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WORD DOCUMENT — CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE + EXAM QUESTIONS (Copy everything below into Word) CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE Atoms • Atomic Models • Electron Configuration • Light 1. Atomic Structure Subatomic Particles • Protons (p⁺) o Charge: +1 o Determines identity of the element (atomic number Z) • Neutrons (n⁰) o Charge: 0 o Determines nuclear stability o N = A − Z • Electrons (e⁻) o Charge: −1 o Controls chemical behavior and bonding Key formulas • A = mass number = protons + neutrons • Z = atomic number = protons • N = neutrons = A − Z Ions • Cation (+) → loses electrons • Anion (−) → gains electrons • Neutral atom → p = e 2. Atomic Notation [ ^{A}_{Z}X^{q} ] • A = mass number • Z = atomic number • q = charge • N = A − Z Positive charge → subtract electrons (lost) Negative charge → add electrons (gained) 3. Periodic Table Basics Element Categories • Metals • Heavy Metals • Nonmetals • Metalloids: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te • Halogens: Group 17 • Noble Gases: Group 18 (monoatomic) Diatomic Elements (Always found as X₂) H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂ 4. Historical Atomic Models Dalton • Atoms are indivisible particles • Same mass & size for each element • Did not describe internal structure Thoms...