingAreas. MinimumlandingareasforPRORatingholders8652 8653 ForPRORatingholders8654 thereshouldbenolessthan58655 000squarefeetoflandingareaperfourjumpers. 8656 Anadditional800squarefeetperjumperisrequiredforanyjumperlandingwithin30secondsofthelastofanyfourjumpers. Whenevaluatingademonstrationjump8657 thejumpermustconsideralternatelandingareas8658 suchasrun-offsorescapeareas. Openbodiesofwatermaybeincludedwhenmeasuringlanding-arearequirementsforopen-field8659 level1andlevel2landingareas8660 however8661 theverticalandhorizontaldistancelimitsfromanyspectatoroutlinedinTable6. Astillapplies. 214USPASKYDIVER8662SINFORMATIONMANUAL 86632026 8664 USPA. ORG6ExhibitionJumpingandPRORatingTable6. A8665 SizeandDefinitionofLandingAreasOpenField1. Aminimum-sizedareathatwillaccommodatealandingareanolessthan5008666 000squarefeet. 2. Allowsajumpertodriftoverthespectatorswithsufficientaltitude 8667250feet8668 soasnottocreateahazardtopersonsorpropertyontheground3. Willaccommodatelandingnocloserthan100feetfromthespectatorsLevel11. Anareathatwillaccommodatealandingareanosmallerthan2508669 000squarefeetupto5008670 000squarefeet2. Oranareawiththesumtotalthatequals2508671 000squarefeet8672 upto5008673 000squarefeet8674 withaone-sidedlinearcrowdline3. Allowsjumperstodriftoverthespectatorswithsufficientaltitude 8675250feet8676 soasnottocreateahazardtopersonsorpropertyontheground4. Willaccommodatelandingnocloserthan50feetfromthespectators5. ManyOpen-FieldathleticareasconstituteaLevel1area. Level21. Anareathatwillnotaccommodatea2508677 000square-footlandingareabutwillallowanareanosmallerthan58678 000squarefeetperfourjumpers2. Allowsjumperstoflyundercanopynolowerthan50feetabovethecrowdandlandnocloserthan15feetfromthecrowdline3. Parachutistswhocertifythattheywillusebothram-airmainandram-airreserveparachuteswillbepermittedtoexitoverorintoacongestedareabutnotexitoveranopen-airassemblyofpeople. 4. ThisareawouldrequireanFAAForm7711-2toconductanapproveddemo. Stadium1. ALevel2landingareasmallerthan450feetinlengthby240feetinwidthandboundedontwoormoresidesbybleachers8679 walls8680 orbuildingsinexcessof50feethigh2. ThisareawouldalsorequireanFAAForm7711-2toconductanapproveddemonstrationjump. D. ExperienceandAbilityJumpersmusthaveallthefollowingexperienceandabilitywhenjumpingintoanOpenFieldandLevel1area8681 asdefinedbyUSPAandacceptedbytheFAA8682 8683 Clicenseorhigher 8684 50jumpswithinthepast12months 8685 Fivejumpswithintheprevious60daysonacanopythatisplusorminus208686 insizeasdefinedbythemanufacturertobeusedfordemonstration8687 nottoexceedtheminimumcanopysizethejumperisallowedtojump 8688 Fortandemjumps8689 theaboverequirementsdonotapplytothetandemstudentUSPASKYDIVER8690SINFORMATIONMANUAL 86912026 8692 USPA. ORG2156ExhibitionJumpingandPRORatingJumpersmusthaveallthefollowingexperienceandabilitywhenjumpingintoaLevel2andStadiumarea8693 asdefinedbyUSPAandacceptedbytheFAA8694 8695 holdthePROrating 8696requiredbytheBSRs8697 8698 50jumpswithinthepast12months 8699 fivejumpswithintheprevious60daysonacanopythatisplusorminus208700 insize8701 asdefinedbythemanufacturertobeusedfordemonstration8702 nottoexceedtheminimumcanopysizethejumperisallowedtojump 8703 Fortandemjumps8704 demonstrationjumpsintoLevel2areasrequireaDlicensewithaUSPAPRORatingforalljumpers8705 includingbothtandemjumpparticipants. Thelandingareamustaccommodateanareawithaminimalradialdistancetothenearesthazardof165feet. Tandemjumpsintostadiumsareprohibited. E. HowtoApproachaDemoJumpOnademonstrationjump8706 aswithalljumps8707 jumpersmustconsidersafetyfirst. Thenextmostimportantaspectislandinginthetargetarea. Goodaerialworkisnotimpressiveifthejumperslandout. Astand-uplandinginthetargetareaisusuallyademonstrationjump8708smostvisibleandimpressiveportion. Jumpersmustconsidermanyvariableswhenplanningdemojumps8709 includingwindspeedanddirection8710 approachtypes8711 equipmenttype8712 jumperexperience8713 targetareas8714 andalternatelandingareas. Theorganizermustevaluateeachproposeddemoindividually. Whileagooddemonstrationjumpprovidesexcellentpublicrelationsforthesport8715 apoorlyperformedonemayseverelydamageskydiving8716simage. Therefore8717 jumpersmustrecognizeandunderstandthatsometimesitmaybeinthebestinterestoftheindividualjumperandskydivingingeneralnottomakethejumpatall. Demojumpersshouldalwaysexhibitamature8718 professionalattitude. Jumpersshouldpromisenomorethantheycanproduceandperformwithexpertiseandefficiency8719 takingnounnecessarychances. Jumpersshouldprepareinadvance8720 recognizeanddealwiththeairofexcitementthatsurroundsademojump8721 andmakematureandprofessionaljudgmentswhendealingwithunforeseencircumstances. Thismayrequirejumperstodelayorcancelthedemowhenconditionsarenotsuitableforasafejump. Jumpersandsupportstaffshouldhaveasharp8722 cleanappearancetomakeabetterimpressionandpresentaprofessionalimage. EquipmentUSPArecommendsram-airmaincanopiesforOpenField8723 Level18724 Level2andStadiumjumps. TheFAArequiresram-airmaincanopiesforLevel2andStadiumjumps. Thereservecanopyshouldbesteerableforopen-fieldjumps. TheFAArequiresram-airreservecanopiesforLevel18725 Level28726 andStadiumjumps. Jumpersshouldhand-carrysmokeorattachittoaneasilyejectablebootbracket. Warning8727 militarytype 8728M-188729 smokegrenadesareextremelyhotandshouldnotbehandheld. 216USPASKYDIVER8730SINFORMATIONMANUAL 87312026 8732 USPA. ORG6ExhibitionJumpingandPRORatingWithveryfewexceptions8733 USPArecommendsdemojumpersuseanAADandanRSL8734 preferablywithaMARDsystem. AADscanbesettoaccommodatedifferencesbetweenthejumper8735stakeoffandlandingaltitudes. MaximumWindsWhenconsideringwindlimits8736 jumpersshouldfactorinwindturbulenceandthecapa- bilitiesofthereservecanopy. USPArecommendsconductingalldemonstrationjumpswithaground-windmaximumof15mph. Forstadiumjumps8737 jumpersshouldmeasurethewindatthetopofthestadium8738 alwaysanticipatingturbulence. TurbulenceandTargetPlacementEspeciallyinwindyconditions8739 jumpersmustconsiderrecommendedminimumdis- tancesfrommajorobstacles8740 includinglargebuildingsandtrees8741 whichaffectaircur- rentsandcancauseturbulence. Asingletree8742 pole8743 fence8744 etc. 8745 isnotconsideredamajorobstacle. Stadiumsoftenproduceturbulence. Jumpersshouldbethoroughlyfamiliarwiththeircanopies8746 flightcharacteristicsinturbulentair. AerialManeuversDemojumpersshouldrehearseaerialmaneuvers8747 justasanyprofessionalwouldgiveashowadryrun. Participantsshouldknowtheirexitpoint8748 freefalldrift8749 andopeningpoint. Landingontargettakespriorityoverairwork. Jumpersshouldbepreparedtobreakoff8750 track8751 orpullhighifnecessary. Jumpersshouldnotperformradicalcanopymaneuversbelow500feet. Demonstrationjumpersoftenusesmokeorflagstoenhanceashow. Beforejumpingwithsmokeoranunfamiliarflagsystem8752 jumpersshouldseekouttrainingandadvicefromaPRO-ratedjumperwhoisfamiliarwiththeriggingandassociatedcomponents. Smokeisusuallyattachedtoafoot-mountedbracketortoalinethatisdroppedbelowthejumper. Thesmokecanisterisignitedafteropening. Therearetwotypesofsmoke8753 hotandcold. Ifusinghotsmoke8754 jumpersshouldensurethatthesmokecontainerwon8755tburnthroughthelineandshouldusecarewhencrossingoverobstaclesorspectatorsduringthefinalapproach. Becautiousafterlandingasthesmokecanistermaybeveryhotforawhile. Aflagmaybeattachedtotherearlinesordroppedbelowthejumperonaweightedlineconnectedtotheleadingedge. Largerflagstypicallyhavetheweightattachedtoorsewnintotheleadingedgeandshouldbefoldedintoabagorpouchdesignedtocontainit. Jumpersshoulddeployflagsoveruncongestedareastoprotectpeopleandpropertyincaseaweightdetaches. ThosejumpingwiththeU. S. flagshouldreviewTitle4U. S. Code8756 Chapter1 8757U. S. FlagCode8758 sotheyproperlyhandleit. Groundcrewattemptingtocatchaweightedflagbeforeittouchesthegroundshouldbeawareofthedangersofbeinghitbytheweight. OnlyexperiencedCFjumpersshouldperformcanopyformationmaneuversduringdemonstrationskydives. Effortstobuildcanopyformationsshouldstopnolowerthan28759 500feetAGL. Itismuchmoredifficultanddangeroustolandacanopystackontargetthanitistolandcanopiesseparately. USPASKYDIVER8760SINFORMATIONMANUAL 87612026 8762 USPA. ORG2176ExhibitionJumpingandPRORatingCrowdControlAcollisionwithaspectatorisdangerousforboththespectatorandthejumper8763 aswellasthewell-beingofthesport. Groundsupportshouldtakereasonableprecautionstokeepspectatorsoutofthelandingarea. Whenpossible8764 spectatorsshouldbeseated8765 sincemobilespectatorsaremorelikelytomovetowardthejumptargetorintothepathofalandingjumper. Jumpersshouldpickuptheirequipmentimmediatelyafterlanding8766 sinceitcouldgetdamaged8767 andsomespectatorsmaydecidethatskydivingequipmentmakesgoodsouvenirs. Jumperswhoplanonpackinginthecrowdshouldprotecttheirequipmentagainstdamagefromspectators8768 drinksandcigarettes. GroundSignalsParticipantsmustmaintainground-to-aircommunicationasoutlinedintheBSRs8769 usingaradio8770 smoke8771 orapanel. Groundsupportshouldestablishabackuptotheprimarysignalincasetheprimarysignalfails. IfaCertificateofAuthorization 8772FAAForm7711-18773 isissued8774 itmayrequireground-to-airradiocommunication. AnnouncerAnexperiencedskydiveronthepublicaddresssystemcontributestoaqualitydemon- strationjump. Theannouncercanpointouttheaircraft8775 explaineachphaseofthejump8776 givegeneralinformation8777 andexplainanyunusualoccurrences8778 suchasareserveactivationorajumpermissingthetarget. Theannouncercanalsocontributetocrowdcontrolbyaskingspectatorsnottoenterthetargetarea. OtherActivitiesActivitiesafterthejumpaddtotheentertainmentofthespectators. Forexample8779 afterlanding8780 teammembersmaypacktheirparachutesinviewofthespectators. Whilevisitingwithspectatorsafterajump8781 teammembersshouldrespondtoquestionspolitelyandfactually8782 directingpersonsinterestedinjumpingtouspa. org. Often8783 teammembersalsodistributebrochuresadvertisingalocaldropzone. InsuranceUSPAindividualmembershipliabilityskydivinginsurance 8784propertydamageandbodilyinjury87858786 whichisincludedasabenefitofUSPAmembership8787 isnotvalidfordemonstra- tionjumps. ContactUSPAHeadquartersorvisituspa. org8788demo8789Demo-Jump-Insuranceforinformationondemonstrationjumpinsurance. 