Cardio 30

Apuntes

CHAPTER 30 ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY vTHREE LAYERS: ENDOCARDIUM, MYOCARDIUM, EPICARDIUM vFOUR CHAMBERS: RIGHT ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE, LEFT ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE vATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES: TRICUSPID AND MITRAL • SEMILUNAR VALVES: AORTIC AND PULMONIC • CORONARY ARTERIES • CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM (ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY) • CARDIAC HEMODYNAMICS Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved ANATOMY OF THE HEART Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL Depolarization: electrical activation of cell caused by influx of sodium into cell while potassium exits cell Repolarization: return of cell to resting state caused by reentry of potassium into cell while sodium exits Refractory periods • Effective refractory period: phase in which cells are incapable of depolarizing • Relative refractory period: phase in which cells require stronger-than-normal stimulus to depolarize Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer · All Rights Reserved CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL CYCLE Copyr...