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Apuntes

• Subtopic: Importance of Electrolyte Imbalances in Nursing Electrolyte imbalances are critical topics in the pathophysiology course, especially for nursing students. The most deadly conditions are typically the most tested, as the main goal of nursing school is to create safe nurses. • Subtopic: Potassium (K+) Potassium levels should be maintained between 3.5 and 5.0. **HYPERkalemia (over 5.0):** Manifestations include the heart being tight and contracted, with ST elevation and peaked T waves. Severe cases can lead to ventricular fibrillation or cardiac standstill, hypotension, and bradycardia. The gastrointestinal system is also tight and contracted, leading to diarrhea and hyperactive bowel sounds. Neuromuscular symptoms include paralysis in extremities, increased deep tendon reflexes (DTR), and profound muscle weakness. Causes include cellular movement, renal failure, Addison’s disease, medications, and excessive intake. **HYPOkalemia (below 3.0):** Manifestations include the heart being low and slow, with flat T waves, ST depression, and a prominent U wave. Muscular symptoms include decreased DTR, muscle cramping, and flaccid paralysis (paralyzed limbs). The gastroint...