218USPASKYDIVER8790SINFORMATIONMANUAL 87912026 8792 USPA. ORG6ExhibitionJumpingandPRORating6-28793 ProfessionalExhibitionRatingA. DefinitionWorkinginconjunctionwiththeFAA8794 USPAissuesProfessionalExhibition 8795PRO8796 RatingstoanyUSPAmemberwhomeetsthecurrentrequirements. Thisratingidentifiesthejumperashighlyproficientandaccurateincanopycontrol. TheUSPAPRORatingenablesskydiverstoperformexhibitionjumpsinchallenginglandingareas. Toearnthisrating8797 skydiverswithaUSPADlicensemustdemonstratelandingskillsusingtheparachutetheyintendtouseforexhibitionjumps. Theyalsoreceivetraininginhandlingflagsandpyrotechnicdevices8798 coordinatingwiththeFAA8799 andobtaininginsurancecoverage. ThePROratingallowsholderstoflyandlandclosertocrowdsthanjumperswhohavenotmetthesequalifications. Thus8800 PRO-ratingholdersmustbeproficientwithvariouscanopysizesandmustbecapableoflandinginsmallareas. Assuch8801 PRO-ratingapplicantsprovideaprofessionaldemonstrationofskillsonawingloadingof1. 58802 1andbelow. AHigh-Performance 8803HP8804 EndorsementallowsPRO-ratedmemberstomakeexhibitionjumpswithwingloadingsabove1. 58805 1. AUSPAPRORatingisnotrequiredforalldemonstrationjumpsbutmaybeavaluableadvantageinworkingwiththeFAA. TheFAArecognizestheUSPAPRORatingasacer- tificateofproficiency. B. QualificationsandProceduresPRORatingQualificationsToqualifyforthePROrating8806 anapplicantmust8807 8808 beacurrentmemberofUSPA 8809 possessaUSPADlicense 8810 haveatleast500jumpsonaram-aircanopy 8811 madetwo-nightjumpsinaccordancewiththeBSRs 8812recommendedthatthefirstonebeasoloandoneinagroup8813 withafreefallofatleast20seconds. AnInstructorwithaDlicensewhohascompletedatleasttwo-nightjumpsmustverifythesejumps. 8814 makeaseriesof10solojumpswithastand-uplandingintoanarea40-feetlongby20-feetwideusingthesamemodelandsizecanopyatawingloading1. 58815 1orbelow. 8816 Theapplicantmustpre-declareeachjumptocounttowardtherequirementsforthePROrating. 8817 AlldeclaredjumpsmustberecordedonvideothatclearlyshowsthePRO-ratingapplicant8818sfinalapproachandlandingintoadefinedarea40-feetlongby20-feetwide. 8819Bothoutsideandpoint-of-viewfootageareacceptable. 8820 8821 TheapplicantmustsubmitthevideofootageofeachapproachandlandingtotheappropriateUSPARegionalDirectorortotheDirectorofUSPASKYDIVER8822SINFORMATIONMANUAL 88232026 8824 USPA. ORG2196ExhibitionJumpingandPRORatingSafetyandTrainingatUSPAHeadquarters8825 alongwiththePRO-ratingapplication. 8826 Theapplicantmaysubmitthevideofootagebysharingitonlineorbysendingitonaportableharddrive. 8827 Oncetheapplicanthasstartedtheseries8828 theymaymakenon-declaredjumps8829 however8830 non-declaredjumpsmaynotcounttowardtheaccuracyrequirementsfortherating. 8831 All10pre-declaredjumpsintheseriesmustbesuccessfulforanyintheseriestocounttowardtherating. Intheeventofanunsuccessfuljump8832 theapplicantmuststartanewseries. Atleasttwoofthelandingsintoanarea40-feetlongby20-feetwidemustbecrosswindapproaches8833 withthefinalapproach90degreestothedirectionofthewind. Windspeedmustbeatleastfivemilesperhourandnomorethan15milesperhour. 8834 Oneachdeclaredjump8835 theapplicantmustmakethefirstcontactandstopwithinthedesignatedlandingarea. 8836 AUSPAS8837TA8838 Examiner8839 JudgeorBoardMembermustwitnessandsignoffonalldeclaredjumps. HPEndorsementQualificationsToqualifyforanHP 8840High-Perfor- mance8841 EndorsementforthePROrating 8842flyaparachuteatawingloadinggreaterthan1. 58843 188448845 anapplicantmust8846 8847 makeaseriesoffivesolojumpsusingthesamemodelandsizecanopyintoanarea40-feetlongby20-feetwide. 8848 Theapplicantmustpre- declareeachjumptocounttowardtherequirementsfortheHPEndorsementforthePROrating. 8849 AlldeclaredjumpsmustberecordedonvideothatclearlyshowsthePROratingapplicant8850sfinalapproachandlandingintoadefinedareaFlared8851 CarvingTurn 885288538854 885588568857885888598860886188628863886488658866 886788688869 887088718872 8873887488758876887788788879 88808881 88828883 8884888588868887 888888898890889188928893 8894 88958896889788988899 890089018902890389048905 8906 220USPASKYDIVER8907SINFORMATIONMANUAL 89082026 8909 USPA. ORG6ExhibitionJumpingandPRORating40-feetlongby20-feetwide. 8910Bothoutsideandpoint-of-viewfootageareacceptable. 8911 8912 TheapplicantmustsubmitvideofootageofeachapproachandlandingtotheappropriateUSPARegionalDirectorortheDirectorofSafetyandTrainingatUSPAHeadquartersalongwiththePRO-ratingapplication. 8913 Theapplicantmaysubmitthevideofootagebysharingitonlineorbysendingitonaportableharddrive. 8914 Atleastonelandingintoanarea40-feetlongby20-feetwidemustdemonstrateacrosswindapproachandlanding8915 withthefinalapproach90degreestothedirectionofthewind. Windspeedmustbeatleastfivemilesperhourandnomorethan15milesperhour. 8916 Atleasttwoapproachesandlandingsmustdemonstrateaheadingchangeofatleast45degreesduringthefinal150feetofcanopyflight. Thejumpermuststartandcompletetheheadingchangenohigherthan25feetAGL. Thisflared8917 carvingturndemonstratestheabilitytochangeheadingduringtheswoopportionofthelandingwhilestillmaintainingcontroloftheparachute. 8918 Allfivepre-declaredjumpsinthisseriesmustbesuccessfulforanyintheseriestocounttowardtherating. Intheeventofanunsuccessfuljump8919 theapplicantmuststartanewseries. 8920 Oneachdeclaredjump8921 theapplicantmustmakethefirstcontactandstopwithinthedesignatedlandingarea. 8922 aUSPAS8923TA8924 Examiner8925 JudgeorBoardMembermustwitnessandsignoffonalldeclaredjumps. ApplicationProceduresAUSPAS8926TA8927 Examiner8928 JudgeorBoardMembercanadministerthePRORatingExamonlineoronpaper. Applicantsmaynotusereferencesorotherassistanceduringtheexamandmustpasswithascoreof758929 ormore. TheofficialwillrecordanypassingscoreonthePRORatingApplicationandintheapplicant8930slogbook. Whengivingwrittenexamsonpaper8931 theexaminingUSPAofficialgivesthePRO-ratingapplicantablankanswersheetandthequestionstotheexam. Afterthetest8932 theexam- iningofficialcollectsthematerialsandgradestheexam. Anapplicantwhodoesnotpasswillbeeligibletoretakethisexamaftersevendays. ForwrittenexamstakenusingUSPA8933sonlinelicense-testingprogram8934 applicantswhodonotpassmayimmediatelyretestusingthesamemethodforatotalofthreeattemptsperday. ThePRO-ratingapplicantmustprovidetheirRegionalDirectorwiththeirPRORatingProficiencycardsignedasindicatedonthecard8935 alongwiththeirexamandvideos. TheRegionalDirectorwillverifythematerials8936 signthecardforfinalapproval8937 andsubmitthecompletedapplicationtoUSPAHeadquarters. Headquarterswillissuetheratingafterverifyingtheapplicationandreceivingtheratingfee. USPASKYDIVER8938SINFORMATIONMANUAL 89392026 8940 USPA. ORG2216ExhibitionJumpingandPRORatingExceptforthenight-jumprequirementandminimum500-ram-air-jumprequire- ment8941 theapplicantmusthavecompletedalltraininglistedontheapplicationwithintheprevious12months. TheUSPARegionalDirectorwillforwardtheapplicationtoUSPAHeadquarters. Thecanopythejumperusesduringqualificationwillbethesmallestsizecanopytobeallowedforminimum-landing-area 8942Level28943 jumps8944 andUSPAwillnotethiscanopysizeonthejumper8945sUSPAMembershipCard. USPAwillissueanannualPRORatingwithanexpirationdatethatcoincideswiththeapplicant8946smembershipexpirationdate. ThePRO-ratingholdermustrenewtheirPROratingannuallytoremaincurrent. IfaPRO-rat- ingholder8947scompetenceisquestionedbyanFAAorUSPAofficialsuchasanS8948TA8949 thePRO-ratingholdermayberequiredtoreaffirmtheirproficiency. C. ToRequalifyonSmallerCanopiesWingLoadingof1. 58950 1orLessTorequalifyonasmallercanopywithawingloadingof1. 58951 1orless8952 theratingholdermustmakethreesuccessive8953 pre-declaredjumps8954 makingthefirstcontactandstoppingwithinanarea40-feetlongby20-feetwide. AlldeclaredjumpsmustberecordedonvideothatclearlyshowsthePRO-ratingappli- cant8955sfinalapproachandlandingintoadefinedarea40-feetlongby20-feetwide. TheapplicantmustsubmitvideofootageofeachapproachandlandingtotheappropriateRegionalDirectorortotheDirectorofSafety 8956 TrainingatUSPAHeadquartersalongwiththePRORatingApplicationandvideos 8957bysharingthemonlineorbydeliveringaportableharddrive8958. Thejumpermuststandupalllandings8959 whichaUSPAS8960TA8961 Examiner8962 Judge8963 orBoardMembermustverify. TheapplicantmustlogthethreelandingsonthePRORatingAppli- cationandhavetheverifyingwitnesssignit. Theapplicantmaythensubmitthecom- pletedapplicationandvideostoUSPAHeadquartersforprocessing. WingLoadingGreaterthan1. 58964 1Tore-qualifyonasmallercanopywithawingloadinggreaterthan1. 58965 18966 theratingholdermustfirstmeetthequalificationsfortheHPEndorsementlistedabove 8967i. e. 8968 mustperformthefiveHPqualificationjumpsfirst8969. Theratingholdermustmakethreesuccessive8970 pre-declaredjumps8971 makingthefirstcontactandstoppingwithinanarea40-feetlongby20-feetwide. AlldeclaredjumpsmustberecordedonvideothatclearlyshowsthePRO-ratingapplicant8972sfinalapproachandlandingintoadefinedarea40-feetlongby20-feetwide. TheapplicantmustsubmitvideofootageofeachapproachandlandingtotheappropriateRegionalDirectorortotheDirectorofSafety 8973 TrainingatUSPAHeadquartersalongwiththePRORatingApplicationandvideos 8974bysharingthemonlineorbydeliveringaportableharddrive8975. 