REVIEW ARTICLE

Apuntes

REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN Systemic lupus erythematosus: updated insights on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and therapeutics Xiaofeng Dai 1 ✉ , Yuting Fan 2,3 and Xing Zhao 2 ✉ Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic in fl ammatory illness with heterogeneous clinical manifestations covering multiple organs. Diversi fi ed types of medications have been shown effective for alleviating SLE syndromes, ranging from cytokines, antibodies, hormones, molecular inhibitors or antagonists, to cell transfusion. Drugs developed for treating other diseases may bene fi t SLE patients, and agents established as SLE therapeutics may be SLE-inductive. Complexities regarding SLE therapeutics render it essential and urgent to identify the mechanisms-of-action and pivotal signaling axis driving SLE pathogenesis, and to establish innovative SLE-targeting approaches with desirable therapeutic outcome and safety. After introducing the research history of SLE and its epidemiology, we categorized primary determinants driving SLE pathogenesis by their mechanisms; combed through current knowledge on SLE diagnosis and grouped them by disease onset, activity and comorbidity; introduced the genetic, ep...