Transcripción 11/12/2025, 21:03:46

Apuntes

• The Economy in the Late Middle Ages The Late Middle Ages was a period of significant economic development. Sackings and invasions ended, leading to stability. At the same time, agricultural production increased, and the population grew. Trade and craftwork also expanded during this time. • Agricultural Development From 1000 A.D. onwards, new agricultural techniques and tools, such as the mouldboard plough, the three-field system, irrigation techniques, and the use of manure, allowed production to increase greatly. As a result, nutrition and resistance to diseases improved. The European population almost doubled, rising from 43 million in the 12th century to 73 million in the 14th century. This population growth meant that more agricultural land was necessary to produce enough food for everyone. This led to the repopulation of conquered regions, such as Eastern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Additionally, farmers cut down forests and drained marshes to plough more land and grow crops. At the same time, trade increased thanks to the food surplus. Farmers were able to sell part of their harvest and livestock in markets. • Craft Production Agricultural surplus improved the...