222USPASKYDIVER8976SINFORMATIONMANUAL 89772026 8978 USPA. ORG6ExhibitionJumpingandPRORatingLandingCriteria8979 8980 Onelandingmustbeintothewindinanywindspeedsupto15milesperhour. 8981 Onelandingmustbecrosswindwithafinalapproach90degreestothedirectionofthewind. Windspeedmustbeatleastfivemilesperhourandnomorethan15milesperhour. 8982 Oneapproachandlandingmustdemonstrateaheadingchangeofatleast45degreesduringthefinal150feetofcanopyflight. Thejumpermuststartandcompletetheheadingchangenohigherthan25feetAGL. Thisflared8983 carvingturndemonstratestheabilitytochangeheadingduringtheswoopportionofthelandingwhilestillmaintainingcontroloftheparachute. AUSPAS8984TA8985 Examiner8986 Judge8987 orBoardMembermustverifyalllandings. TheapplicantmustlogthethreelandingsonthePRORatingApplication8988 whichtheverifyingwitnesssigns. TheapplicantmaysubmitthecompletedapplicationandvideostoUSPAHead- quartersforprocessing. D. AnnualRenewalRequirementsWithintheprevious12months8989 thePRO-ratingholdermustperformallthefollowing8990 verifiedbythesignatureofacurrentUSPAS8991TA8992 Examiner8993 JudgeorBoardmember 8994thejumpermaynotsignforthemself8995 andsubmitacompletedPRORatingRenewalApplicationtoUSPAHeadquarterswiththecurrentrenewalfee8996 8997 Makeatleast50jumps. 8998 PROratingforwingloadingsof1. 58999 1andless9000 completedtwoofthefollowingrequirementsinthepresenceofaUSPAS9001TA9002 Examiner9003 JudgeorBoardMember 9004arequirementcanberepeated90059006 9007 performastand-uplanding9008 makingthefirstcontactandstoppingwithinanarea40-feetlongby20-feetwidewithawingloading1. 59009 1orless 9010 performaLevel2demojump 9011asdefinedbyUSPAandacceptedbytheFAA9012 withawingloading1. 59013 1orless 9014 TorenewaHPendorsementforwingloadingsofmorethan1. 59015 19016 thejumpermustmeettherequirementsforPRO-ratingrenewalforwingloadingsof1. 59017 1orlessandcompletetwoofthefollowingrequirementsinthepresenceofaUSPAS9018TA9019 Examiner9020 JudgeorBoardmember 9021arequirementcanberepeated9022 whileusingacanopyloadedhigherthan1. 59023 19024 9025 performacarvingaccuracylandingwitha45-degreeheadingchangeasoutlinedintheHPsection9026 makingthefirstcontactandstoppingwithinanarea40-feetlongby20-feetwide 9027 performacrosswindaccuracylanding90degreestothedirectionofthewindasoutlinedintheHPsection9028 makingthefirstcontactandstoppingwithinanarea40-feetlongby20-feetwide 9029 performaLevel2demojump 9030asdefinedbyUSPAandacceptedbytheFAA9031 USPASKYDIVER9032SINFORMATIONMANUAL 90332026 9034 USPA. ORG2236ExhibitionJumpingandPRORating 9035 IfthePRO-ratingholderrenewsusingacanopysizelargerthantheoneoriginallyqualifiedon9036 itbecomesthesmallest-sizecanopythejumpermayusefordemonstrations. E. Lapsed-PRO-RatingRenewalRequirementsToreinstateaPROratingthathasexpiredlessthantwoyearsago9037 theratingholdermustdothefollowinginthepresenceofacurrentUSPAS9038TA9039 Examiner9040 Judge9041 orBoardmember9042 9043 forwingloadingsof1. 59044 1andless9045 performtwostand-uplandings9046 makingthefirstcontactandstoppingwithinanarea40-feetlongby20-feetwide. 9047 forwingloadingsmorethan1. 59048 19049 meetrequirementsforwingloadingsof1. 59050 1orlessandperformtwolandings9051 oneeachcrosswindand45-degreeheadingchangeoutlinedintheHPsection9052 makingthefirstcontactandstoppingwithinanarea40-feetlongby20-feetwide. IfaPRO-ratingholderallowstheirratingtolapsefortwoyearsorlonger9053 theymustmeettheinitiallandingqualificationrequirements. Ifthecanopysizethejumperusesforreinstatementislargerthantheoneoriginallyqual- ifiedon9054 itbecomesthesmallest-sizecanopythejumpermayusefordemonstrations. 224USPASKYDIVER9055SINFORMATIONMANUAL 90562026 9057 USPA. ORG6ExhibitionJumpingandPRORating6-39058 FAAForm7711-2Parachutedemonstrationorexhibitionjumpsconductedintoaviationevents9059 congestedareasonthesurface9060 oropen-airassemblies9061 requireanFAACertificateofAuthorizationtobeissuedbytheFAAFlightStandardsDistrictOfficewithjurisdictionwherethejump9062s9063 willoccur. FAAForm7711-2 9064 theapplicationforthatauthorization 9065 islocatedonboththeFAAandUSPAwebsites. SubmittheapplicationtotheFSDOaftercompletingtheformusingthefollowingFAAinstructions9066 Organizersshouldpresentapplicationsforparachute-jumpauthorizationsmadeoverorintoacongestedareaoropen-airassemblyofpeopleatleast10workingdaysbeforeanevent9067 ifpossible9068 toallowforprocessingtime. TheFSDOprovidesapprovalordenialoftheapplicationwithinfiveworkingdaysofreceipt. DescriptionofitemsrequestedonFAA7711-2form9069 1. NameoforganizationEntertheorganizationsponsoringtheeventwhoretainssoleresponsibilityforsafe- guardingpersonsandpropertyonthesurface. ThispersonwillbeindicatedastheholderoftheCertificateofWaiverorAuthorization. 2. NameofresponsiblepersonThisindividualmusthavebeendeterminedtobecompetentandknowledgeableconcerningthetermsandprovisionsofthisCertificateofAuthorization. Theapplica- tionmaybesubmittedbytheorganizerforasanctionedmilitaryteambutmustbesubmittedbyateammemberifnotasanctionedmilitaryteam. TheFAAconsidersthispersonresponsibleforensuringtheoperationalsafetyoftheeventonallauthorizationmatters. 3. PermanentmailingaddressThisinformationreferstotheholderoftheCertificateofAuthorizationlistedineitherItem1or2. IfnoorganizationislistedinItem1thentheinformationpertainstothenameinItem2. 4. Statewhethertheapplicant . . . waiverpending . . . Nothingshouldbeenteredunlesstheapplicationisforbannertowing. 5. Statewhethertheapplicant . . . waiverdenied. . . Nothingshouldbeenteredunlesstheapplicationisforbannertowing. 6. FARsectionandnumbertobewaivedEnter 9070NONE. 9071 7. DetaileddescriptionofproposedoperationExample9072 9073Afour-personskydivingexhibitionwithflags9074 banners9075 smokeandpyrotechnics. 9076 8. AreaofoperationExample9077 90781. 0Nminradiusfromapoint7. 3NmontheCVG270-degreeradialfromsurfaceto89079 000feetMSL9080 orExample9081 90821. 0NminradiusfromthecenterofW66airportfromsurfaceto69083 000feetMSL. 9084 USPASKYDIVER9085SINFORMATIONMANUAL 90862026 9087 USPA. ORG2256ExhibitionJumpingandPRORating9a. BeginningEnterthebeginningdateandtimewhenthejumpaircraftwillarriveoverthejumpsite9088 indicateifusinglocalorUTC 9089GMTakaZulutime9090. 9b. EndingEnterthedateandtimethelastjumperwillbeontheground9091 indicateifusinglocalorUTC. 10. 9092a9093 9094b9095 9096c9097 9098d9099 Entertheaircraftmakeandmodel 9100includeN-numberifknown9101 tobeused9102 back-upaircraft9103 pilot9104s9105 name9106s9107 certificatenumber9108s91099110 andhomeaddress. Items11through16arenotrequiredforparachutingauthorizations9111 enterthejumpers9112 names9113 licenseandmembershipnumbersandissuingorganizationeitherintheremarksblockoronaseparatesheetofpaperattached. 226USPASKYDIVER9114SINFORMATIONMANUAL 91152026 9116 USPA. ORGAA9117P1. AssembleandPack9118 usedonreservepara- chutepackingrecordcards. 2. AirframeandPowerplantMechanic. ALICENSEThefirst-levellicensethatsignifiesthataskydiverhasadvancedbeyondthestudentphase. PersonsholdingaUSPAALicenseareabletojumpmasterthemselves9119 performbasicgroupfreefalljumpsandwaterjumps9120 participateincertainUSPAcollegiatecompetitionevents9121 andpacktheirownmainparachute. AAD 9122seeAUTOMATICACTIVATIONDEVICE9123 ACCELERATEDFREEFALL 9124AFF91259126 USPAHarness-holdfreefallskydivingstudenttrainingdisciplinedevelopedunderKenColemanandadoptedbyUSPA. AFF-ratedUSPAInstructorsaccompanythestudentinfreefallduringtheinitialtrainingjumps. AGLAbovegroundlevel. Referstoaltitude9127 e. g. 9128 59129 000feetAGL. AIRAcronymfor 9130altitudeaware9131 incontrol9132 andrelaxed. 9133 AIRCRAFTAnymachineordevice9134 includingair- planes9135 helicopters9136 gliders9137 balloons9138 etc. 9139 capableofatmosphericflight. Forthepur- posesofregulation9140 parachutesarenotconsideredaircraft. AIRSPEEDThespeedofanairborneaircraftorpara- chute9141 relativetotheair. ALTERATIONSAnychangeormodificationtoanypartoftheparachuteassemblyfromitsoriginalman- ufacturer9142sspecifications. 9143seealsoMAJORALTERATIONandMINORALTERATION9144 ALTIMETERAdevicethatmeasuresheightabovethesurface 9145altitude91469147 forskydivers9148 typicallyabovetheintendedskydivinglandingarea. 9149seealsoAUDIBLEALTIMETER9150 ANGLEFLYINGAtypeofmovementjumpwhereskydiverstravelacrosstheskyinsteadoffallingstraightdown. Theflyingcanoccuratvariousdegreesofpitchwithadiagonaltrajectoryeitherinabelly-to-earthorback-to-earthorientation. ANGLEOFATTACKTherelativepitch 9151leadingedgeupordown9152 angleofawingmeasuredbetweenthechordlineandtherelativewind. GlossaryUSPASKYDIVER9153SINFORMATIONMANUAL 91542026 9155 USPA. ORG227GGlossaryAPPROACHANGLE 9156seeGLIDEPATH9157 APPROPRIATELYRATEDReferstoaUSPAInstructororExaminerratedinthemethod-specificinstructionaldisciplinenecessarytoperformaparticulartaskinaccordancewiththeBSRs. APTAcronymfor 9158altitude-position-traffic9159 9160 thecheckperformedregularlywhiledescendingundercanopy. ARCHPositionskydiversusetoorientthefrontoftheirtorsototherelativewind. Described9161 itishipsforwardwithbackarched9162 legsextendedto45degrees9163 toespointed9164 kneesatshoulderwidth9165 armsbent90-120degreesattheshouldersandelbowsandrelaxed9166 headup. ARTISTICEVENTSSkydivingcompetitioneventsthatincludefreeflyingandfreestyleskydiving. AS8015 9167AEROSPACESTANDARD80159168 Standardoftestsandminimumsafetyandperformancerequirementswhichmustbemettoreceiveapprovalundertechnicalstandardorder 9169TSO9170 certification. AS8015A9171 thestandardforTSOC-23cwasadoptedin1984tosupersedeNAS8049172 thestandardforTSOC-23b. InJune19949173 AS8015BbecamethestandardforTSOC-23d. ASPECTRATIOTheaspectratioofaram-airparachutecanopyistheratioofitslength 9174span9175 toitsbreadth 9176chord9177. ASSISTEDDEPLOYMENTReferstoapullsequencepromptedorcuedbytheinstructorwherethestudentbeginsthesequenceandiscompletedbythestudentbutmaybeassistedbytheinstructor. AUDIBLEALTIMETERAnalarmusedbyskydiverstoalertthemaboutreachingoneormorepre-setaltitudes. AUTOMATICACTIVATIONDEVICE 9178AAD9179 Aself-containedmechanicalorelectro-me- chanicaldevicethatisattachedtotheinte- riorofthereserveparachutecontainer9180 whichautomaticallyinitiatesparachutedeploymentofthereserveparachuteatapre-setaltitude9181 time9182 percentageoftermi- nalvelocity9183 orcombinationthereof. 