Foundations of Biology: Living Things, Cells, Yeast, and the Scientific Method

Apuntes

EXAM BIOLOGY 1. What is a Living Thing? 🧬 To determine if something is alive, we check for three vital functions: ● Nutrition: Obtaining energy and matter for life, growth, and repair. ● Interaction: Responding to environmental stimuli. ● Reproduction: Generating offspring to maintain the species. Key Point: All living things are made of cells. 2. The world of cells: 🔬 ● Prokaryotic: No defined nucleus (e.g., bacteria). ● Eukaryotic: Have a nucleus. Can be: ● Animal: With organelles like mitochondria and centrioles. ● Plant: With a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles. ● Nucleus: Controls cell activities and holds DNA. ● Membrane: Regulates what enters and leaves the cell. ● Cytoplasm: Where chemical reactions happen. ● Mitochondria: Produce energy ((ATP)). 3. Yeast's Vital Functions Yeast is a unicellular eukaryotic microorganism from the fungi kingdom. nutrition and energy ● Autotrophs: Make their own food (e.g., plants). ● Heterotrophs: Consume external food (e.g., animals and yeast). ● Respiration vs. Fermentation: ● Aerobic Respiration: Needs oxygen, releases lots of energy. ● Fermentation (Anaerobic): No oxygen, releases less energy. In yeast, it produces alcohol and...