Transcripción 11/5/2025, 9:43:37 p.m.

Apuntes

• Macro-molecules and Elements **Carbohydrates** Elements: - Carbon (C) - Hydrogen (H) - Oxygen (O) Element ratio: 1:2:1 (Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen) **Structure of Glucose:** ``` O || H—C—OH | H—C—OH | H—C—OH | H—C—OH | H—C—OH | H ``` Monomers are hexagonal and pentagonal rings. Polymers are chains of hexagonal or pentagonal rings. **Lipids** Elements: - Carbon (C) - Hydrogen (H) - Oxygen (O) Element ratio: 1:2:less than 1 (Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen) **Monomer:** Fatty Acid Less than 1: Oxygen atom **Saturated Fatty Acid:** Every Carbon has 2 Hydrogens attached; all Carbon atoms are filled. **Unsaturated Fatty Acid:** Some Carbon atoms only have Hydrogen attached; not all Carbon atoms are filled. **Structure of Lipids:** Monomers = Glycerol and Fatty Acid chain Polymer = Triglyceride, formed when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acid chains. **Functions of Lipids:** - Disaccharide: two monosaccharides bonded together (e.g., glucose, galactose, fructose) - Polysaccharides: glycogen, starch, cellulose - Structural: build cell walls (cellulose in plants, chitin in animals) - Long-term energy storage mo...