9184FAR105definition9185 BBLICENSEThesecond-levelUSPAlicense. PersonsholdingaUSPABLicenseareauthorizedtoperformnightjumps9186 andwhenqualified9187 applyforaUSPACoachrating. B-12sCliphardwaresometimesusedforleg-strapattachmentonaparachuteharness. RefersgenerallytotheMS22044hardwareorigi- nallyusedontheU. S. ArmyB-12parachuteassembly. 9188seeTHREAD-THROUGH9189 BAG 9190seeDEPLOYMENTBAG9191 BAGLOCKAmalfunctionofadeployedparachutewherethecanopyremainsinthedeploymentbag. BARRELROLLAmaneuverinwhichaskydiverrollsabouttheirlongitudinalaxis. BASE1. Whenbuildingafreefallorcanopyforma- tion9192 theinitialtargetindividualorgroupofpeopletowhichtheothersfly. 228USPASKYDIVER9193SINFORMATIONMANUAL 91942026 9195 USPA. ORGGGlossary2. Base 9196leg9197. Theportionofthethree-leggedlandingpatternwherethejumperfliesacrossthedirectionofthewinddownwindofthelandingareabeforeturningforfinalapproachintothewindtowardthetarget. BASEJUMPINGAnactivityinvolvingtheuseofaparachutefordescentfromfixedobjects. Theacronymderivesfromthefirstinitialsoffourpossi- blelaunchcategories9198 buildings9199 antennae9200 spans 9201bridges92029203 andearth 9204cliffs9205. BecauseBASEjumpingdoesnotmeettheFAA9206sdefi- nitionof 9207thedescentofanobjecttothesurfacefromanaircraftinflight9208 9209 itisnotregulatedbytheFAAoraddressedbyUSPA. BASICSAFETYREQUIREMENTS 9210BSRS92119212 USPAMinimumstandardsoverseenandpub- lishedbyUSPAandgenerallyagreeduponastheacceptablestandardforsafeskydivingactivities. TheBSRsformthefoundationofself-governingbyskydivers. USPAoverseestheBSRs. BELLYFLYINGSlangforFORMATIONSKYDIVINGorRELA- TIVEWORKwherejumpersarefallingwiththeirbelliesfacingtheearth. BOARDOFDIRECTORS 9213BOD92149215 USPAThoserepresentativeselectedbythegeneralmembersofUSPAeverythreeyearsassetforthintheUSPABylaws9216 authorizedbythebylawstohavegeneralchargeandcontroloftheaffairs9217 funds9218 andpropertyoftheorgani- zationandtocarryouttheobjectivesoftheorganizationanditsbylaws9219 electsofficersfromamongcurrentUSPABoardmembers. TheUSPABoardofDirectorsconsistsof1. NationalDirectors9220thosedirectorselectedatlargebythegeneralmembership9221 2. RegionalDirectors9222thosedirectorsofaspecifiedgeographicalarea9223 electedbyandresponsibleforrepresentingtheinterestsoftheskydiversinaUSPARegion. BRAKEFIREAprematurebrakereleaseduringthecanopydeployment. BRAKEDFLAREOneofthecanopy-flightemergencyproce- dures 9224CEPs9225 usedinseveralsituationssuchasafterflaringtoohigh9226 afterabrakedturntoavoidanobstacleonlanding9227 andafteralow-turn-recoveryCEP. Thismaneuvergenerallyrequiresafasterandmoreforce- fulflaretogetthesameresponsefromthecanopyasaflarefromfullflight. BRAKEDTURNOneofthecanopy-flightemergencypro- cedures 9228CEPs9229 usedforobjectavoidanceonlanding9230 whichmayrequireaturnataloweraltitude. Thismaneuverslowsforwardspeed9231 reducesaltitudeloss9232 andallowsforaheadingchangewhilehonoringthenum- ber-onelandingpriorityoflandingwithalevelwing. BRAKES1. Thesteeringcontrolsofaram-airpara- chute. 9233seealsoTOGGLES9234 2. Thepositionoftheparachutesteeringcontrols9235 measuredinrelativeincrements 9236quarterbrakes9237 deepbrakes9238 etc. 92399240 tocontrolspeedanddescentinastablestateofflight. BREAKOFFActofagroupofjumpersseparatingfromafreefallorcanopygroup. BREAKOFFProcedureingroupskydivingwherejumpersceasegroupactivityandseparate. Infreefall9241 jumpersbegintotrackatapredeterminedaltitudeforaclearareatoopensafely9242 jumpersbuildingcanopyformationsbreakoffatapredeterminedaltitudetogainsafeseparationandallowjumperstoprepareforalandingapproach. USPASKYDIVER9243SINFORMATIONMANUAL 92442026 9245 USPA. ORG229GGlossaryBREAKOFFALTITUDEPlannedaltitudeforinitiatingseparationofjumpersduringagroupjump. BRIDLEThedevice9246 usuallymadeofwebbingortape9247 connectingthepilotchutetothedeploy- mentbagorthecanopy. BSRs 9248seeBASICSAFETYREQUIREMENTS9249 USPA9250 BURBLEInskydiving9251 azoneofturbulent9252 low-pres- sureairflowthatformsdirectlybehindasky- diverastheyfall9253 causedbythedisruptionofsmoothaircurrentsbytheirbody. CCLICENSEThethird-levellicenseissuedbyUSPA. USPAC-licenseholdersmayapplywhenquali- fiedfortheUSPAAFF9254 IAD9255 andStatic-LineInstructorratings9256 rideaspassengeronUSPATandemInstructortrainingandratingrenewaljumps9257 andparticipateinintermedi- ate-altitudejumpsandOpenFieldandLevel1exhibitionjumps. CANOPYThemajorcomponentoftheparachutesystemcomprisedoffabricmembranesthatconnecttotheparachuteharnessbysuspensionlinesandprovidethemeansforthejumpertodescendsafely. CANOPY-FLIGHTEMERGENCYAnycanopyemergencythathappensunderafullyinflatedparachute9258 anytimeduringthecanopydescentorlanding. CANOPY-FLIGHTEMERGENCYPROCEDURES 9259CEPS9260 Asetoffiveskillsusedinresponsetoacanopyemergencythathappensunderafullyinflatedparachuteanytimeduringthecanopydescentorlanding. TheCEPsarebundledinasafetycampaigncalled 9261StayAlive9262 PracticeFive. 9263 CANOPYFORMATION 9264CF92659266 CANOPYRELATIVEWORK9267 9268CRW9269 1. Theintentionalmaneuveringoftwoormoreopenparachutecanopiesinproxim- itytoorincontactwithoneanotherduringdescent. 2. TheFAIcompetitiondisciplineinvolvingthebuildingofcanopyformations. CANOPYWRAPWhenthecanopyofonejumperiswrappedaroundanotherjumper. CASCADEThepointwheretwoormorelinesofacanopyjoinintoone. CELLChordwisesectionofaparachutecanopybetweentheload-bearingribs. Sometimes9270 anyportionofacanopyseparatedbyverticalribs. CERTIFICATEDReferstoFAA-approvalstatusofparachutecomponents9271 technicians9272 riggers9273 andaircraftpilots. CHECKOFTHREESPre-jumpequipmentself-checkperformedintheaircraftcheckthree-ringreleasesystemandRSLforcorrectassembly9274 checkthreepointsofharnessattachmentforsnapassemblyorcorrectroutingandadjustment9275 checkthreeoperationhandles9276mainactivation9277 cutaway9278 reserve9279inplace. 230USPASKYDIVER9280SINFORMATIONMANUAL 92812026 9282 USPA. ORGGGlossaryCHORDThelongestdimensionfromthefronttothebackofawingatanygivenpointalongthespan. CLEAREDReferstoastudentwhohasreceivedasig- naturefromaUSPAInstructortoadvance. CLIMBOUTTheactofajumperpositioningthemselfinornearthedoororonprotuberancesorstructuresoutsidetheaircrafttoprepareforlaunch9283 usuallywithagroup. CLOSINGLOOPAlacethatwhenthreadedthrougheyeletsintheparachutecontainerflapsandlockedwithaclosingpin9284 keepstheparachutecon- taineduntilactivation. COACHAnon-ratedoperativewhoprovidesadvancedskydivingtraining. 9285seealsoCOACH9286 USPA9287 COACH9288 USPATheentry-levelUSPAinstructionalratingwhoseholdermayteachthegeneral 9289non-method-specific9290 sectionsofthefirst- jumpcourseandconductgroup-freefallandcanopy-skillstrainingandjumpswithstudents9291 allunderthesupervisionofaUSPAInstructor. COACHJUMPAcoachjumpisanyjumpwhereaUSPACoachjumpswithanypersonandprovidesinstructionand9292orcritiquetothatperson. COLLAPSIBLEPILOTCHUTEAhand-deployedpilotchutethatautomati- callycollapsesafterdeployment. COLLAPSIBLESLIDERAsliderriggedsothejumpercancompressorwrapittoreducedrag 9293seealsoSLIDER9294. COLLINSLANYARDAlanyardattachedtothereservestaticlinethatisdesignedtoreleasethenon-RSL-sideriserintheeventtheRSL-sideriserbreaks. CONTAINERTheportionoftheparachutesystemthatclosesaroundandstoresthefoldedpara- chutecanopy9295 deploymentbagandpilotchuteuntildeployment. CORKDuringhigh-speedgroupfreefallmaneu- vers9296 tolosecontrolanddeceleraterapidly. CRABBINGAtechniqueusedtocorrectcrosswinddriftandputyourgroundtrackbackonyourdesiredcourse9297 accomplishedbyanglingintothewindwithanappropriatewindcorrectionangletogetthegroundtracktomatchthedesiredcourse. CRW 9298seeCANOPYFORMATION9299 CROSSBRACEDReferstoacanopydesignedwithlongitu- dinaltrussingbetweentheverticalribstoflattenandstiffenthewinginflight. CROSS-CONNECTORSStrapsattachedbetweentherisers. Usedforcanopyformation9300 theyshouldbefromfronttorearonlytopreventthedockedjumperfromslidingbackupthelines. Especiallyimportantforplaneformations. CROSSPORTAventcutintothestructuralribofapara- chutecanopytoequalizeairpressurebetweentwocells. CROSSWINDPerpendiculartothedirectionofthewind. USPASKYDIVER9301SINFORMATIONMANUAL 93022026 9303 USPA. ORG231GGlossaryCUTAWAY 9304verb9305 CUTAWAY 9306noun9307 adjective9308 Procedurewherethejumperreleasesfromthemainparachutepriortoactivatingthereserveparachute. Usedintheeventofamain-parachutemalfunctiontopreventanentanglementwiththedeployingreserve9309 intheeventofacanopyentanglementwithanotherjumper9310 andalsoincasethewindcausesthecanopytodragajumperafterlanding. CUTAWAYHANDLEPilloworloophandleofatwo-handledsystem9311 normallylocatedontherightsideofthejumper9312smainliftweb9313 usedtoinitiateacutaway. DD-BAG 9314seeDEPLOYMENTBAG9315 DLICENSEThefourthandhighestlevelorlicenseissuedbyUSPA. USPAD-Licenseholdersmayparticipateinallcompetitionsatthenationallevel9316 applywhenqualifiedforallUSPAinstructionalandproficiencyratings9317 andparticipateinhigh-altitudejumps. DECISIONALTITUDEApredeterminedaltitudeatwhichyoumustdecideandactduringanemergency. DELTADIVEAfreefallpositionwithlegsextendedandarmsbacktoinitiateaforwarddive. DEMONSTRATIONJUMP 9318DEMO9319 9320seeEXHIBITIONJUMP9321 DENSITYALTITUDEAnexpressionofairdensityrelativetostandardatmosphericpressureatsealevel. Thepilotcalculatespressurealti- tudeandtemperatureandcomparestheresultwithanequivalentaltitudeMSLatstandardtemperature. DEPLOYMENTAfteractivation9322 extractionoftheparachutefromthecontainerandfullextensionofthesystempriortoinflation. DEPLOYMENTBAGIntermediatecontainer9323 alsoknownasaD-bag9324 foramainparachuteorafreebagforareserveparachute9325 thatcontainsthefoldedparachutethroughcompletelinedeployment. DEPLOYMENTDEVICEAdevicethatinitiatesthedeploymentofaparachute 9326i. e. staticlineorpilotchute9327. DESCENTRATEThedownwardhorizontalspeedofanair- craftorparachute9328 usuallymeasuredinfeetperminute. DIRECTSUPERVISION1. Theattentiveoversightofanactivitytakingplaceintheimmediatepresenceofthesupervisor9329 whoispersonallyresponsiblefortheproperconductoftheactivity. 