INDUSTRIAL

Apuntes

•INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION •Definition: Revolutionary changes in production that occurred gradually but steadily, making goods faster, cheaper, and more abundant. It involved integrating engines into manufacturing, notably James Watt's steam engine (1769), which led to the rise of factories. •What was needed for the revolution? In large quantities—primarily in the UK—these included capital (money), workers, consumers (markets), raw materials, energy sources, and technology. •Factors enabling England to meet these needs: - Demographic revolution: decreased death rates caused a population boom, increasing both consumers and workers. - Agricultural revolution: land privatization and technological advances created a small wealthy landowning class (capital) and many poor peasants. - British empire: provided markets and raw materials. - Abundant iron and coal deposits: supplied raw materials and energy sources. •First and Second Industrial Revolutions •Chronology: First: ca. 1780–1850 Second: ca. 1870–1914 •Leading countries: First: United Kingdom Second: Germany and USA •Energy sources: First: coal and steam Second: oil and electricity •Industrial sectors: ...