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6/8/23 21:48Overview of the treatment of achalasia - UpToDate Página 1 de 20https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-treatment-of-ac…arch_result&selectedTitle=2~108&usage_type=default&display_rank=2 Official reprint from UpToDate www.uptodate.com © 2023 UpToDate, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Overview of the treatment of achalasia INTRODUCTION Achalasia is thought to result from progressive degeneration of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus in the esophageal wall leading to failure of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) accompanied by a loss of peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This topic will review the management of achalasia. Our recommendations are based on society guidelines and data suggesting that achalasia treatment is best rendered in a phenotype-specific manner [1-4]. The pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of achalasia, as well as a more detailed discussion of pneumatic dilation, botulinum toxin injection, and surgical management of achalasia, are presented separately. (See "Achalasia: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis" and "Pneumatic dilation and botulinum toxin injection ...