9330USPAdefinition9331 2. Acertificatedriggerpersonallyobservesanon-certificatedpersonpackingamainpara- chutetotheextentnecessarytoensurethatitisbeingdoneproperly9332 andtakesrespon- sibilityforthatpacking. 9333FAR105definition9334 9335seealsoSUPERVISION9336 DIVEBLOCKSHandgrips 9337notloops9338 onthefrontriserstofacilitatedivingthecanopy. 232USPASKYDIVER9339SINFORMATIONMANUAL 93402026 9341 USPA. ORGGGlossaryDIVELOOPSHandlesonthefrontriserstofacilitatedivingthecanopy. DIVINGEXITLaunchingoutofanaircraftwithoutaclimbouttoachieveastableentryintotherelativewind. DIVING 9342FREEFALL9343 Torapidlydescendtowardandthenmakeacontrolledapproachrelativetoatarget. DOCKTomakephysicalcontrolledcontactwithanotherskydiverwhileinfreefall9344 or9345 whenbuildingcanopyformations9346 withanotherjumper9347scanopy. DOWNWIND1. Thedirectiontowardwhichtheairismoving. 2. positionedfartheralongthewind9348spath. 3. adownwind-facinglanding. DOWNWINDLEGTheportionofthelandingapproachflownwiththewindblowingfrombehindthejumper. DRAGAforcethatopposesthemotionofanobjectthroughtheair. Itactsinthedirectionoppo- sitetotheobject9349smovement. DROGUEAtrailingdragdeviceusedtoretardthemovementofanobjectthroughtheair9350 usedinskydivingtoregulatethefallrateoftandemskydivers. DROGUEFALLIntandemskydiving9351 theportionofthedescentwhereadroguehasbeendeployedbetweenfreefallandmain-parachutedeployment. DROPZONE1. Skydivingestablishmentorintendedpara- chutelandingarea. 9352USPAdefinition9353 2. Anypre-determinedareauponwhichparachutistsorobjectslandaftermakinganintentionalparachutejumpordrop. Thecen- ter-pointtargetofadropzoneisexpressedinnauticalmilesfromthenearestVORfacil- itywhen30nauticalmilesorless9354 orfromthenearestairport9355 town9356 orcitydepictedontheappropriateCoastandGeodeticSurveyWorldAeronauticalChartorSectionalAero- nauticalChart9357 whenthenearestVORfacilityismorethan30nauticalmilesfromthedropzone. 9358FAR105definition9359 9360seealsoSANC- TIONEDDROPZONE9361 DUALASSEMBLYReferstoatwo-canopyparachutesystem. Includesthemainandreservecanopies9362 harness-and-containersystem9363 andallothercomponents. EELLIPTICALReferstoaclassofcanopieswithataperedorapproximatelyellipticalplanform. EMERGENCYPARACHUTEAcertificatedparachutewhichisintendedforemergencyuse9364 typically9365 theparachuteapilotwears. ENDCELLThelastchordwisesectionofaparachutecanopyoneitherend. END-CELLCLOSUREDeflatedendcell. Routineopeningproblem9366 usuallycorrectable. ENDORSEMENT1. Anactofgivingapprovalorsupporttosomeoneorsomething. USPASKYDIVER9367SINFORMATIONMANUAL 93682026 9369 USPA. ORG233GGlossary2. Acertificationthatisanadditiontoanexistingrating9370 forexampleaHigh-Perfor- manceEndorsementaddedtoaPROratingoramanufacturer9371sendorsementaddedtoatandemrating. EXAMINER9372 USPAThehighestleveloftheinstructionalratingprogram. AnExaminerisanexperiencedUSPAInstructorwhohasmetadditionalpro- ficiencyrequirementsandpassedaseriesofwrittenexaminationsonawidevarietyofskydiving-relatedsubjects. AnExaminerhasalltheprivilegesofaUSPASafetyandTrainingAdvisor. EXHIBITIONJUMPAnexhibitionjump9373 alsocalledadisplayordemonstrationjump9374 isajumpatalocationotherthananexistingdropzonedoneforthepurposeofreward9375 remuneration9376 orpromotionandprincipallyforthebenefitofspectators. EXITPOINTThepointonthegroundoverwhichskydiv- ersleavetheaircraft. EXITWEIGHTThecombinedweightofthejumperandalltheirequipmentforthatjump. EXTRAORDINARYSKYDIVENightjump9377 waterjump9378 jumpfromabove159379 000feetMSL9380 exhibitionjump9381 pre- plannedcutawayjump9382 andotherjumpsrequiringspecialequipmentandproceduresthatmightbeunfamiliartomostjumpers. FFAA 9383seeFEDERALAVIATIONADMINISTRATION9384 FAI 9385seeF9386D9387RATIONA9388RONAUTIQUEINTERNATIONALE9389 FARMERMCNASTYSlangtermforadisenchanteddropzoneneighborwithwhomcommunicationswithjumpersarestrainedorhavebrokendown. FEDERALAVIATIONADMINISTRATION 9390FAA9391 AnagencyoftheU. S. DepartmentofTrans- portationwhoseprimaryfunctionandresponsibilityistocontrolthenation9392sairtraffic9393 includingthecertificationofallcivilaircraftandaccessories9394 licensingofallcivilpilots9395 mechanics9396 andriggers9397 andadminis- trationoftheFederalAidtoAirportsProgram. FEDERALAVIATIONREGULATIONS 9398FARS9399 ThepartsoftheU. S. CodeofFederalRegu- lationsthatapplytoaviation. F9400D9401RATIONA9402RONAUTIQUEINTERNATIONALE 9403FAI9404 Aninternationalorganizationthatgovernsallaviationsports9405 certifiesallofficialavia- tionandspacerecords9406 andgovernsoffi- cialinternationalcompetitions. Operatesthroughanon-profitNationalAeroClubineachcountry. FINALAPPROACHThefinalportionofflightbeforeajumperoraircraftlands. FLARE1. Undercanopy9407 Toconvertthedownwardspeedofaparachutemomentarilyintolift. 2. Infreefall9408 Todeceleratepriortoapproach- ingaformation. 3. Theactofflaring. 4. Amembraneusedtodistributetheloadofaparachuteatthelineattachmentpointsofsomecanopies. FLATTURNAcanopyturnperformedatbrakedflightthatconservesaltitude. 234USPASKYDIVER9409SINFORMATIONMANUAL 94102026 9411 USPA. ORGGGlossaryFLOATERAjumperpositionedoutsidetheaircrafttoleaveslightlypriortothepersonorgroupdesignatedasthetargetfortheinitialfreefallformation 9412seealsoBASE9413. Afloatermaneu- versfromapositionbelowthebaserelativetothehorizon. FLOATEREXITAfteraclimbout9414 launchingfromoutsidetheaircrafttoachieveapresented9415 stableentryintotherelativewind. Threecommonposi- tionsinthedoorarefront9416 centerandrearfloater. FOREIGNPARACHUTISTAparachutistwhoisneitheraU. S. citizennoraresidentalienandisparticipatinginparachuteoperationswithintheUnitedStatesusingparachuteequipmentnotmanufacturedintheUnitedStates. 9417FAR105definition9418 FORMATIONSKYDIVING 9419RELATIVEWORK9420 1. Aerialmaneuversbytwoormorefreefall- ingskydiverswitheachother9421 usuallytoformgeometricformations. 2. Competitiondisciplineofbellyflying. FREEBAGIntermediatecontainerthatcontainsorcon- strictsthefoldedparachutethroughcom- pletelinedeploymentthatisnotattachedtothedeployingparachute9422 generallyusedwithreserveparachutes. FREEFALLTheportionofaparachutejumpordropbetweenaircraftexitandparachutedeploy- mentinwhichtheparachuteisactivatedmanuallybytheparachutistattheparachut- ist9423sdiscretionorautomatically9424 or9425 inthecaseofanobject9426 isactivatedautomatically. 9427FAR105definition9428 FREEFLY1. Toexitunlinkedwithotherjumpers. 2. Anunrestrictedfreefalldisciplinecharac- terizedbyvariedpresentationstotherel- ativewind. 9429seealsoSITFLYINGandHEADDOWN. 9430 3. Thecompetitionartisticeventoffreefly. FREESTYLE1. Asolofreefalldisciplinethatinvolveschoreographedmulti-orientationstaticanddynamicmaneuvers. 2. Thecompetitioneventoffreestyleper- formedaspartofateamwithacameraflyer 9431freestyleskydiving9432. FULLFLIGHTThestabilizedstateofinput-freecanopyflightunderanopenandfullyfunctioningparachute. FUNNELAfreefallskydivingformationthathasbecomeunstable9433 usuallyduetooneormorejumpersflyingoutofposition9434 causingtheparticipantstocollapsetheformationandlandontopofeachother. GGLIDEThecombinedhorizontalandverticalmovementofadescendingcanopy. GLIDEPATHThetrajectoryofaparachuteasitdescendsinflighttowardalandingpointontheground. GLIDERATIOThetrajectoryofacanopyasitdescendsinflighttowardalandingpointontheground. GO-AROUNDAnin-flightoperationwheretheaircraftcirclesatjumpaltitude. GOVERNANCEMANUAL9435 USPATheofficialboundcollectionoftheUSPAConstitutionandBylaws. USPASKYDIVER9436SINFORMATIONMANUAL 94372026 9438 USPA. ORG235GGlossaryGROUNDSPEEDThespeedofanairborneaircraftorpara- chuterelativetothegroundittraversesinagivenperiodoftime. GROUNDTRACKTheactualpathtraveledoverthegrounddeterminedbythedirectionthecanopyisfacingandwindeffects. GROUPMEMBERSkydivingcentersthathavepledgedtofollowUSPABasicSafetyRequirements9439 includ- ingprovidingUSPA-developedfirst-jumpcourses9440 usingcurrentUSPA-ratedinstruc- torsandprovidingUSPA-requiredskydivingequipment. AtUSPAGroupMemberskydiv- ingcenters9441 allskydiversclearedforself-su- pervisionmustbecurrentUSPAmembers. HHAALRAfreefallsequenceacronymusedbystu- dentstomaintaincontrolandstabilitycheck 9442heading9443 altitude9444 arch9445 legs9446 relax. 9447 HAND-DEPLOYEDPILOTCHUTEAsmallparachutethrownbyhandinfreefalltoextractthemainparachutefromitscon- tainer. 9448seealsoPULLOUTandTHROWOUT9449 HARDDECKApredeterminedaltitudeabovewhichanactionmustoccurorbelowwhichanactionmustnotoccur. Forexample9450 thecutawayharddeckis19451 0009452 belowwhichajumpershouldnotcutaway9453 unlesstheyareexperi- encingadownplane. HARNESSThewebbingofaparachutesystemthatsur- roundsandretainsajumper. HARNESS-AND-CONTAINERSYSTEMThemajorcomponentofaparachutesystem9454 usuallyunitized9455 whichthejumperdonsforthejump. Itcontainsthecanopiesandcertainaccessorydevices. HARNESSHOLDAskydivingtrainingdisciplinewhereastudentistrainedforindependent9456 solofreefallbutisaccompaniedbyatleastoneUSPAAFFInstructoruntilmeetingtherequirementsintheBSRsforself-supervi- sioninfreefall. Ontheinitialjumps9457 theAFFInstructor9458s9459 assistthestudentonexitviaaharnessgrip. HEADDOWNInvertedverticalornearlyverticalfreeflyingorientation. HIGH-PERFORMANCELANDINGAREAAnareaatadropzonethatDZmanage- menthasdesignatedasseparatefromthelandingareawherestandardlandingstakeplace9460 allowingcanopypilotstoperformhigh-performancelandings. HIGH-SPEEDSTALLAparachutestallinadiveorturnathigherairspeed9461 inducedbyapplyingtoomuchinputorinputtooabruptlywithrisersortoggles. Theyhappenquicklyandlesspre- dictablythanthelow-speedstalls9462 makingthemmuchmoredangerous. 9463seeSTALL9464 TOGGLESTALL9465 andREAR-RISERSTALL9466 HOOKKNIFEAhook-shapedknifewithaninsidecuttingedge. Usedincertainemergenciestoseverproblemlinesorcomponentsofaparachutesystem. 236USPASKYDIVER9467SINFORMATIONMANUAL 94682026 9469 USPA. ORGGGlossaryHOOKTURNPertheFAA9470 9471Ahookturnisamaneuverinanymaneuversequencethatcausesthecanopytorollatanangleinexcessof45degreesfromverti- caland 9472ortopitchupordownatanangleinexcessof45degreesfromhorizontalwhileexecutingaturninexcessof60degrees. 9473 HOOKERHARNESSAsingle-pointaircraftpassengerrestraintsystemthatintegrateswithaparachuteharness. DesignedbyJackHooker. HORSESHOEApartialparachutemalfunctionwherepartofthedeployedparachuteisentangledwiththejumperorhisorherequipment. II9474R 9475seeINSPECTANDREPACK9476 IAD 9477seeINSTRUCTOR-ASSISTEDDEPLOYMENT9478 INITIATEDDEPLOYMENTReferstoapullsequencepromptedorcuedbytheinstructorwherethestudentbeginsthesequencebutmaybecompletedbytheinstructor. INSPECTANDREPACKRiggingtermusedonreserveparachutepackingdatacards. INSTRUCTIONALRATINGMANUAL 9479IRM94809481 USPATheteacher9482sguideforinstructionalratingholdersandtrainingmanualforinstructionalratingcandidates. INSTRUCTORRATINGCOURSE9483 USPAAcourseregisteredwithUSPAHeadquarterstotrain9484 qualify9485 andtestapplicantsfortheUSPAInstructorrating. INSTRUCTOR9486 USPATheholderofaUSPAInstructorratingqualifiedinoneormoreoffourmethodsofinstructionacceleratedfreefall 9487AFF94889489 instructor-assisteddeployment9490 staticline9491 ortandem. Themid- leveloftheUSPAinstructionalratinghierar- chy. AUSPAInstructormaytrainandcertifyastudentfortheUSPAALicense9492 superviseUSPACoaches9493 andiseligibleforappoint- mentasUSPASafetyandTrainingAdvisor. INSTRUCTOR-ASSISTEDDEPLOYMENT 9494IAD9495 Amethodofpassivedeploymentusedfortrainingskydivingstudentsmakingtheirinitialjumps. AUSPAIADInstructorcontrolsahand-deployedpilotchutewhileastudentmovesintopositionandjumps9496 atwhichpointtheinstructorreleasesthepilotchute. JJUDGETheofficialwhoevaluatesacompetitor9497sperformance. USPAissuesjudgeratingsatboththeregionalandnationallevels. TheFAIissuesaratingforinternationallyrecognizedjudges. JUMPALTITUDEActualaltitudeofanaircraftabovethegroundatthetimeaskydiverexits. JUMP 9498seeSKYDIVE9499 JUMPRUNTheflightoftheaircraftpriortoexit9500 gener- allyfollowingapredeterminedpath. JUMPER 9501seeSKYDIVER9502 USPASKYDIVER9503SINFORMATIONMANUAL 95042026 9505 USPA. ORG237GGlossaryJUMPMASTER1. Askydiver9506 typicallyaseniorjumperorinstructionalratingholder9507 whocoordinatesboardingandexitorder9508 jumpflightproce- dures9509 spotting9510 andemergencyoperationswiththepilot. 2. Todispatchjumpers. 3. Priorto20029511 aUSPAinstructionalratingforsupervisingstudentjumps. JUMPSUITAgarmentusedforprotectionortoalterperformance. LLANDINGPATTERNThedeliberateflightpath9512 usuallyrectangu- lar9513 thatajumperusesinthefinalphaseofdescentundercanopy. LICENSECertificateofproficiencyrecognizingthataskydiverhasmetaspecifiedlevelofexpe- rience9514 skill9515 andknowledge. TherearefourclassesofUSPAlicensesA9516 B9517 CandD. USPAlicensesarerecognizedinternationallythroughtheFAI. LINEDOCKThedockingoftwocanopieswiththedock- er9518scanopyabovetheheadofthepersonreceivingthedock. LINEOFFLIGHTTheimaginarylinerepresentingtheaircraft9519spathoverthegroundduringthejumprun. LINETWISTAconditionofparachuteopeningwherethecanopyhasattainedfullornearlyfullinfla- tion9520 butoneormorecompletetwistshavedevelopedinthelinesand9521orrisers. Canbedangerouswhenassociatedwithaspin. LINEOVERApartialmalfunctionofadeployedpara- chuteresultinginlinesgoingoverthetopofthecanopy. Alsoreferslooselytothepartialinversionofaroundcanopy. 9522seealsoPARTIALINVERSION9523 LOW-TURNRECOVERYOneofthecanopy-flightemergencyproce- dures 9524CEPs9525 usedforquicklyneutralizingaturninitiatedtooclosetothegroundforthecanopytorecovernaturally. Thismaneuverentailsneutralizingtheturnbypullingthetogglethatisstillinfullflighttomatchthelowertoggle9526resultinginbothtogglesinabrakedposition9527stoppingtheturnandslowingforwardspeedbeforeflaring. MMAEWESTWWIItermforpartialinversionofaroundparachute. 9528seealsoPARTIALINVERSION9529 MAIN-ASSISTEDRESERVEDEPLOYMENT 9530MARD9531 Adevicedesignedtoexpediteareserve-para- chutedeploymentafteracutaway. Uponcuttingawaythemaincanopy9532 thesystemutilizesthedepartingmainparachutetoassistinextractingthereserveparachute9533 therebyminimizingaltitudelossandensur- ingarapidreservedeployment. MAINPARACHUTEAparachutewornastheprimaryparachuteusedorintendedtobeusedinconjunctionwithareserveparachute. 9534FAR105definition9535 MAINTENANCEInspection9536 overhaul9537 repair9538 preservation9539 andreplacementofparts. 238USPASKYDIVER9540SINFORMATIONMANUAL 95412026 9542 USPA. ORGGGlossaryMAJORALTERATIONAnalterationnotlistedinthemanufactur- er9543sspecificationsthatmightappreciablyaffectweight9544 structuralstrength9545 perfor- mance9546 flightcharacteristics9547 orotherqual- itiesaffectingairworthinessorthatcannotbedonebyelementaryoperations. 9548seealsoALTERATION9549 MAJORREPAIRArepairthatifimproperlyaccomplishedmayaffectweight9550 structuralstrength9551 per- formance9552 flightcharacteristics9553 orotherqualitieswhichdetermineairworthiness. MALFUNCTIONThecompleteorpartialfailureofapara- chutecanopytoaccomplishproperopening9554 descent9555 orflightcharacteristics. M9556RD 9557seeMAIN-ASSISTEDRESERVEDEPLOYMENT9558 MASTERRIGGERThehigheroftwocertificationlevelsforFAAriggers. Mayperformmorecomplexrepairtasksandapprovedalterations. 9559seealsoSENIORRIGGER9560 MENTOR 9561SKYDIVING9562 Anexperiencedskydiver9563 usuallyDlicensed9564 whocanofferadviceandguidanceonsky- diving-relatedmatterstojumperswithlessexperience. MINITHREERINGReferstoascaled-downversionoftheorig- inalthree-ringreleasesystem. 9565seealsoTHREE-RINGRELEASE9566 MINORALTERATIONAnalterationotherthanamajoralter- ation. 9567seealsoALTERATIONandMAJORALTERATION9568 MINORREPAIRArepairotherthanamajorrepair. 9569seealsoMAJORREPAIR9570 MOVEMENTJUMPAnon-wingsuitjumponwhichaskydiverorgroupintendstomovehorizontallyoffthelineofflightduringfreefall. MSLAcronymforMeanSeaLevel. Altitudemea- suredfromsealevel. NNAA 9571seeNATIONALAERONAUTICASSOCIATION9572 NASSERTOGGLESControlloopsonthefrontrisersattachedtooneormoreAorA-Blinestofacilitatedivingthecanopytowardacanopyforma- tion. DesignedbyNasserBasir. NATIONALAERONAUTICASSOCIATION 9573NAA9574 TheNationalAeroCluboftheUSAwhichrepresentstheFAI. USPAisadivisionoftheNAA. NATIONALDIRECTOR 9575seeBOARDOFDIRECTORS9576. NIGHTJUMPAskydivemadefromonehourafterofficialsunsettoonehourbeforeofficialsunrise. TheFAAconsidersanyjumpmadeaftersunsetandbeforesunriseanightjumprequiringequipmentspecifiedinFAR105. NORMALLANDINGAREAAlandingareaatadropzonethatDZman- agementhasdesignatedasseparatefromthehigh-performancelandingarea. NOTAM 9577NOTICETOAIRMISSIONS 9578 Anair-trafficadvisoryornoticefiledwithanFAAFlightServiceStationbyanairspaceuser. USPASKYDIVER9579SINFORMATIONMANUAL 95802026 9581 USPA. ORG239GGlossaryOOBJECTAnyitemotherthanapersonthatdescendstothesurfacefromanaircraftinflightwhenaparachuteisusedorisintendedtobeusedduringallorpartofthedescent. 9582FAR105definition9583 OPENBODYOFWATERAbodyofwaterinwhichaskydivercoulddrown. OPENINGPOINTThegroundpointofreferenceoverwhichtheskydiveropenstheparachute. OPENINGSHOCKThedeceleratingforceexertedontheloadastheparachutedeploysandinflates. Causedbytheresistanceofthecanopyanditemsassociatedwithit. OSCILLATION1. Theswingingorpendulummotionofthesuspendedloadunderacanopy. 2. Incanopyformation9584 theswayingorswing- ingofaformationcausedbypoordocking9585 turbulentair9586 ortoomuchmovementofthepeopleintheformation. OUTBOARDFacingtotheoutside9587 suchasareservehandlefacingtothesideofthejumperratherthantowardthebreastbone. PPACKTofoldandcloseaparachutesysteminpreparationforjumping. PACKINGDATACARDAcardkeptwithaparachutesystemthatrecordsthemaintenanceonthatsystem. PARACHUTEAfabricdevicethatslowsthedescentofafallingobject9588 derivedfromtheFrenchwords 9589para9590 9591 toshield9592 and 9593chute9594 9595 tofall. Thus9596 parachuteliterallymeans 9597toshieldfromafall. 9598 PARACHUTEDROPThedescentofanobjecttothesurfacefromanaircraftinflightwhenaparachuteisusedorintendedtobeusedduringallorpartofthatdescent. 9599FAR105definition9600 PARACHUTEJUMPAparachuteoperationthatinvolvesthedescentofoneormorepersonstothesurfacefromanaircraftinflightwhenaparachuteisusedorintendedtobeusedduringallorpartofthatdescent 9601FAR105definition9602. PARACHUTELANDINGFALL 9603PLF9604 AmethoddevelopedbytheU. S. militarytominimizethechanceofinjuryfromahardlandingunderparachute. Thejumperdistributestheforceofthelandinginanorderlymanneroverthemostrobustareasofthebody. PARACHUTEOPERATIONTheperformanceofallactivityforthepurposeof9605 orinsupportof9606 aparachutejumporaparachutedrop. Thisparachuteoperationcaninvolve9607 butisnotlimitedto9608 thefollowingpersonsparachutist9609 parachutistincommandandpassengerintandemparachuteoperations9610 dropzoneorowneroroperator9611 jumpmas- ter9612 certificatedparachuterigger9613 orpilot 9614FAR105definition9615. PARACHUTISTApersonwhointendstoexitanaircraftwhileinflightusingasingle-harness9616 dualparachutesystemtodescendtothesurface 9617FAR105definition9618. 9619seealsoSKYDIVER9620 240USPASKYDIVER9621SINFORMATIONMANUAL 96222026 9623 USPA. ORGGGlossaryPARACHUTISTINCOMMANDThepersonresponsiblefortheoperationandsafetyofatandemparachuteoperation. 9624FAR105definition9625 NotnecessarilyaUSPAinstructionalratingholder. PARTIALINVERSIONInflationmalfunctionofaroundcanopywhereonesidepassesthroughandinflatesbetweentwolinesoftheotherside9626 resultingintwoinflatedlobes. 9627seealsoLINEOVER9628 PASSENGERPARACHUTISTApersonwhoboardsanaircraft9629 actingasotherthantheparachutistincommandofatandemparachuteoperation9630 withtheintentofexitingtheaircraftwhileinflightusingtheforwardharnessofadualharnesstandemparachutesystemtodescendtothesurface 9631FAR105definition9632. USPAfurtherdefinesapassengerparachutistaseitheralicensedskydiveroratandemstudent. PERMEABILITYTheamountorvolumeofairwhichcanpassthroughafabricassembly. PILOTCHUTEAsmallparachuteusedtoinitiateand9633oracceleratedeploymentofamainorreserveparachute 9634FAR105definition9635. PILOT-CHUTEASSISTAmethodofriggingastaticlinetoapara- chutewherethestaticlineopensthecon- tainerandpositivelyextractsthepilotchutebeforeseparatingfromthesystem. Typically9636 astripoftouchfastener 9637Velcro9638 orbreakcordofknownstrengthisused. PIN1. Toflytoanotherjumperandtakegripsonthejumper 9639freefall9640 orcanopy 9641canopyformation9642. 2. Thefirstjumpertomakecontactwiththebase9643 ortargetjumper9644 tobeginaformation. 3. Retainingdevicethat9645 whenpassedthroughaclosingloop9646 lockstheparachutesystemcloseduntilactivation. PINCHECKInspectionofthereserveandmainclosingpinsonaparachutecontainertoensuretheyarecorrectlypositionedandsecure. PLF 9647seePARACHUTELANDINGFALL9648 PLANEAcompressedverticalcanopyformation9649 wherethejumper9650sfeetaredockedonthecrossconnectorsbelowthesliderofthelowercanopy. PLANFORMTheshapeorfootprintofawingsurface. PLANINGTheactofcompressingaparachutestack. POISEDEXITAdeparturefromanaircraftwherethejumpersetsupforexitusingtheaircraftdoorframeorstrutforstabilityandlauncheswithhipspresentedintotherelativewind. POROSITYTheratioofopenareatoclosedareainafabric. Gradedashigh9651 low9652 orzero. Tightlywovenandtreatedmaterialhasalowerporositythanlooselywovenmaterial. USPASKYDIVER9653SINFORMATIONMANUAL 96542026 9655 USPA. ORG241GGlossaryPRACTICEDEPLOYMENTAnin-airexerciseusedtolearnhowtolocateandoperateaparachutedeploymenthandlepriortoopening. Itmayconsistofpullingorthrowingapracticeordummyhandle 9656instructor-assisteddeploymentorstat- ic-linejumps9657 ortouchingtheactualdeploy- menthandleinfreefallortandemdroguefall. PREMATUREOPENINGUnintentionalopeningofaparachute. PROJECTEDLANDINGPOINTTheexpectedlandingspotontheground9658 basedontheglidepathoftheparachute. PROPBLAST1. Theairflowcreatedbyapropellerthatisdevelopingthrust. 2. relativewindonexitPUDAnaerodynamicallylow-profile9659 softhandlethatisergonomicallydesignedtofitintoaclenchedfist. Usedforvariousparachuteoperationhandles. PULLOUTAtypeofhand-deployedparachuteacti- vationsystem. Thejumperpullsahandleconnectedtothecontainerclosingpinandtheinternallypackedpilotchute. 9660seealsoHAND-DEPLOYEDPILOTCHUTE9661 PULL-UPCORDApackingaidusedtothreadtheclosingloopthrougheyeletsinthecontainerandremovedoncetheclosingpinisinserted. RRAM-AIRPARACHUTEAparachutewithacanopyconsistingofanupperandlowersurfacethatisinflatedbyramairenteringthroughspeciallydesignedopeningsinthefrontofthecanopytoformaglidingairfoil 9662FAR105definition9663. RATING-RENEWALSEMINAR9664 USPAAcontinuingeducationalprogramforUSPAinstructionalratingholderstoimproveandensurethequalityofskydivinginstruction. Thisseminarcanbeconductedinameetingwhereparticipantsexchangeinformation9665 introduceanddiscussnewideas9666 andreviewrecentrelevantUSPAinitiatives9667 oronlineintheUSPALibraryconsistingofshort9668 interac- tivelessonsreviewinginstructionalstrategiesaswellasrecentrelevantUSPAinitiatives. REAR-RISERSTALLAparachutestallinducedbychangingtheshapeoftheparachutebyaffectingtheCandDlines 9669thebackhalfofyourcanopy96709671 commencingsuddenlybypullingdownonly5-6inchesonbothrearrisers. Applyingtoomuchinputisassociatedwithaslowspeedstall. 9672seeSTALL9673 TOGGLESTALL9674 andHIGH-SPEEDSTALL9675 REAR-RISERTURNSOneofthecanopy-flightemergencyproce- dures 9676CEPs9677 usedforcanopy-collisionavoid- anceimmediatelyafteropening9678 duringthecanopydescent9679 orinthelandingpattern. Thismaneuveristhefastestwaytochangeheadingrightafteropening9680 evenwhenthebrakesarestillstowed. RECOMMENDATIONS9681 USPAPrinciples9682 policies9683 andconceptsapplicabletoskydivingorarelatedsubjectthatarederivedfromexperienceortheory9684 compiledbyUSPA9685 andofferedforguidance. REGIONALDIRECTOR9686 USPAMemberoftheUSPABoardelectedfromaspecifiedgeographicalareaandresponsibleforrepresentingtheinterestsoftheskydiv- ersinthatUSPARegion. RELATIVEWINDTherelativeairflowoppositeabody9687strajec- tory9688 irrespectiveofthehorizon. 242USPASKYDIVER9689SINFORMATIONMANUAL 96902026 9691 USPA. ORGGGlossaryRELATIVEWORK 9692RW9693 9694seeFORMATIONSKYDIVING9695 REMOVABLEDEPLOYMENTSYSTEM 9696RDS9697 Primarilyusedbyhigh-performancecanopypilots9698 itisasystemthatallowstheslider9699 andinsomecasesthedeploymentbagandpilotchute9700 toberemovedafteropeningtohelpdecreasedrag. RESERVEPARACHUTEAnapprovedparachutewornforemergencyusetobeactivatedonlyuponfailureofthemainparachuteorinanyotheremergencywhereuseofthemainparachuteisimprac- tical9701 oruseofthemainparachutewouldincreaserisk 9702FAR105definition9703. RESERVESTATICLINE 9704RSL9705 Aconnectionbetweenthemainrisersandthereserveactivationsystemintendedtoinitiatereserveactivationfollowingthereleaseofadeployedmainparachute. RIBAverticalandlongitudinalfabricmembranethatformstheairfoilshapeandprimarystructureofaram-aircanopy. RIG1. Thecompleteparachutesystemusedforskydiving. 2. Theactofmaintaining9706 repairing9707 ormod- ifyingaparachutesystem. 3. Todonaparachute 9708e. g. 9709 riggingup9710. RIGGERAnFAA-certificatedparachutetechni- cian. 9711seealsoMASTERRIGGERandSENIORRIGGER9712 RIPCORDAnassembly9713 usuallyconstructedwithametalcableandhandlethat9714 whenpulled9715 activatestheopeningofaparachute. RISERDOCKIncanopyformation9716 amomentumdockthatputstherisersintothehandsofthereceiver. Averyadvancedtechnique. RISERLOOPS9717 RISERBLOCKSGrippingloopsordevicesonariserthatmakeiteasiertograsp. RISER9718S9719 Webbingstrapsthatconnectthemainliftwebsoftheparachuteharnesstothelinesofthecanopy. RSL 9720seeRESERVESTATICLINE9721 SSAFETYANDTRAININGADVISOR 9722S9723TA97249725 USPAAlocalpersonappointedbytheUSPARegionalDirectorashisorherrepresenta- tiveandwhoisavailabletoprovideadviceandadministrativeassistanceastheUSPArepresentativeatanindividualdropzoneorspecifiedarea. SANCTIONEDDROPZONEAdropzonethathasbeenverifiedbyaUSPASafetyandTrainingAdvisororaUSPARegionalDirectorascomplyingwiththeminimumdropzonerequirementsasstatedintheUSPABasicSafetyRequirementssectionoftheUSPASkydiver9726sInformationManual. 9727seealsoDROPZONE9728 USPASKYDIVER9729SINFORMATIONMANUAL 97302026 9731 USPA. ORG243GGlossarySELF-SUPERVISIONAtermusedtoindicateaninstructorhasauthorizedastudenttoconductsolojumpswithoutinstructorsupervisionintheaircraft9732 freefall9733 andunderthecanopy9734 butbeforetheyhavecompletedalltherequirementsfortheAlicense. Beforeboardingtheair- craft9735 thestudentmustreceiveagearcheckfromaninstructionalratingholder. AtUSPAGroupMemberskydivingcenters9736 allsky- diversclearedforself-supervisionmustbecurrentUSPAmembers. SeeCategoryEAcademics. SENIORRIGGERTheinitialcertificationlevelforFAAriggersthatallowsitsholdertopackandmaintainaparachutesystemandperformsimplerepairs. 9737seeMASTERRIGGER9738 SHAGGAcronymfor 9739shoes9740tied9741 nohooks9742 helmet9743fitandadjustmentandbuckled9744 altimeter9745setforzero9746 goggles9747tightandclean9748 gloves9749lightweightandpropersize 9750below40degreesF9751. 9752 SIMAbbreviationforSkydiver9753sInforma - tionManual 9754thisbook9755. 9756seeSKYDIVER9757SINFORMATIONMANUAL9758 SINGLEOPERATIONSYSTEM 9759SOS9760 Referstoaparachuteharnessandcon- taineroperationsystemwithacombinedsingle-pointriserreleaseandreservehandle. Pullingonehandlewillbothreleasetherisersandpullthereserve. 9761SeealsoTWO-HANDLEDSYSTEM9762 SINGLE-HARNESS9763 DUAL-PARACHUTESYSTEMThecombinationofamainparachute9764 approvedreserveparachute9765 andapprovedsingle-personharnessanddual-parachutecontainer. Thisparachutesystemmayhaveanoperationalautomaticactivationdeviceinstalled 9766FAR105definition9767. SITFLYINGHead-upverticalfreeflyorientationbasedonaseatedposition. SKYBOARD 9768seeSURFBOARD9769 SKYDIVE1. Thedescentofapersontothesurfacefromanaircraftinflightwhenheorsheusesorintendstouseaparachuteduringallorpartofthatdescent. 2. Tojumpfromanaircraftwithaparachute. SKYDIVERApersonwhoengagesinskydiving. SKYDIVER9770SINFORMATIONMANUAL 9771SIM97729773 USPA 9774THISBOOK9775 TheofficialboundcollectionoftheUSPABasicSafetyRequirements9776 USPArecom- mendations9777 relevantFAAreferences9778 andotherUSPApoliciesandprogramsthataffectthemajorityofskydivers. SKYSURFERAskydiverwhojumpswithasurfboard 9779skyboard9780. SKYSURFINGAfreefallskydivingdisciplineusingaspeciallyriggedsurfboard 9781skyboard9782. SLIDERAdevicethatcontrolsacanopy9783sinflationbyprogressivelyslidingdownthesuspen- sionlinesduringinflation. Foundonmostram-aircanopies. SLINKS 9784seeSOFTLINKS9785 SOFTLINKSSpectrafabriclinksforattachingthepara- chutelinestotherisers9786 firstdevelopedasanalternativetometal 97879788hard97899790 linksbyPerformanceDesignsunderthebrandnameSlinks. 244USPASKYDIVER9791SINFORMATIONMANUAL 97922026 9793 USPA. ORGGGlossarySOLODEPLOYMENTReferstoapullsequencenotpromptedorcuedbytheinstructor9794 wherethestudentstartsandfinishestheirpullsequencewithoutinstructorcontact. SOLOJUMPAjumpwhereaskydiverisnotengagedinformationskydiving. SOLOJUMPERAskydiverwhoisnotengagedinformationskydiving. SOLOSKYDIVERSeesolojumper. SOLOSTUDENTAskydivingstudentwhousesasingle-har- ness9795 dual-parachutesystem. SOS 9796seeSINGLEOPERATIONSYSTEM9797 SPACEAcronymusedtorememberwhattolookforwhileclearingtheairspaceandexitsepara- tionbeforeexiting 9798skydivers9799 plane9800 airport9801 clouds9802 exitlight. 9803 SPANThedimensionofawingmeasuredfromtiptotip. SPEEDSKYDIVINGSkydivingdisciplineinwhichthegoalistoachieveandmaintainthehighestpossiblespeedforapredeterminedamountoftime. SPOTTINGSelectingthecorrectgroundreferencepointoverwhichtoleavetheaircraft9804 selectingthecoursefortheaircrafttofly9805 anddirectingthepilotonjumpruntothatpoint. STABILITYThatpropertyofabodythatcausesit9806 whenitsequilibriumisdisturbed9807 todevelopforcesormovementstendingtorestoretheorigi- nalcondition. Inskydiving9808 controlofbodypositionduringfreefall. STABLEFREEFALLPOSITIONApositionattainedbyafreefallingskydiverinwhichonlycontrolled9809 plannedmovementsaremade. STACKAverticalcanopyformationwiththejumpersgrippingthecanopyorlinesjustbelowthecanopy. STALLAnaerodynamiceventwheretheparachutelosesitsabilitytoproducelift9810 losespres- surization9811 andthecanopywillnolongersupporttheweightofthejumper. 9812seeREAR- RISERSTALL9813 TOGGLESTALL9814 andHIGH- SPEEDSTALL9815 STATICLINEAlineofcableorwebbing9816 oneendofwhichisfastenedtotheparachuteandtheothertosomepartoftheaircraft9817 usedtoactivateanddeployorpartiallydeploytheparachuteastheloadfallsawayfromtheaircraft. STATIC-LINEJUMPAparachutejumpduringwhichastaticlineisusedtodeployorpartiallydeploythepara- chute. Usedfortrainingstudentskydivers. STEP-THROUGHSlangforalinecontinuityissuecausedwhenthecontainerpassesthroughthelineseitherbyapackingerrororwhenthejumperstepsthroughthelinesafterlanding. STUDENTAskydivertraineewhohasnotbeenissuedaUSPAAlicense. USPASKYDIVER9818SINFORMATIONMANUAL 98192026 9820 USPA. ORG245GGlossarySUPERVISIONThegeneraloversightofanactivitytakingplacewherethesupervisorisreadilyavail- ableforcounselanddirectionandwhoisresponsiblethattheactivityissatisfactorilycompleted. 9821seeDIRECTSUPERVISION9822 SURFBOARD 9823SKYBOARD9824 Arigidpanel9825 similartoasnowboard9826 attachedtoajumper9827sfeet. SUSPENSIONLINESCords9828 attachedfromthebottomoftheparachutecanopytotherisers9829 thatdistrib- uteandsuspendtheweightofaskydiverundertheinflatedcanopy. SWOOPThecontrolledflightfromaboveofonebodytomeetorflyclosetoanotherbody9830 asta- tionaryobject9831 ortheground. SWOOPPONDAwaterobstacleusedasahigh-perfor- mancelandingarea. TTANDEMJUMPORTANDEMSKYDIVEAnyskydivemadeusingatandemparachutesystemwithatandemstudentorlicensedskydiverattached. TANDEMJUMPINGAmethodofskydiving9832 typicallyusedfortrainingstudentskydivers9833 whereonesky- diversharesatandemparachutesystemwithanother. TANDEMPARACHUTEOPERATIONAparachuteoperationinwhichmorethanonepersonsimultaneouslyusesthesametandemparachutesystemwhiledescendingtothesurfacefromanaircraftinflight 9834FAR105definition9835. TANDEMPARACHUTESYSTEMThecombinationofamainparachute9836 approvedreserveparachute9837 andapprovedharnessanddual-parachutecontainer9838 andaseparate9839 approvedforwardharnessforapassengerparachutist. Thispara- chutesystemmusthaveanoperationalautomaticactivationdeviceinstalled 9840FAR105definition9841. TANDEMSTUDENTAnypersonmakingatandemskydivewhohasnotbeenissuedaUSPAlicense. TARGETAnareainthelandingareaonadropzonewhereajumperaimstoland. TECHNICALSTANDARDORDER 9842TSO9843 IssuedbytheFAA9844 requirescompliancewithminimumperformancestandardsandspecificationsformaterialandproducts. ParachutespecificationsarereferencedinTSO-C23. TERMINALVELOCITYTheequilibriumvelocitythatafreefallingbodycanattainagainsttheresistanceoftheair. Thegreatestspeedatwhichabodyfallsthroughtheatmosphere. THREAD-THROUGHAlegstrapconfigurationonaparachuteharnessthatusesasinglepieceofadjust- ablehardware. Thelegstrapmustbeun-threadedtobedisconnected9845 orthejumpersimplystepsintotheconnectedlegstrapswhendonningtherig 9846seeB-12s9847. THREE-RINGRELEASEAtypeofsingle-pointreleaseinventedbyBillBooth. Thesystemisbasedonthreeinter- lockingringsoneachriserheldinplacebyasmallloopthatisretainedbyacable. Pullingonehandlereleasesbothmainriserssimul- taneouslyornearlysimultaneously. 246USPASKYDIVER9848SINFORMATIONMANUAL 98492026 9850 USPA. ORGGGlossaryTHROWOUT1. Atypeofhand-deployedparachuteacti- vationsystem. Thepilotchuteisfoldedintoanexternalpouch9851 extractedandthrown. Acurvedclosingpinorequivalentlockingdeviceonthebridleisextractedasjumperfallsawayfromthepilotchuteandbridle9852 allowingthecontainertoopen 9853seeHAND-DEPLOYEDPILOTCHUTE9854. 2. Toinitiatedeployment. TOGGLESHandlesattachedtotheendsofthesteeringlinesofaparachutecanopy. 9855seealsoBRAKES9856 TOGGLESTALLAparachutestallinducedbyslowlypullingthetogglesdowntofullarmextension. Thecanopylosesairspeedandeventuallystalls9857 whichfeelslikerockingbackinachairandfallingbackward. Applyingtoomuchinputisassociatedwithaslowspeedstall. 9858seeSTALL9859 REAR-RISERSTALL9860 andHIGH-SPEEDSTALL9861. TRACK1. Afreefallpositionwiththelegsfullyextended9862 kneeslocked9863 armssweptback9864 elbowslocked9865 andtorsofullyextendedandslightlybowedforwardtoachievethemaximumhorizontalspeed. 2. Tomoveatmaximumhorizontalspeedinfreefall. TRACKINGJUMPAtypeofmovementjumpwhereskydiv- erstravelacrosstheskyinsteadoffallingstraightdown. FlyingisdoneintheTRACKbodypositiontoachievethemaximumhor- izontalspeed. TRACKINGSUITA2-pieceinflatingsuitthattransformsthebodyintoahumanairfoil. TSO-C23 9866seeTECHNICALSTANDARDORDER9867 TURBULENCEDisturbedairthatcanaffectcanopyflightandintegrity. TURNREVERSALSAlsoknownas 9868reverseturns. 9869 Oneofthecanopy-flightemergencyprocedures 9870CEPs9871 usedforcanopy-collisionavoidance. Themaneuverentailsa90-degreeturnfollowedbyreversingtogglepositionssmoothlybutquicklyfora180-degreeturnintheoppositedirection. Thismaneuvercanbepracticedasacanopydrilltolearnthelimitsofacanopyrelatedtothemaximumspeedanddepthofatoggleinputwhenreversingaturntoavoidlinetwists. TWO-HANDLEDSYSTEMReferstoaparachuteharnessandcontaineroperationsystemthatusesseparatehandlesforthecanopyreleaseandforreserveacti- vation. 9872seeSINGLEOPERATIONSYSTEM9873 UUNITEDSTATESPARACHUTEASSOCIATION 9874USPA9875 Anot-for-profit9876 voluntarymembershipassociationofskydiverswhosepurposeispromotingandrepresentingskydiving. AsadivisionoftheNAA9877 itistheofficialrepre- sentativeoftheFAIforskydivingintheU. S. UPWINDThedirectionfromwhichthewindisblowing. WWAIVER1. ExceptiontotheBSRsfiledbyaUSPAoffi- cialindicatedinSIMChapter2-2. 2. Aliabilityrelease. WATERJUMPAskydivewhichincludesintentionallylandinginanopenbodyofwater. USPASKYDIVER9878SINFORMATIONMANUAL 98792026 9880 USPA. ORG247GGlossaryWHUFFOTermforanon-skydiver 98819882Whuffoyoujumpoutofairplanes9883 98849885 Consideredinsensitive. WIND-DRIFTINDICATOR 9886WDI9887 Adevice9888usuallyaweightedstripofcrepepaper10incheswideand20feetlong9889 usedtodeterminethewinddriftthatadescendingparachutewillexperience9890 soconstructedastodescendataratecom- parabletoaskydiverofaverageweightdescendingunderafullydeployedmaincanopyofaveragespecifications. WINGLOADINGThejumper9891sexitweightdividedbytheareaoftheparachutecanopy9892 expressedintheUnitedStatesinpoundspersquarefoot. WINGSUITAglidingjumpsuitdesignedwithfabricmem- branesbetweenthelegsofthejumperandfromeacharmtothetorso. ZZOODIVEAskydivethatbecomeschaoticallydisor- ganizedwithmanyjumpersoutofpositionbothverticallyandhorizontally. 248USPASKYDIVER9893SINFORMATIONMANUAL 98942026 9895 USPA. ORGUsethisguidetofindareasoftheSIMtostudyforUSPAlicenseexams. RefertoChapter3formoreinformationonlicensesandexams. ALICENSEChapter19896 allcategoriesChapter2-1BSRs9897 FAR105Chapter4sections1 9898 2Chapter5sections2 9899 7BLICENSEChapter19900 CategoriesD9901 F9902 G9903 HChapter2-1BSRs9904 FARs91. 179905 91. 2119906 9907 119. 1Chapter4sections19908 29909 9910 3Chapter5sections29911 39912 9913 5CLICENSEChapter19914 CategoryCChapter2-1BSRs9915 FARs91. 159916 91. 1519917 91. 4099918 9919 105. 17Chapter4sections19920 29921 6Chapter5sections29922 69923 79924 89925 9Chapter6section1DLICENSEChapter19926 CategoriesF9927 G9928 9929 HChapter2-1BSRs9930 FARs91. 1519931 91. 2119932 105. 179933 9934 105. 43Chapter4sections19935 29936 39937 49938 59939 9940 6Chapter5sections19941 29942 39943 59944 69945 79946 89947 9948 9Chapter6Appendix9949 LicenseStudyGuideIndexUNITEDSTATESPARACHUTEASSOCIATION9950 5401SouthpointCentreBlvd. Fredericksburg9951 VA22407 99525409953 604-9740 9954 uspa. org

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